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Mies van der Rohe was the most famous figure in the world in the mid-20th century One of the four masters of modern architecture, along with Wright, Le Corbusier and Gropius. Born in Germany, the typical rational rigor of the German nation makes him easily stand out from the many architectural masters of the early 20th century. Like most of his glass and steel structural works, we can easily see through the appearance This master of modern architecture left a great legacy to the twentieth century.

In 1886, Mies was born into a stonemason family in Asch, Germany. If the current Chinese people are still a little familiar with the place of Ashen, it is because a Chinese player, Xie Hui, is playing for Asch. Deep football club. Few people know that a pioneer of modern architecture took the first step in his life here. Mies did not receive formal education in architecture. His initial knowledge and understanding of architecture began with his father's masonry. Workshops and those exquisite ancient buildings in Yashen. It can be said that his architectural ideas came from practice and experience. Whether he was an apprentice in Bruno Paul's office in Berlin or worked as a designer under Peter Behrens. He became a draftsman, or opened his own office in Berlin... These experiences allowed him to devote himself step by step to the earth-shaking changes of the twentieth century, and ultimately led to a system of architectural thought that lasted throughout the twentieth century. Now, followers of Mies's style in the United States and around the world, including China, are still extending and developing this theory.

As a Chinese student who is far away from Mies in terms of time and space, I have a deep understanding of Mies's style. Mies's first and deepest impression came from his German Pavilion at the Barcelona International Expo. The large transparent glass wall, the light structural system, the far-reaching and overhanging thin roof, the impression of an open and closed space... The whole building is like blowing in from the valley. The fresh breeze freed me from the cluttered decorative buildings. You can understand "less is more", "circulation space" and "comprehensive space" from this short-lived building. To or predicted. Indeed. This is the most classic annotation of Mies' style. It is the most classic portrayal of this architect who came out of a small German town.

"Less is more", what does this sentence mean to you? It can be easily tasted from thousands of years of traditional Chinese aesthetics and philosophy. The most artistic things of traditional Chinese painting masters are often not the paintings filled with ink, but the large blank space. When "less is more" from When Mies spoke it, of course he did not have the leisure and ease of the Orientals, but only the rigor and rationality of the Germans. Yes, "less" is not blank but streamlined, and "more" is not crowded but perfect. Mies's architectural art relies on "Less is more," Mies said to his students, "I hope you will understand that architecture has nothing to do with the creation of form. "The German Pavilion in Barcelona is an example. In this exhibit used by Germany to participate in the 1929 World's Fair, you will never see a single superfluous thing added to the building, no messy decoration, nothing made out of nothing. There are no strange furnishings. There are just the light and transparent building itself and the continuous circulation space inside and outside it. Similar to this, there is also the Western Building in New York built from 1954 to 1958. Gram Building. This skyscraper that seems to rise from the sky is undoubtedly one of the most exquisite buildings in New York. This exquisiteness does not come from the intricate carved moldings inside and outside the building, but from its exquisite structural components, brown glass and simple interior. space.

Before the 20th century, architectural forms were not only limited by the structure but also by the ideas of the building owners at that time. In various forms of Western architecture, there were numerous decorative parts, huge The structure is its unifying symbol. Only when new structural technologies and new materials are widely used, architecture will undergo fundamental changes. The twentieth century is the century of steel and the century of electricity. When steel and glass are widely used Before architecture, a group of architects with advanced ideas were at the forefront of the movement. Undoubtedly, Mies was such a pioneer. "Less is more" was born from living in such an environment. In Mies's architecture, everything from indoors to Everything from decoration to furniture must be streamlined to the point where it cannot be changed. We have no way of knowing what kind of inspiration Mies had when he found this most classic quote in the history of modern architecture. In short, it has already affected our world. Seventy years ago.

"Circulation space" should have been a very avant-garde term at the beginning of the 20th century. I believe that after Mies built the German Pavilion in Barcelona, ??the shock to the European architectural world was huge. Indeed, for those who come out of the academy and from the water

For architects who started losing rank, and those architects who are more or less subject to the definitions and restrictions of architecture by various schools of Western ancient architecture, this kind of space is completely different from the previous closed or open spaces - flowing, A connected, isolated space creates another concept. Interestingly, in the West, this is a completely new thing, while in the ancient East, famous or unknown literati and garden craftsmen in ancient China already knew and He is proficient in the creation and application of flowing space

, and the famous book "Garden Governance" has theorized it. "The scene changes with each step", "the virtual and the real complement each other", The famous Chinese and foreign gardens in Suzhou are a summary of the thousands of years of thinking of Chinese gardeners. The thousands of mountains and rivers in a small area are their superb understanding and application of circulation space. "There is no way out even if there are mountains and rivers, but there is another village with dark willows and bright flowers." , Chinese literati’s understanding of this kind of space is very similar to Mies.

