Buffon (1707 ~ 1788), also translated by Buffon,18th century French naturalist and writer. Born in a lawyer's family in Mombasa, his original name was George Louis Leclerc, but he changed his surname to De Buffon because of inheritance. When I was a teenager, I loved science, especially math. 1728 studied medicine for two years after graduation. 1730, I met a young British duke and traveled to the south of France, Switzerland and Italy together. Under the influence of the Duke's tutor and German scholar Sinkman, he studied hard on natural history. From 65438 to 0733, he joined the French Academy of Sciences as an assistant researcher, published a report on forestry, and translated the botany works of British scholars and Newton's calculus. 1739 became an associate researcher and was appointed as the manager of the royal garden and the royal study until his death. After Buffon became the general manager, in addition to expanding the Imperial Garden, he also established the organization "Correspondents of French Imperial Garden and Natural History Research Office", which attracted many famous experts, scholars and travelers at home and abroad and collected a large number of samples and specimens of animals, plants and minerals. Taking advantage of this superior condition, Buffon devoted himself to the study of natural history all his life, and worked hard every day for forty years, and finally wrote a 36-volume masterpiece Natural History. This is a natural history, including earth history, human history, animal history, bird history and mineral history. It synthesizes numerous factual materials, gives an accurate, detailed and scientific description and explanation of nature, and puts forward many valuable viewpoints. It is Buffon's great contribution to modern science to get rid of all kinds of religious superstitions and ignorant rumors and expel God from the universe. He insisted on explaining the formation of the earth and the origin of human beings from the materialistic point of view, pointing out that the earth has many similarities with the sun, and the earth is a cool little sun; The material evolution on the earth produced plants and animals, and finally human beings; The evolution of human beings is not that Adam and Eve, the ancestor of human beings, ate the forbidden fruit to gain wisdom, but that they gained knowledge and increased their talents in social practice. Buffon observed and studied the earth, mountains, rivers and oceans, looking for the root causes of ground changes, and created a precedent for modern geology. Especially in the Origin of Species, he advocated the theory of biotransformation, pointing out that species mutate due to the influence of environment, climate and nutrition, which had a direct impact on the later evolution theory. Darwin called him "the first person to treat this problem scientifically in modern times" (Introduction to the Origin of Species). The literary value of natural history is also very high, among which the description of animal activity patterns is especially artistic. On the basis of scientific observation, the author sketched the portraits of various animals with vivid language, and also reflected the anti-feudal democratic ideological tendency to some extent through anthropomorphism. 1749, three volumes of natural prehistory were published, which caused a sensation in European academic circles. Because it explained the origin of the world from a materialistic point of view, it was accused by the theological fortress of the theological seminary of Paris University as "deviant" and demanded "religious sanctions". Buffon was forced to write to the seminary to declare that he "had no intention of refuting the Bible" and promised to publish this letter at the forefront when the fourth volume of natural history was published in the future. Later, in natural history, in order to hide the eyes and ears of theologians, he often carried out the name of God. But he whispered to people, "just change the name and put it on the force of nature." In fact, he still sticks to his materialistic stance. The successive publication of various volumes of natural history has brought Buffon a greater reputation. 