Chinese characters belong to ideographic system, and pictophonetic characters account for the vast majority. "Form-side" has brought us favorable conditions to infer the meaning of words. For example, a page represents a head or face. Such as: cheeks, jaws, temples (near the ears). Month, indicating meat. Such as: roast, thigh, humerus.
In addition, there are: seeking, which means fur; Wo, meaning five grains; Dishes, indicating utensils; You mean walking; Wei (zhuī Ι), which means bird; Ah, it means shrouded; Wood chips, indicating wood chips documents and so on.
2. Idioms and proverbs confirm the guessing method.
Idioms and proverbs are mostly handed down from ancient times, and the words in them often retain the face of ancient Chinese. Therefore, using idioms and proverbs to infer can help us start thinking and guess the meaning of words. For example: climb the Five Holy Peaks and cast a shadow across China (outstanding, surpassing); If you stink and resist it, you will not be thin (sunset, near).
3. Context reasoning method
Words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from articles. Multiple meanings of a word can only be filtered in context. It is impossible to analyze a word in isolation without context.
4. Text transmission method
In fact, some real word explanations in the test questions have already appeared in the text and can be transferred according to the text. For example, the explanation of "satire" can be paraphrased from "Zou Ji satirizes coachable, the king of Qi" and interpreted as advice, not satire.
5. Sentence by sentence antithesis judgment method
The ancients often paid attention to symmetry, and the words in corresponding positions often had similar or opposite meanings. We can judge from this. For example, loyalty is not needed, and sages are not needed.
The application of the above methods is often combined. When using these methods, the most important point is to bring the guessed meaning into the context to guess and verify. In this sense, context is the basis for us to infer the meaning of words.
In order to master these methods conveniently, let's give a concrete example to see our thinking process of reasoning with these methods.
Between Tiancheng and Changxing, the years are ripe, and China has nothing to do ... On another day, he and Zhou Juan stood on the same side and talked with him about things. He's too scared to take away the public interest. Emperor Xu said, "Your majesty has an official style, so you can be demoted to assisting doctors." Three years later, I became the Assistant Minister of Industry. Said its gains and losses: "Guo Lian led Ning, which made people doubt it." The emperor said, "Well, it's better to be the father of Empress Dowager Cixi, with an impeccable official position and a proud position in Fangzhen. What else is there to talk about? " He replied, "I sincerely honor the elderly, but people say it's nothing to give to two women." Can you believe it?
Question: 1. Translate the supplementary words: a, score points; 2. Translate underlined sentences.
Thinking 1: Prove the guessing method with idioms and proverbs.
From "A" to flattery, I think of integrity. The former is interpreted as flattery and the latter as pandering to flattery. Bringing in the original sentence proves that (public rights) do not cater to flattering the emperor when discussing political affairs, which is in line with the context.
Idea 2: Combine proverbs and contextual speculation.
In the process of "not seizing public power", many students are very confused. Seize, common is "grab, plunder", doesn't make sense. Think again, there is a famous saying that "the three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition", and the "win" here is interpreted as "change". In the previous context, it was that (public power) didn't cater to flatter the emperor when discussing political affairs, and then my colleague Zhou Min appeared afraid in front of the emperor (because public power was against the emperor's opinion), and then public power didn't change his opinion (sticking to his own opinion). Very contextual thinking, this speculation is correct.
2. Five classical Chinese articles about reading, translated from Wang Mian, Zhuji people.
When he was seven or eight years old, his father ordered Niu to go to school and sneak into the school to listen to the students' endorsements; Listen to yourself and learn from your memory. At dusk, I forgot my cow, and my father angered me.
As good as ever. Mother said, "My son is so stupid that he doesn't listen to anything?" Because the crown is gone, I live by the monk temple.
At night, I dive out and sit on the Buddha's lap. I will read with an ever-burning lamp. The Buddha statue is full of clay figures, with hideous faces and children, so I don't know.
Wang Mian is from Zhuji County. When he was seven or eight years old, his father told him to herd cattle on the ridge, and he sneaked into the school to listen to the students.
After listening, I always remember it silently. When he came home at night, he forgot all the cows he was grazing.
Wang Mian's father was furious and gave Wang Mian a good beating. After that, he was still like this.
His mother said, "The child is so obsessed with reading, why not let him?" From then on, Wang Mian left home and stayed in a temple. At night, he sneaked out and sat on the Buddha's lap, holding a book in his hand. By the light of the ever-burning lamp in front of the Buddha, the sound of reading was read until dawn.
