Hu Shi first published "Study more issues and talk less about "isms"" and then Li Dazhao's "Rediscussing Issues and Isms"

Then On Issues and Doctrine

(Li Dazhao)

On Issues and Doctrine Mr. Li Dazhao Shizhi: When I left Beijing, I read the article published by Mr. Li Dazhao on the 31st of this newspaper. I wrote a paper titled "Study More Issues and Talk Less About Isms", and I had some thoughts. Some of them may be mutually reinvented with the teacher’s ideas, and some are our confessions to society. Now write it out, sir, please correct me. (1) “Ism” and “Problem” I think “problem” and “ism” are inseparable. Because the solution of a society must rely on the unanimous movement of the majority of people in the society. So if we want to solve a problem, we should try to make it a problem that is shared by most people in society. In order for a social problem to become a common problem for most people in society, the majority of people in the society who can jointly solve this or that social problem must first have an ideal of a common trend. Doctrine is a criterion (that is, a tool) for them to test whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with their lives. The fact that people feel dissatisfied with their lives has become a social problem one by one. Only then can there be hope for a solution. Otherwise, no matter how much you study your social problems, most people in society will not care at all. There is still no hope of solving that social problem; the research on that social problem still cannot affect reality. Therefore, our social movement must, on the one hand, study practical issues, and on the other hand, promote idealism. These are complementary and mutually beneficial. But for those who talk about doctrine, although there is nothing wrong with talking eloquently, it still needs an experiment. This experiment, regardless of failure or success, will leave a huge mark on the human spirit that can never be eradicated. In the past, people who believed in Owen's doctrine in England and people who believed in Fourier's doctrine in France organized new villages and new groups in the New World of America. Recently, Nippon or the Koji family also organized a "new village" in the Hyuga area. These are all experiments of what the world calls utopians; they are all the most interesting facts in their actual movements; they are all the aspiring or successors of their comrades who gather together to organize a group to realize their ideal society there. The organization serves as a specimen of an ideal society so that ordinary people can know the life of this new society and can hope to realize the plan of transforming the world. The Owenite and Fierite movements in America failed because they left the majority of the people to spread their ideals, like sowing seeds where there was no deep soil. Nieves, in his "History of American Socialism", criticized them, saying: The new villages of Owenism and the new groups of Federism are almost dead at birth. Now people have forgotten them. However, the spirit of socialism will always remain in the lives of the people. Nowadays, among the millions of people who have not participated in their experimental life, who are neither Owenists nor Fierists, but just socialists without theory, who only believe in the possibility of scientific and moral transformation of society, There is still hope that is yet to come. This Hinata's "new village" has many similarities to the new villages that have become an old dream in the New World of America. However, Japanese scholars and society pay great attention to it. Dr. Hajime Kawakami said that the spirit of social transformation contained in their plan can also serve as a hope for Fang Zaixiao and remain in everyone's heart forever. Recently, Mr. Zhongmi of our company wrote a letter from Japan and said that "this trip eastward was quite pleasant in Japan." It can be seen that even this kind of high-minded ideal can produce some tool effects and be of considerable value in human society as long as we can find a place to experiment with it and not just talk about it on paper. No matter what kind of doctrine you advocate, as long as you are willing to work hard towards the actual movement, it will be correct and effective. My opinion on this point is slightly different from Mr. But we also admit that our recent remarks are more empty words on paper and less related to practical issues. I vow to do it in a practical way from now on. This is the realization I had after reading my husband’s paper. Generally speaking, a doctrine has both ideal and practical aspects. For example, the ideals of democracy are generally the same no matter which country they are in. Applying this ideal to actual politics, it will vary depending on the time, place, and nature of the matter. Socialism is the same.