1753 was elected as an academician of the French Academy. On the Style is a famous speech delivered at the time of admission, and it is a classic literary theory. In view of the fashion of pursuing beauty and exquisiteness in the literary world at that time, he called for articles to be meaningful and approachable, and put forward the famous saying that "style is people", emphasizing the decisive role of ideological content in artistic form. 1777, the French government built a bronze statue for him in the imperial garden, which read in Latin: "For a genius as great as nature". This is Buffon's highest honor before his death. Buffon's main work, Natural History, is a natural history, including the history of earth formation, animal history, human history, bird history, reptile history and various stages of nature, and gives a materialistic explanation of nature. He inferred from a large number of physical specimens, opposed the assumption of "authority" and put forward many valuable ideas to guide later scientists. He explained that there is no place for God in the universe, and the master of the universe is not God, but man. Man is the center of nature and determines everything around him. As a scientist, Buffon was vilified, but as a writer, he was universally praised. His natural history is full of emotions, and the performance of nature is an epic. His hunting of lions, tigers, leopards, wolves, dogs and foxes, and his creation of beavers are vivid and still loved by people today. In his speech "On Style" at the entrance ceremony of the French Academy, Buffon pointed out that a writer must write his own thoughts into immortal words in order to be immortal and not be plundered by others. Thought is public property, while writing (that is, style) belongs to the writer himself. Science is progressing constantly, and scientific arguments are bound to be surpassed by new research results, but the style of the article is irreplaceable by future generations. In French, it is generally said that "writing is like a person" or "writing is like a person", which comes from Buffon's famous saying that "style belongs to individuals". Evaluation of Buffon in the History of French Literature Buffon is famous for his voluminous natural history. According to secondary reasons such as temperament and personality, bourgeois literary historians regard Buffon as a writer who is "completely different" from the Enlightenment writer and "divorced from18th century". Buffon's materialistic world outlook, which emphasizes ideological literary thoughts, belongs to the social and political ideal of humanistic tradition and is completely in tune with the Enlightenment in18th century. Although he worked in his own way in the field of natural science, his contribution was integrated into the mainstream of the spirit of the times, namely the Enlightenment. His natural history, basic materialism and large scale are somewhat similar to the encyclopedia edited by Diderot. Of course, its combativeness is far from that of an encyclopedia. He enthusiastically sang the ode of mankind: with his wisdom, many animals were domesticated, harnessed and tamed and forced to obey him forever; Under his labor, swamps were drained, rivers were stopped, rapids were eliminated, forests were developed and wasteland was reclaimed; Use his thinking to calculate time, measure space and see through the movement of celestial bodies; With the technology produced by his science, he crossed the ocean and mountains, shortened the distance between people everywhere, and discovered the new continent. Qian Qian, an absolutely isolated land, was under his control; In short, the whole surface of the earth today is marked with human strength ... The reason why nature can develop in an all-round way and gradually reach the perfection and glory we see today is entirely due to our hands. This enthusiastic praise reflected the enterprising spirit of the emerging bourgeoisie at that time. The description of animals is of literary value and high artistry in natural history. Buffon did not introduce these animals with a completely objective attitude, but described them with friendly feelings and vivid language, thus describing them vividly, concretely and interestingly. In his works, the little squirrel is kind and lovely, the elephant is gentle and honest, and the pigeon couple love each other. Buffon also tends to personify animals and give them some personality. Horses are brave and loyal warriors, and dogs are loyal servants, all of which are highly respected by Buffon. Woodpeckers work as hard as hard workers and get the sympathy of the author; Beaver's peaceful coexistence, without fighting, aroused his yearning; He compared the wolf to a "worthless" cruel and cowardly tyrant and described the swan as a peaceful and enlightened monarch. Buffon personified animals through bourgeois theory of human nature, which reflected his social and political views, showed his dissatisfaction with feudal autocratic politics, and entrusted his historical idealistic ideal of "enlightened monarch". His animal portraits have allegorical significance, and their implications are permeated with bourgeois positions and viewpoints.