Most of the Buddha statues are clay sculptures, all of which are ferocious and frightening. Child as Wang Mian is, he looks safe. My brother Mo sent the first book in wei county, but he didn't seem to read it. It's the most useless thing.
My eyes are gone, my heart is anxious, my heart is running out, and my contacts are at a loss. If I look at the beauty in the field, it will pass at a glance. What does this have to do with me? Who has seen Song Cheng more than Confucius since ancient times? I don't know how many times I have read the Book of Changes to Bian Wei. The more I talk, the more I explore and the more I study, the less I know where I am poor. Even if Confucius didn't learn the truth, he could practice the sage's way calmly, and he wouldn't stop studying human affairs diligently.
Dongpo doesn't have to study twice, but he reads "Epang Palace Fu" to four drums in Hanlin. Old officials have a hard history, and Poe is tireless. How can you learn by heart just because you can understand it after reading it once, and then leave the book behind and end your study hastily! Only Yu Shinan, Zhang Suiyang and Zhang have read books all their lives and never read them twice, but they have never written a good article.
Besides, you can recite it by looking at it. What's the harm in memorizing it? That is to say, in 130 historical records, Biography of Xiang Yu is the most important, and in Biography of Xiang Yu, the battle of the stag, the banquet of the Hongmen and the meeting of Gaixia are the most important.
Repeated reading is worthy of joy, and only these fragments are worth crying. If you read a Historical Records and remember every word, you are not an unreasonable fool! There are even novelists' words, all kinds of legendary evil songs, doggerel words, such as broken kitchen cabinets, which contain smelly oil and rotten sauce, which is filthy! Reading regards reciting after reading it once as a worthy ability, which is actually the most useless.
The eyes can see clearly, but the heart rushes by. In fact, there are not many people left in my heart, because I can't cope with frequent exchanges. It's like looking at the beauty in the ballroom at a glance. What does this have to do with me? As a person who has studied by memory since ancient times, who can compare with Confucius? Confucius broke the pimp of bamboo slips in Zhouyi several times since he studied Zhouyi. I don't know how many times he has read it, so the more he explores the subtle language and profound truth of Zhouyi, the more he understands it [1], the more he studies it deeply, and the more he goes forward, the more he doesn't know its end. Even saints who are born with knowledge and act safely will not stop studying the basic common sense of interpersonal relationships and things tirelessly.
Su Dongpo didn't have to read it twice. He read Epang Palace Fu in imperial academy until the fourth reading. The old official in charge of imperial academy thought he was studying hard, but Su Dongpo was carefree and not tired. How can you recite it just because you read it once?
Then drop the book and get this over with! Only Yu Shinan, Zhang Suiyang, Zhang, etc. I have never read it twice in my life, so I have never written a good article. What's more, you can recite it after reading it once, which will have the disadvantage of memorizing it. Just like Historical Records (130), Biography of Xiang Yu is the best, and The Battle of the Julu, The Hongmen Banquet and The Society of the Earth in Biography of Xiang Yu is the best.
After repeated reading and watching, only these fragments are worth rejoicing and crying. If you read every article in a Historical Records and remember every word, you are not an unreasonable fool! There are also novels, various operas and limericks.
If everyone has a photographic memory, it's like a broken kitchen cabinet, full of rotten oil and sauce. This kind of vulgar taste is really unbearable. Borrowed books, saying that Huang borrowed books.
When the owner of the garden gave him a book, he told him, "You can't read a book unless you borrow it. Who can't smell the book? Seven strategies and four libraries, the book of the son of heaven, but how many scholars? How many rich people are there? No matter what other ancestors accumulated, or what future generations abandoned.
Not only books are natural, but everything in the world is natural. If it's not your wife's property, you take it away by force, but you play with it yourself and say,' If you save it today, you can't see it if you leave it tomorrow.
If the industry belongs to me, it will be high-spirited and hidden, saying it is a cloud. ""I am young and have good books, but my family is poor.
Zhang has a rich collection of books. Borrow, disagree and return to form a dream.
That's true. Therefore, it is necessary to look at it and save it.