His spirit of mutual help and friendship, whether scientific or utopian, all use him as the foundation. Applying this spirit to actual methods is completely different. We only need to use this or that doctrine as a tool for practical movement. He will change the applicable environment depending on the time, place, and nature of the matter/In the Qing Dynasty, we could use democracy as a tool to overthrow the imperial line of the Aisin Gioro family. Today, we can also use him as a tool to overthrow the power of the warlord. In other countries where capitalism is prevalent, they can use socialism as a tool to overthrow the capitalist class. In our country where unproductive bureaucrats and bandits are rampant, we can also use it as a tool to drive out these unproductive bureaucrats. Bureaucratic bandits. A socialist, in order to make his doctrine have some impact in the world, must study how to apply his ideals to the reality surrounding him as much as possible. Therefore, today's socialism contains many attempts to translate his spirit into practical situations and adapt it to current needs. This can prove the nature of doctrine and the possibility of its original application in practice. But when used by people who specialize in empty talk, it becomes empty. Then the danger of doctrine mentioned by Mr. I'm afraid it's not brought about by the doctrine itself, but by those who talk about it. (2) The danger of counterfeit trademarks. Once a scholar becomes famous, his works will never be read by others, but his doctrines, like currency, will gradually disappear due to continuous circulation and dissemination, and even the image seal of the issuer will be difficult to distinguish. Adam Smith left a book that everyone praised but no one read. Machiavelli left a book, no one read it, but everyone abused it. The British Bonar had already expressed this emotion. Especially in today's era of mass movements, this doctrine or that doctrine is mostly the cryptic banner of the mass movement, and most of it has the nature of a signboard. Since it has the nature of a sign, the danger of counterfeiting is inevitable. Wang Mazi's knives and scissors won the approval of the masses, and Wang Mazi and others came to mix and match his signature; Wang Zhengda's tea won the favor of the masses, and Wang Zhengda and others came to mix and match his signature. The term socialism is very popular in society today, and socialism from the Ministry of Anhui and Welfare followed suit. This phenomenon of counterfeiting signs is indeed annoying, dangerous, and confusing to the truth. However, this phenomenon is just as Mr. Zhongshan said: When new land is opened, some weeds and poisonous weeds will grow among the good grains and flowers. This is a natural phenomenon. Wang Mazi cannot buy his scissors shop just because Wang Mazi and others come to sell knives and scissors. Wang Zhengda could not stop his tea house just because Jiang Zhengda and others came to sell tea. Those who open up wasteland should not clear up all the good crops and flowers just because weeds and poisonous weeds have grown. How can we talk about socialism because of the Anfu faction? It stopped our propaganda of justice. Because there are people with fake names, we should more and more promote our justice and at the same time study practical methods on various issues so as to carry out practical movements based on principles. Lest cats, dogs, parrots, and gramophones come to fool us and deceive everyone. (3) The so-called radical colleagues of "New Youth" and "Weekly Review" have very little discussion about Russian Bolshevism. The ideological and literary movements of Mr. Nakafu and Mr. Nippon Shimbun, according to the criticism of Japan's "Nichichi Shimbun" , let’s say it is the orthodox thought of China’s democracy. On the one hand, we must fight against the old-fashioned obsession and on the other hand, we must prevent the trend of Bolshevism in Russia. I can confess: I like to talk about Bolshevism. When the whole world was in a frenzy to celebrate the victory of the Allied Powers, I wrote an article on "The Victory of Bolshevism" and published it in "New Youth". At that time, I heard that Mr. Meng He was dissatisfied with Bolshevism and was also dissatisfied with my attitude towards the Bolsheviks. Or because my article caused trouble for my colleagues in "New Youth", Mr. Zhongfu is still in a claustrophobic prison, and he has been falsely accused by the radical party. This is really my fault. However, I always feel that the popularity of Bolshevism is really a major change in world culture. We should study him, introduce him, and expose his harmful effects to human society; we should not just listen to the rumors created by others and use the cruel and cruel queen to erase everything about them. So when I heard people say that they were practicing "women's state ownership," I logically concluded that it was a rumor that was created for them. Later, I saw the story of this incident published by the American "NewRpubic", and I realized that this was indeed a rumor. It was originally created by the Bolshevik government and given to anarchists in a certain city in Russia.

