I found a detailed introduction of his life, which contains his philosophical views.

After reading it, I adopted more important paragraphs, I hope you are satisfied.

The article reads as follows: gottfried? William? Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the son of a philosophy professor in Leipzig, Germany, was a great philosopher, mathematician, logician, historian and linguist during the German Enlightenment. He is called the last generalist in German and European history. Few people in history can compare with him in his versatility. His works include mathematics, history, language, biology, geology, machinery and so on. .

Monadic theory is gradually formed in the process of sublating and opposing mechanical materialism. As a teenager, he was influenced by Aristotle's theory advocated by scholasticism. Shortly after reading the works of some modern scientists and philosophers, he once accepted the views of atoms and emptiness. But after some consideration, he found that the viewpoint of atomism contains inherent contradictions: the atoms of this substance are always infinitely separable and cannot be the last inseparable unit; This kind of atoms isolated by void can not form a continuous whole, which violates the principle of continuity of the universe; Matter atoms with extensiveness as their essential attribute cannot explain the movement change and qualitative diversity of things. In order to overcome these contradictions, he advocated that the entities that constitute the ultimate unit of all things should not be extensive or quantitative, but should have their own different qualities, and should have "force" as the internal principle to promote their own changes and development. Such an entity is similar to a soul. At first, he called it "the form of entity" or "the atom of entity" and so on, and finally called it "the list". He thinks that the list is truly inseparable, and there is no "part" because it has no extension, and it is a truly "simple" entity. Since the list has no parts, it cannot be naturally produced or destroyed by the combination or separation of parts, and its production and destruction can only be caused by God's miraculous "creation" and "destruction"; There is no part in the list, so nothing can go in or out of it. Therefore, every only child has "no window for things to go in and out" and is completely isolated. The list is similar to the soul, so it also has "perception" and "desire"; Every list "reflects" the whole universe through its perception, just like a mirror reflects things. In this sense, each list is a different "viewpoint" that reflects everything. The same universe, because of different "viewpoints", reflects different faces and forms the unique quality of each list. No two lists in the world are exactly the same in quality, so no two things are exactly the same. Because of the different clarity of perception, there are also high and low lists, from the inorganic list with vague micro-perception to the emotional animal "soul", to the "soul" with clear self-awareness or rationality, even to the "angel" higher than the human mind, and finally to the omniscient, omnipotent and all-good, creating the highest list of all other lists, that is, God. There are countless intermediate orders between every two adjacent orders, thus forming a continuous series, and there is no gap or "jump" between them. He definitely affirmed that "nature never jumps". Monographs and monads are independent of each other, but things composed of monads interact and influence each other, thus forming a harmonious whole. Leibniz believes that this is because God predetermined the nature of each only child when he created it, and made it naturally consistent with the development of other only children in the whole development process, which is called "predetermined harmony". From this perspective, Leibniz thinks that this world is the best of all possible worlds created by God, which is what he calls "optimism".