After the general registration, the salary belongs to the book, ups and downs, covered with gray silk, and sometimes scrolls. Then he lamented that the borrower's intentions were special, and the young years were a pity. "
Now, Huang Sheng is poor, and the books he borrowed are almost the same. However, if the public book is not a stingy book like Zhang. However, if you are unlucky, you will meet Zhang Hu, and if you are lucky, you will meet it. Know the blessing and the curse, be good at reading, and reply quickly.
Say it out, make it out of books. The young man Huang Yunxiu came to borrow books.
I lent him the book and told him, "If you don't borrow it, you won't read it well. Don't people who haven't heard of books read? " Seven Outlooks and Four Kus are the emperor's collections, but how many were studied by the emperor? There are too many books, and when they are shipped, cows and horses sweat and pile up in the house. This is the library of the rich, but how many rich people read? The rest are like grandparents, sons and grandchildren, not to mention.
Not only books are like this, but everything in the world is like this. It's not my own thing, but I don't want to borrow it. I'm sure I'm worried that people will rush over, so I touch it nervously and say,' I left it with me today, and I'll take it away tomorrow, so I can't watch it anymore.
If I have it, I must tie it up and put it on a high place, put it away and hide it, and say,' Some other time'. "I loved reading when I was a child, but my family was poor.
3. How to learn to read classical Chinese When learning classical Chinese, we must pay attention to the usage of many function words such as "zhi, hu, zhe, ye, yi, Yan, zai" in different contexts, and pay attention to verbs, adverbs, adjectives, etc.
When I have accumulated to a certain extent (according to my experience, it is more than one semester), when I read ancient Chinese, I know some uncommon content words, so general reading is not a problem. Read more, recite more, accumulate more, and you will get better gradually.
As for the introductory textbook, the text in the textbook is the best and the difficulty is moderate, which is suitable for beginners. When you are good at learning, you can refer to ancient prose, 300 poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, small windows, night talk around the stove and so on.
I wish you a happy study! First, speak like a book. Chewing on words means reading and studying every word and sentence carefully and understanding it thoroughly.
Chewing words is a serious and important job. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following two points.
(1) Explain the meanings of words, meanings and sentences. Cheng Hao, a scholar in Song Dynasty, said: To read a text, you must first understand its meaning, and then you can ask its meaning.
Literally means the meaning of words and sentences, which is very superficial. To understand the meaning of the text, we must first remove the obstacles of the text, which is a thing that cannot be ignored.
In particular, some words and sentences seem easy to understand at first glance, but they are specious in real understanding. You have to understand everything, especially junior high school students need to understand the meaning of every word, such as the sentence in lesson 16 of the two-volume textbook Wolf: When I was a child, a wolf walked away and its dog sat in front. Less time: a little while.
Path: front, front: front. After a while, one of the wolves went straight away, and the other wolf squatted in front like a dog.
The poet Cang Kejia has been studying "China's view of ancient literature" for decades. He said: I read those ancient books with dense circles and dense notes. I am very serious. In order to eat up the taste of the books, I don't miss a word.
Writer Sun Li has been reading Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio for fifteen years. He just recited, read and pondered carefully, without exception, and applied what he had learned. The importance and necessity of speaking like a book.
(2) Break through the barriers of individual writing. As the saying goes, the thief gets the king first, and the whole sentence is easy to understand. Before reading, put forward specific requirements for students: combined with the notes under the text, try to say the general meaning of each sentence, and mark the meaningless places with question marks to prepare for improving quality. On the basis of being familiar with the text, junior high school students will first break the difficult words in the sentence.
Second, the reading method China has a fine tradition of reading poetry, and learning classical Chinese is also inseparable from the reading method. There are two kinds of reading: reciting and reading aloud.
The former is reading quietly and rhythmically, and the latter is also called reading aloud, which means reading aloud. China's excellent classic works are profound in artistic conception, exquisite in language, sonorous in tone and harmonious in sound and rhyme. They are very musical and suitable for reading.
Reading helps to think. When reading, you must use your mouth, your eyes, and your heart will touch your mouth. Reading is to turn written language into spoken language, so when reading, pay attention and don't be distracted. You should listen to your heart, read your mouth, listen to your ears, think in your heart, and experience the content and artistic conception of the article while reading.
Climbing mountains is full of feelings, and watching the sea is full of feelings. Instructing students to read repeatedly can not only appreciate the beauty of the scenery, but also understand the author's writing intention.
In class, students are not only required to read repeatedly, but also pay attention to teaching students the methods of reading. Instruct students to read texts from easy to difficult levels, and strive to achieve three levels of reading.