Edit this passage and enjoy the swan.

In any society, whether animal society or human society, violence in the past led to hegemony, but now it is kindness that leads to virtuous people. Lions and tigers on the ground, eagles and ostriches in the air all rule the public with their bravado. The swan is not like this. It is the king of water, relying on all the virtues that can create a peaceful world, such as nobility, dignity, kindness and so on. It has power, strength and courage, but it also has the will not to abuse authority and the determination not to use force unless it is self-defense; It can fight and win, but it never attacks others. As a peace-loving monarch in waterfowl world, it dares to confront the air overlord; It waits for the eagle to attack, does not provoke it, but is not afraid of it. Its powerful wings are its shields. It uses the tenacity of feathers and the frequent flapping of wings to deal with the eagle's mouth and claws and repel the eagle's attack. The result of its struggle is often victory. And it has only one proud enemy, and all other warlike birds don't respect it. It coexists peacefully with the whole nature: among all kinds of waterfowl, it regards it as a friend rather than a monarch, and those waterfowl seem to be obedient to it. It is just a leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and a chief resident of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. How much it gives to others, how much it only takes from others. All it wants is peace and freedom. For such a head of state, the citizens of the country are naturally fearless.

Swan's elegant face and beautiful appearance are just commensurate with its docile nature. It is pleasing to everyone. Everywhere I went, it became the ornament of this place, beautifying this place; Everyone likes it, everyone welcomes it and everyone appreciates it. No bird deserves to be loved so much; It turns out that nature has not given any bird so much noble and gentle beauty, which makes us realize that its creation can reach such a beautiful level. Handsome figure, rounded appearance, graceful lines, bright white, tactfully vivid movements, sometimes full of enthusiasm, and sometimes carefree posture. In a word, everything about the swan is scattered with the comfort and intoxication we feel when we appreciate elegance and beauty, which makes people feel that it is different from ordinary people and depicts it as a love birds. The ancient myth says that this charming bird is the father of the most beautiful woman in the world, and everything proves that this brilliant and ridiculous myth is well-founded.

We have to admit that it is not only the first sailor of the feather family, but also the most beautiful sailing model provided by nature. Yes, its neck is very high, and its chest is straight and round, as if it were the bow of the boat breaking the waves; Its broad belly is like the bottom of a boat; Its body leans forward in order to accelerate, the more it stands back, and finally stands up like a ship; The tail is an authentic rudder; Feet are broad paddles; Its big wings spread out and bulged slightly in the first half of the wind. This is a sail. They push the live boat and push it with the driver.

The swan knows that it is noble, so it is proud, and it also knows that it is beautiful, so it is very good. It seems to deliberately put all its advantages out; It seems to have won people's praise and attracted people's attention. In fact, it is really insatiable. Whether we look at it from a distance in the vast smoke waves, it swims freely like a winged fleet, or it responds to the call sign, leaves the fleet alone and swims near the shore, showing its beauty and charm with various gentle, euphemistic and charming actions for people to appreciate carefully.

Swan has both natural beauty and freedom; Not among the slaves we forced or imprisoned. It lives freely in our pond. If it can't enjoy enough independence, it won't stay there or settle there. It will wander freely on the surface of the water, or go ashore, or swim offshore to the center of the water, or along the water's edge, come to live at the foot of the mountain, hide in rushes, drill into the most remote bay, and then leave its seclusion and return to inhabited places to enjoy getting along with people-it seems to like tyrants very much.

Swan is superior to domestic goose in all aspects. Goose only eats weeds and seed materials, but swan will find a more exquisite and extraordinary food. It keeps catching fish with clever tricks; It makes countless different gestures to capture its success and make the best use of its dexterity and strength. It will avoid or resist its enemy: an old swan is in the water, and it is not even afraid of the best dog; It can break people's legs with a blow of its wings, and its rapidity and violence can be imagined. In a word, the swan seems not afraid of any plot or attack, because it is as brave as its dexterity and strength.

The usual cry of swan training is not as loud as voiced sound: it is a gasp, much like the saying "cats curse the sky", which was expressed by the ancient Romans with a homophonic word "all cold three" Listening to that tone, it feels like a threat or anger; The reason why the ancients can describe those powerful swans and make them so praised is obviously not based on some nearly dumb swans like us. We feel that the wild swan has well preserved its natural beauty, and has a feeling of full freedom and a tone of full freedom. Yes, we can hear a rhythmic and tortuous song in its singing, or rather, in its humming. Its voice is as loud as a horn, but this sharp and rarely changing tone can't reach the gentle, harmonious and melodious change of our songbirds.