Later, rumors spread, and people added it to them. Recently, Mr. Weici published several papers on Russia's new constitution, land law, marriage law, etc. in this newspaper, which can be used as a reference for our study of Russian affairs. It can also prove that women's state ownership has no roots at all. Later, I heard someone say that they had shot Kropotkin, and I suspected that this was also a rumor. According to recent reports from European and American newspapers, Kirschner is safe and sound near Moscow. In our blind society, how do they know what Bolshevism is and how to explain this term? However, the Japanese, who are superstitious about capitalism and militarism, translated it as "radicalism." They saw the word "radical" as a very dangerous word, so they used it indiscriminately. When they see that you, gentlemen, are a little more passionate about literary reform, they say that you are a radical party member. Seeing that Zhang Taiyan and Sun Bolan's political opinions became more intense, they also said that these two gentlemen were radicals. This tone is based on the legacy of our four thousand years of sages and sages. The logic of "Yangzi is for me, he has no king; Mozi loves both, he has no father; he has no father and no king, he is a beast" is their only classic. Now there is no new term "radical party" , it is not difficult for them to take out those old weapons and attack us. We can wear whatever "heresies" or "savage beasts" we want. If they say this is about talking about doctrine, we are talking about the issue of chastity, and they say that we advocate that virgins should have fornication. We translated a novel about social issues, and they accused us of advocating that illegitimate children should kill their parents. In such a shallow and ignorant society, it is extremely difficult to express opinions, neither in the East nor in the West. We can only affirm our doctrine on one side and use it as material and tool for practical movement. On the one hand, we propagate our doctrine so that most people in society can use it as materials and tools to solve specific social problems. Those cats, dogs, parrots, and gramophones, even though they are making noise around them; , heresies, even though they give us random titles, how can we have time to deal with them! (4) Fundamental solution The words "fundamental solution" can easily make people idle away the present and not work hard. This is really a danger. But this cannot be generalized. In an organized and dynamic society, all functions are very sensitive. As long as you have a tool, you have the opportunity to use it, and you can start working with the tool right away. If there is no organization and no vitality in a society, all functions have been shut down. No matter what tools you have, you will not have the opportunity to use them for work. At this time, I'm afraid there must be a fundamental solution before we can hope to solve each specific problem one by one. As far as Russia is concerned, until the Romanov family is not overthrown and the economic organization is not reformed, all problems cannot be solved at all. All orders have been solved. According to Marx's historical materialism, the legal, political, ethical and other spiritual structures in society are all superficial structures. Underneath him, there is an economic structure, which serves as the basis for everything. Whenever the economic organization changes, they all change with it. In other words, the solution to economic problems is a fundamental solution. Once economic problems are solved, political problems, legal problems, family system problems, women's emancipation problems, and workers' emancipation problems can all be solved. However, those who adhere to the first theory of historical materialism (also known as historical materialism) only believe that economic changes are inevitable and cannot be avoided. As for his second statement. , - that is, the theory of class competition - if you don't pay attention to it and don't use this theory as a tool to unite the workers for a practical movement, then the economic revolution may never be realized; if it can be realized, it will be delayed by an unknown amount of time. . There are many Marxist socialists who have suffered greatly from this concept. The world only spread the gospel among the masses that collectivization will inevitably come. In the end, apart from waiting for the inevitable maturity of collectivization, no preparations were made at all. This is really the main reason why the socialist parties in various countries are currently experiencing a great crisis. We should admit it. Depending on the opportunity and the situation, a fundamental solution may be obtained; but before a fundamental solution can be achieved, considerable preparatory activities are required. The miscellaneous writings above, some of which have exactly the same opinions as Mr. Wang's, and some of which are slightly different, have taken up a lot of space. If there is anything wrong, please give me some advice. Let’s talk about it later. Li Dazhao sent from Wufeng, Changli