(a) is accurate and clear reading, the so-called correct and reasonable is the sentence read clearly, reasonable rhythm. To reach the most basic reading level, the key is to practice casually at ordinary times. (2) Fluent reading means fluent sentences and sonorous phonology. For example, there are many antithetical sentences and four sentences in Peach Blossom Garden, which have a sense of contrast. For example, if a forest runs out of water, a mountain with a small mouth will appear.
(3) It is realized on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text at a higher reading level. Reading aloud should be done naturally on the basis of familiarity with reading aloud.
We should read widely and intensively, as Su Dongpo said: read seven out of three poems. A good study will get twice the result with half the effort.
After junior high school students learn the above two methods and form habits, they can help themselves to dredge the meaning of the text and develop the habit of sorting out special classical Chinese phenomena in the text, and many a mickle makes a mickle. As long as the method is proper, we will make these obscure and static classical Chinese activities into an audible, visible and tangible artistic conception, laying a solid foundation for further study in the future.
The study of classical Chinese in junior high school is just "reading, memorizing, without making specific requirements". The study of classical Chinese in senior high school should not only "memorize", accumulate language materials, increase perceptual knowledge, but also guide students to accumulate relevant knowledge of classical Chinese words and expressions.
Only by attaching importance to the accumulation of basic knowledge such as classical Chinese words can we effectively cultivate students' ability to read simple classical Chinese. In view of this, how should we learn classical Chinese? First of all, learning classical Chinese should achieve "three more": reading more, reciting more and practicing more.
The ancients learned classical Chinese by heart. Recite 300 Tang poems, and you can recite them even if you can't write poems! Although we don't have to shake our heads like the ancients, their habit of attaching importance to reading is undoubtedly worth learning and learning from. When we say "read more", we should not only read textbooks, but also read books. If there is an opportunity, we should also read as many works in classical Chinese as possible, such as Four Books, Five Classics, and Zi Tong Zhi Jian, so as to broaden our horizons as much as possible.
"Recite more" means that all texts that need to be memorized must be memorized by letters, and it is best to write them down word by word, and even punctuation marks should not be wrong! You must not think that this is just "rote learning". If you can persist, then, imperceptibly, you will naturally master the ancient language habits and methods of choosing words and making sentences, and your ability to read classical Chinese will naturally be cultivated. "Practice more" is one of the shortcuts to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. We should not only complete the after-school training seriously, but also do more classification training of related words, so as to broaden our horizons and improve our comprehensive quality.
Secondly, learning classical Chinese should not only learn to attend classes, but also pay attention to preview and review. Preview before class.
4. How to analyze the new curriculum standard of classical Chinese puts forward a dualism about the nature of Chinese, that is, instrumental and humanistic. The purpose of deciphering Chinese characters is to sharpen classical Chinese tools, while the purpose of reading texts is to cultivate humanities, and both should be taken into account.
In today's curriculum reform, the teaching of classical Chinese extends to the direction of content and emotion, paying one-sided attention to the humanity of Chinese subject and ignoring the instrumentality of the subject. Take the eighth grade book published by People's Education Press as an example. There are deviations in the exercise guidance after classical Chinese.
For example, Biography of Mr. May 6th: "Is this article an autobiography of Tao Yuanming? Please refer to the relevant materials after class and talk about your own views in combination with the poems read by Tao Yuanming. " Ma Shuo: "What kind of talents do we need in today's society? How can we cultivate more talents and make the best use of them? These topics are always new, please contact the reality to talk about your own views. "
Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang: "The author's family is poor, eager to learn, happy to forget his worries, respectful in front of the teacher, and afraid to speak. How should contemporary middle school students view this learning attitude and respect teachers? " Five-character Poem: "Do you know any heroes in the history of China? Open a story meeting among the students. " Xiaoshitangji: "You have learned a lot of ancient poems describing scenery. Try to extract famous sentences describing landscapes and choose one or two sentences to appreciate. "
"The Story of Yueyang Tower": "Think about the meaning of" worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later ",write your own understanding into a paragraph and communicate with your classmates." Zuiwengting Ji: "The following is a sentence adapted from Zuiwengting Ji by Huang Tingjian, a writer in Song Dynasty, which is called" Ruihexian ".
Do you like drunken pavilion or this word? Write a paragraph, outlining your thoughts. "These seven exercises are all about understanding and experience from the ideological point of view, sending a message to teachers and scholars. Classical Chinese should spend a lot of energy on content analysis.