In addition, the ancients not only described the swan as a magical singer, but also thought that among all creatures who felt something at the end of life, only Tian Hao would sing at the end of life, with a harmonious voice as a prelude to his last sigh. According to them, the swan makes such a soft and touching tone because it wants to make a sad and affectionate farewell to life when it is about to die; This tone, like complaining, formed its own funeral song in a deep, sad and gloomy way. They also said that people could hear this kind of singing at the beginning of the dynasty when the wind and waves were calm; Some people even saw many swans singing their elegies and dying in music. There is no fabricated story in natural history, and there is no fable that is praised, restated and believed more than this legend in ancient society. It controlled the lively and sensitive imagination of the ancient Greeks: poets, orators and even philosophers accepted the legend and thought it was too beautiful to doubt at all. We should forgive them for writing such fables; These fables are really lovely and touching, and their value is far above those sad and boring historical facts; For sensitive hearts, these are comforting metaphors. There is no doubt that swans will not sing about their own death; However, whenever it comes to the last flight and brilliant performance made by a great genius before his death, people will always think of such a touching idiom with infinite emotion: "This is a swan song!" "

Edit this passage and appreciate the "horse"

The noblest conquest that mankind has ever achieved is to conquer this heroic and wild animal-horse: it shares the labor of the battlefield with people and the glory of fighting; Like its owner, it has a fearless spirit, and it is generous in the face of crisis; It is used to hearing the sound of weapons fighting, loving it, pursuing it, and being inspired by the same excitement as its owner; It is also very satisfied with its owner: it is full of energy and domineering when shooting, performing martial arts and running. However, it is no less docile than brave. It doesn't show its ferocity at all. It knows how to restrain its movements: it not only succumbs to the driver's control, but also seems to observe the driver's color. It always stops suddenly and slowly according to the impression from the owner's expression, and all its actions are just to satisfy the owner's wishes. This is naturally an animal that gives up itself and obeys the wishes of others. It even caters to the wishes of others. It expresses and carries out the wishes of others promptly and accurately. It can feel as much as people want it to feel, and what it shows is always in the right degree. Because it contributes itself unreservedly and does not refuse any mission, it tries its best to serve others, even beyond its own strength, and even gives up its life for better obedience.

Most importantly, it is a horse whose talent has been developed, whose natural quality has been artificially improved, and a horse that was raised in the early years and later trained for others to control. Its education begins with losing freedom and ends with accepting bondage. The enslavement or domestication of such animals has been so common and long that when we see them, we are rarely in a natural state. They often wear saddles at work; People never let go of their fetters, even at rest; If people occasionally let them walk freely on the pasture, they always bear the marks of slavery, and often bear the cruel marks given by labor and pain: their mouths are deformed by armor, their stomachs are left with sores or scars scratched by spurs, and their hooves are pierced by nails. Their postures are unnatural, which is a sign left by their habitual fetters: it is futile to get rid of fetters now, and they will never appear more free and lively because of it. It is the horses that are in the most harmonious slavery, the horses that are fed and worshipped just to show off and show off, and the horses that wear gold chains are not to decorate themselves, but to satisfy the vanity of their owners. Their foreheads are covered with gorgeous locks of hair, and their necks are braided with thin braids, covered with silk and brocade carpets. All this is more insulting to the horse than the horseshoe at its foot.

Nature is more beautiful than artificial; For animals, free movement constitutes a beautiful nature. Look at the horses that breed and live freely all over South America: they walk, they run, they prance, they are unrestrained, unrestrained; They are proud of being free, and they avoid interacting with others; They disdain to be taken care of, and they can find suitable food by themselves; They wander and jump freely on the endless grassland, eating fresh products provided by the climate with four seasons like spring; They have neither a certain shelter nor any shelter except the mysterious sky, so they breathe fresh air, which is much purer than the air in the dome palace where we have compressed the space they should occupy and imprison, so those wild horses are far stronger, lighter and more energetic than most of them. They have the beauty endowed by nature, that is, abundant energy and noble spirit, while all domestic horses can only be endowed by manpower, that is, skill and charm.