Unlike Wright among the other three architectural masters of the 20th century, Mies never showed any concern for China from the beginning to the end. Cultural interest and yearning. However, the concept of "circulation space" has amazing similarities with traditional Chinese gardening art. However, just like my previous understanding of Mies's "less is more", his circulation The reason why space is completely different from Chinese gardening art, and its difference even prevents ordinary people from connecting the two, is that this circulation space is rational, orderly, indoor space, and more importantly, It is static, and its purpose is practicality; while the circulation space of Chinese gardens is deliberately created to be casual, free, and outdoor, it is fluid, and its purpose is ornamental. Putting aside their appearances, the two are Indeed, they are essentially universal, and both succeeded in creating these spaces for people.

In the Tugendhat House later in the German Pavilion, Mies succeeded again. Applying the idea of ??"circulation space", the living part on the ground floor of the house is the essence of the building. In the large open space, the living room and study room are separated by exquisite striped agate slate walls, and the dining room part is made of ebony with curved walls. Therefore, the study, living room, dining room, and foyer are divided into four interconnected spaces. The internal circulation space is also led to the garden by the glass curtain wall, and the indoor details extend to the outside. Penetrating into the interior, "circulation space" is perfectly interpreted here again.

"Comprehensive space", also known as "universal space" and "unified space" is another important theory of Mies. I think this It is developed from "circulation space". In "circulation space", a large space is divided into several interconnected small spaces. When we remove the partition walls, what will remain will be A large space as a whole. In this space, we can arrange it at will and transform it into any form we want. This is a "comprehensive space". I have no way of inferring whether Mies is like me. In this way, we get "comprehensive space" from "circulation space", but maybe I can try to find the footprints of the master. Different from Sullivan's "form follows function", Mies believed that people's needs will change, and today he wants to do this , he will want that again tomorrow, and the architectural form can remain unchanged. To use an old Chinese saying, it is called "remaining unchanged to cope with all changes." As long as there is a large overall space that people can modify at will inside, then the demand will be can be satisfied.

From 1950 to 1956, Mies expressed his idea very clearly in the Crown Building of the Illinois Institute of Technology. On the 120m*220m rectangular base, the upper floor of the Crown Building It is a large space that can be used by 400 people at the same time, including drawing rooms, libraries, exhibition rooms and offices. Different parts are separated by wooden partitions as high as one person. The Crown Building is just like the name - crown. --The same, exquisite and typical but very impractical. It is said that few people are willing to study and work within its large transparent glass walls. From this point of view, the Kerang Building failed, but the "comprehensive space" idea it embodied, But it is one of the most influential ideas in the architectural world of the 20th century.

Mies was good at using steel structures and large glass walls, and both are the most conspicuous in almost most of his works." "It's just more", "circulation space", "all

"Face space" has become familiar and even cliche after generations of oral and written communication. It is necessary and worthwhile to re-understand this master of modern architecture. As we can almost see through the large glass wall All internal components, we seem to be able to see Mies clearly from the inside out through the conclusions that many people have summarized and analyzed for us without thinking! However, this is all an illusion, just as we can directly see the components but we cannot Directly understanding the connotation and expectation that Mies gave to the space constructed by these components is the same. The Mies we see is just a flat image sketched for us by others. Only when we put ourselves into Mies' work and living environment and walk with Mies , listening to Mies’s teachings, we can understand why his ideas will influence most of the twentieth century. Today, standing in the far east, I wave to Mies who is traveling far away. What an ordinary young man like me can understand It’s really too little. I can only express my respect for the master through this wave of my hand. At the same time, because of the long distance, I can stay away from the shadow of the master to observe him, read him, and think about him. In other words, Mies and other buildings Together, the masters have paved a broad road for modern architecture and modern architecture in the future. Because of this, we have the opportunity to walk through this road and finally go out of our own way!!

Works: 1 . 1927 Weissenhof Apartment Building (Weissenhof Apartment Building)

2.1928 Lange House Krefeld, Germany

3.1929 German Pavilion at Barcelona Expo, Spain (Barcelona Pavilion)

4.1930 Brno, Czechoslovakia (Tugendhat House, Brno)

5.1933 Mies van der Rohe House Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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6.1946 Farnsworth House Plano, IL, USA

7.1948 Lake Shore Drive Apartments

8.1952 Department of Architecture and Design, Illinois Institute of Technology (Chapel of Saint Savior IIT)

9.1956 Crown Hall IIT, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)

10.1959 Seagram Building, New York (Seagram Building New York, NY)

11.1968 Mellon Hall of Science

12.1968 National Gallery Berlin, Germany