Many classical Chinese reading classes have thus become ideological and political classes and chat classes. Chinese teaching should be people-oriented and pay attention to humanities in the teaching process. However, if we ignore the instrumentality of basic disciplines, especially the characteristics of classical Chinese, it will be a castle in the air, and we will seek the end at the expense of the root.
In fact, some exercises in the textbook give consideration to both "instrumental" and "humanistic". For example, a letter to Zhu: "Rewrite the text into modern language and introduce the scenery of Fuchun River from Fuyang to Tonglu."
Man Jing's Travels: "The word' zhi' in the following three groups of phrases, some of which indicate a modified relationship, can be translated as' de'; Some express restrictive relations, which can be translated into' one'; Some play the role of soothing tone, but they can't be translated. Try to distinguish and say whether these usages are still in use now. "
Five-character Poem: "What do you associate with the poem" Falling red is not a heartless thing, but turning into spring mud to protect flowers "? Communicate with classmates. " Unfortunately, there are not many such extended titles.
Of course, the teaching space of classical Chinese is very large, and the concept of "comprehensive practical course" put forward by the new curriculum standard should also be fully reflected in the teaching of classical Chinese. For example, in Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the joy of spring rain is not only the poet's mood, but also the knowledge of climatology and phenology that spring rain is as expensive as oil. The poem "Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently" not only vividly describes the modality of spring rain, but also tells the geographical knowledge of surface runoff.
For example, when teaching "Two Children Debate on Japan", besides Confucius' seeking truth from facts and academic honesty, the two children's spirit of seeking knowledge is worth learning. Knowing when the sun is near us in the morning and at noon is a geographical problem, and students need to be further organized to explore and gain more comprehensive knowledge. Countermeasures 1. Study textbooks, question and ask difficult questions.
Take the teaching of Xiaoshitang as an example. The annotation of "covering weaving" in the textbook is: "covering and hanging".
Can "composing" be interpreted as "drooping"? When preparing lessons, I specially consulted some materials. Among them, the teacher of People's Education Edition translated this sentence into "knot, shake"
Is it "drooping" or "linking"? After investigation, the Dictionary of Common Words in Ancient Chinese revised by Commercial Press 1998 is "sewing and linking", and its meaning should be taken. Look up the word "Tie" and "Lian" in the Dictionary of Ancient Chinese published by Sichuan Dictionary Publishing House.
The definition of "sag" is not listed in the above tools. In addition, "standing still" is pronounced as "Y" in the textbook and interpreted as "dull appearance".
But after consulting the dictionary, I found that this is not the case. In the Dictionary of Common Words in Ancient Chinese, "Tong" not only has the appearance of dementia, but also has the entry of "stillness", which can better reflect the mode of swimming fish coming and going.
The Ancient Chinese Dictionary takes Xiaoshitang story as an example, and its definition is as follows: "Shang. Liu Tang Zongyuan's Xiao Qiu Xiao Shi Tang Xi: "The sun is bright, the shadow is on the stone, and it doesn't move."
And the phonetic notation of both books is "yǐ". In teaching, I will show two cases to students for discussion.
The students responded enthusiastically. Because they have always regarded books as treasures, this is a subversive classroom inquiry.
In their study, they really realized the significance of "believing in books is better than having no books". So the students study the words in this text very carefully, because I remind them that there are comments and disputes.
Shortly after class, the students came to me with dictionaries. "Teacher, is there anything wrong with the explanation of' quiet' in the notes in the book?" "I looked it up in the dictionary, and' quiet' means' dim and dark', which is better than' quiet'."
"Besides, the word" palate "in" Water is especially clear "only means" clear ",not" cool ". ...... Since then, I have mastered the understanding of the word "Ga Hu" in class, so that students can feel the feeling of fish swimming in the pond.
Is it "light and smart" or "consistent"? Students look up the reference books first, and then make a judgment according to the context. The classroom atmosphere is quite active.
Students have experienced the joy of learning classical Chinese in independent inquiry. 2. In the inquiry class, Ying Zuihua was included.
I don't think it's enough to learn words in one class. In actual teaching, we should also pay attention to reviewing the articles we have learned.
Among them, the common phenomenon is the ambiguity of induction. For example, when learning the story of Yueyang Tower and learning the "opening" of "not opening for a month", let.