The nature of this animal is by no means fierce, they are just brave and wild. Although they are stronger than most animals, they never attack other animals; If they are attacked by other animals, they are too lazy to fight with each other, just drive them away or trample them to death. They also walk in groups, and the reason why they get together is purely for the happiness of living in groups. Because they are fearless, they don't need to unite to resist aggression, but they are attached to each other and reluctant to part. Because vegetation has enough food for them, because they have enough food to satisfy their appetite, and because they are not interested in animal meat, they will never fight with other animals, nor will they fight with each other, let alone compete for each other's means of subsistence. They never chase a small animal or rob the same kind of things, and this kind of incident is the root of other carnivores' usual fighting with each other: so horses always live in peace, because their desires are ordinary and simple, and they have enough living resources to avoid being jealous of each other.

Among all animals, the horse is tall, and all parts of its body are the most symmetrical and beautiful; Because, if we compare it with animals one level higher or lower than it, we will find that the donkey is too ugly, the lion's head is too big, the calf is too thin and too short, which is out of proportion to its heavy body, the camel is deformed, and the largest animals, such as rhinoceros and elephant, can be said to be just unformed meatballs. Excessive jaw elongation is the main difference between animal head and human head, and it is also the most humble symbol of all animals; However, although the jawbone of a horse is very long, it doesn't look like a donkey, but like an ox. On the contrary, although its head proportion is neat, it gives it a light appearance, which just complements the aesthetic feeling of the neck. As soon as the horse looks up, it seems that he wants to surpass his position as a quadruped. With such a noble gesture, it looks at people face to face. Its eyes are sparkling and honest; Its ears are also very good, neither too big nor too small, unlike the ears of cows that are too short and donkeys that are too long. Its mane just lines its head and adorns its neck, giving it a strong and heroic appearance; Its drooping and lush tail covers and beautifully ends the end of its body: ponytails are very different from the short tails of deer and elephants. The bald tails of donkeys, camels and rhinoceroses are made of thick and long manes, as if these manes grow directly from the buttocks, because the small meat piles with manes are very short. It can't tilt its tail like a lion. Although its tail hangs down, it suits it well. Because it can make its tail swing to both sides, it can effectively drive away flies with its tail, which makes it very upset, because its skin is very strong and covered with thick short hair, but it is still very sensitive.

Edit the instructional design of paragraph 29 "Horse".

Deng Tongxue from Suci Middle School in Dongpo District, Meishan City

Teaching objectives:

1. Experience the subtlety of the article through reading and overall perception.

2. Experience the application of comparative skills in the text and learn to use the method of comparative description appropriately.

3. Grasp the key points, taste the language, understand the author's personalized description of horses, and cultivate students' personalized reading ability and perception ability.

4. Understand the author Buffon and the author's thoughts and feelings.

Teaching emphases and difficulties:

1. Cultivate students' ability to clear their minds and understand the main contents through reading in various ways.

2. Try to figure out the experience, contrast description, understand the function, and learn to use the method of contrast description appropriately.

3. Taste the anthropomorphic description language of horse in the article and experience the author's emotion.

Class schedule: one class.

Teaching methods: reading aloud, lecturing and answering questions.

Learning methods: combination of reading and writing, reading aloud, discussion and cooperative inquiry.

Teaching process:

First, import:

1. praise horses with passionate language, strongly infect students and introduce text learning.

2. About the author: Buffon, French naturalist and writer. Born into a noble family, he was educated by the church since childhood and loved natural science. Director of the Royal Garden (Botanical Garden) from 1739. He devoted his life to the management of royal gardens and spent 40 years writing 36 volumes of natural history. Buffon is the successor and propagandist of humanism. In his works, he is used to depicting animals with humanized brushstrokes. Like the horse in the text, it is endowed with the brilliance of human nature, like a brave and loyal warrior, like a docile and honest servant, like a brave and wild ranger, like an elegant and noble gentry.

Second, the preliminary reading of the text, the overall perception

1. Key words sound, form and meaning; Attach words to sentences (in the form of challenging opponents)

2. Summarize the writing content of the article:

Clear: This paper describes two different living conditions of domesticated horses and natural wild horses.

Third, read the text intensively and clarify the writing ideas.

1. The teacher read the first paragraph with emotion. Ask a question: What did you hear from the teacher's reading?

Clear: As far as I heard, I heard the brave and docile characteristics of domestic horses.

2. Read the second paragraph freely and sketch out the sentences describing the horse's appearance.

Clear: the sign of slavery: wearing a saddle-shaped mouth, abdominal deformation left hoof marks; The sign of being played: the silk carpet with the neck braided by gold chain and the thin braid cover.

3. Read the third and fourth paragraphs silently and find out the words that best express the characteristics of wild horses?

Clarity: Nature: freedom, energy, noble spirit, brave and wild, willing to coexist peacefully.

4. Read the last paragraph quickly to find out from what aspects the author described the appearance of wild horses. (in the form of a quick answer)

Clear: the figure is symmetrical and beautiful, the head proportion is neat, the eyes are bright, the ears are not too big or too small, the tail is drooping and luxuriant, and the skin is solid and sensitive.

Fourth, contact your own reality and understand the author's feelings.

1. What kind of horse would you be if you were a horse? What would you think?

Clear: Yes, if I am unfortunately not qualified to be a man when choosing a life form, then I will ask the creator to give me a wild horse. If my desire is not satisfied, let me become a wild horse and pursue greater freedom in action. (Excerpted from "If I were a Horse" by Liang)

2. How to treat the "noble conquest" of horses by human beings?

Clear: Horses are friends of human beings, but humans are not friends of horses. Human education "begins with the loss of freedom and finally accepts bondage"; Humans also cruelly imprison it with "armor", "bone spurs" and "nails". More tragically, many people turn horses into their playthings to satisfy their vanity.

Are you aware of the author's emotional tendency?

Clear: I deeply sympathize with domestic horses and sincerely praise wild horses.

Fifth, analyze sentences and find bright spots.

1. Feel the language beauty (rhetoric beauty, rhythm beauty, picture beauty) of the article through reading aloud.

2. The application of comparative skills in tasting articles

Clear: artificially improved domestic horses are compared with beautiful and natural wild horses. The morphology of wild horses is compared with that of other animals. The author's deep sympathy for domestic horses is compared with his heartfelt praise for wild horses.

3. Find out the sentences that you think are difficult or meaningful, and interpret and appreciate them.

For example, "its education began with the loss of freedom and finally accepted the bondage"?

The discussion is clear: first of all, "education" is anthropomorphic usage, which refers to the domestication of horses by human beings. Secondly, "starting from the loss of freedom" means that the horse is taken care of and fed as soon as it is born, rather than finding food freely by itself; "End in bondage" has two meanings: (1) means putting a reins, saddle, armature and horseshoe on a horse; (2) It means that the horse accepted the idea of obedience ideologically, and obedience became the nature of the horse. This sentence summarizes what human beings have done to horses, expresses the author's deep sympathy for horses, and places his political ideal on horses.

Sixth, expand the extension and summarize the storage.

1. Extension: Write a paragraph in a pouring language to express your feelings for horses. Students read aloud in class and share with teachers and students.

2. Summary and storage: The text is a scientific essay introducing horses, and it is also a beautiful article praising freedom. In literary style, the author not only shows us the characteristics of two kinds of horses, but also shows sincere praise for horses living freely on the boundless grassland and deep sympathy for enslaved horses raised, trained and driven by people.

Seven. distribute

1. Collect idioms and allusions about horses.

2. Compare and describe an animal you like.

Attachment: blackboard design

horse

Buffon (French)

Domestic Horses (Artificial Improvement) ————→ Wild Horses (Beautiful Nature)

Temperament: Self-discipline and Nature: Beauty (Freedom)

Form: enslaved character: beauty (peace)

Spirit: Being played with Appearance: Beauty (Symmetry)

Deep sympathy-sincere praise.

Editor's comment: The most desirable part of this lesson plan is to attach importance to students' basic Chinese training, but it is not rigid. The use of various teaching methods ensures the interest and vividness of this class. (text)