Sunjingtan
Confucianism became the dominant thought of governing the country in the early days of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Traditionally, it has been popular in academic circles that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to respect Confucianism", which has four meanings: first, the end of Huang Lao's rule in the Western Han Dynasty was the result of adopting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion; Second, both Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone"; Third, the past dynasties "ousted hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone"; Fourth, "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" is the basic point of Confucian reflection. In this regard, the author does not agree and has discussed it many times. Because this issue is very important, I want to re-examine it here to promote the in-depth discussion of this issue in academic circles. Please criticize the mistakes in the article.
First, Sima Guang said that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of respecting Confucianism".
"Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of respecting Confucianism", saying who or which history book it came from needs to be verified first.
First, this statement is not from Sima Qian. Some people, such as Mr. Zhou Guidian, suggested that it was from Sima Qian, which is inappropriate. In any case, Sima Qian did not say so. [1] Others, such as Mr. Max Zhang, admit that Sima Qian didn't say so, but think that Sima Qian didn't remember Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "respecting Confucianism" because he resented the castration of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for the Liling issue, [2] which is also inappropriate. We should know that Sima Qian did not remember Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "respecting Confucius", but he recorded in detail the process of "respecting Confucius" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Historical records? "Scholars" said: "Today, Zhao Wan and Wang Zang are Ming Confucians, and they are also native people ... Wan Zang asked the son of heaven to set up a hall of princes, so we can't talk about it. They just say that they are teachers, and the applicants are public. The son of heaven ordered people to put silks on and mount a horse to meet Shen Gong ... If Emperor Dou Taihou was good at Lao Zi, not to mention Confucianism, Zhao Wan and Wang Zang also made mistakes, but they all committed suicide because of the waste of the hall. Shen Gong is also disease-free "; "Dou Taihou collapse, Wu' an Hou Tianfen as prime minister, the situation, one hundred criminals, one hundred scholars. "There is no Dong Zhongshu; Even if Sima Qian really bears a grudge against Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it is also an honor for Dong Zhongshu to "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone". How could Sima Qian ignore Dong Zhongshu's achievements? In Historical Records, Sima Qian paid tribute to Dong Zhongshu and called him "Dong Sheng". He was the first to complain about Dong Zhongshu's "unfortunate encounter". [3] In particular, did Sima Qian deliberately write the suggestion that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's "respecting Confucius" as "respecting Confucius by adopting other people's suggestions"? If so, wouldn't it be better not to write about the "respect for Confucianism" of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?
Second, this statement is not from Ban Gu. Some people, such as Mr. Zhao Jihui, think that this statement comes from Ban Gu, which is also inappropriate. [4] 1, Ban Gu never said that the end of the "rule of Huang Lao" in the Western Han Dynasty was the result of Emperor Wu's adoption of Dong Zhongshu's suggestion. On this issue, he completely agreed with Sima Qian's record. Hanshu? "The Scholars" said: "At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ... Wan Zang asked you to serve the kings, but you can't talk about it, just saying that you were applying for a job. So, the envoy put a bundle of silks and gold in the car, wrapped it in a cattail, and drove to see Shen Gong ... If Emperor Dou Taihou liked Laozi, not to mention Confucianism, he asked him to get rid of the things in the hall and committed suicide. Shen Gong is also disease-free "; "Dou Taihou collapsed, Wu Anjun Tianfen was the prime minister, and Huang Lao and the name of punishment were hundreds of scholars." There is no Dong Zhongshu here either. 2. Ban Gu means that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and respected Confucius for the second time. For example, Hanshu? "biography of dong Zhongshu" said: "when emperor Wu ascended the throne, hundreds of scholars were introduced, while zhong Shu adopted a wise policy"; Hanshu? Emperor Wu Ji said: In the first year of Yuanguang, "Zhao Xian ... so Dong Zhongshu ... went out. ...... Xiao Wu was first established, ousted a hundred schools, and was the only one who respected learning. He listed the Six Classics. " 3. What is the original intention of Ban Gu? If you don't want to distort it, his original intention is: the end of the "rule of Huang Lao" in the Western Han Dynasty, as Sima Qian said, was the result of Emperor Wu's adoption of others' suggestions of "respecting Confucius"; Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and "respected Confucianism" for the second time, only then did he "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone". From the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (Tianfen "suppressed the yellow age") to the seventh year (before Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted), Confucianism was the main ideology to govern the country; After the suggestion of Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was "to oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." Because of Hanshu? The Biography of Dong Zhongshu also said: "Since the establishment of Emperor Wu, Confucianism in Wei Qi and Wuhou 'an has flourished. And looking up books, revealing Confucius' family background and suppressing a hundred schools ... all come from Zhong Shu. "Its meaning is clear.
Third, the initiator of this statement is Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty. Sima guang in zi tong zhi Jian? "Han Ji Jiu" said: In the first year of Jianyuan, Dong Zhongshu said to me:' I think that all Confucius masters who are not in the six arts have no other way, so don't make progress. The theory of evil monarch will be put an end to, then the unified discipline will be unified, the statutes will be clear, and the people will know what to do. "... the son of heaven is right. ...... Prime Minister Wei Wan said, "Please give any kindness or confusion to Shen, Han, Su and Zhang." You can play. ..... After the prime minister, Wu' an Hou Tian Fen for qiu. Elegant to Confucianism, the baby flies are good at Confucianism, pushing the hub to replace Zhao Wan as an ancient scholar and the warrior Lan Ling Zang as a doctor. Please ask the Ming Dynasty to set up a hall as a vassal and recommend its teacher ... "; Two years: "Dou Taihou, the emperor is so Huang Lao that he doesn't like Confucianism. Zhao Wan, please don't play in the East Palace. Dou Taihou was furious ... because the hall was wasted, everything was wasted. Xia Wan and Zangli both committed suicide. The Prime Minister's baby and Qiu Yi were exempted, and Shen Gong was also exempted from illness "; Five years: "Doctor of Five Classics"; Six years: "Empress Dowager Tai collapsed. ..... Wu' an Hou Tian Fen as Prime Minister. Proud and extravagant ... "; Seven years: "Zhao Juxian Liang, literature, pro-government." This is the theory that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to respect Confucianism", which has the above four meanings.
Fourthly, the theory that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to respect Confucianism" is objective and undeniable. Mr. Liu Guisheng, a modern man, believes that the popular theory of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" is caused by the misunderstanding of Dong Zhongshu's "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", and a large list of books has been published in the voluminous ancient books for readers to search. [5] Mr. Liu's statement is still inappropriate, because in his book list, Hanshu was excluded (he only showed the biography of Dong Zhongshu? Like ") and" History as a Mirror ",only let people read without this statement.
Second, Ban Gu's theory of "Two Confucianism of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty" is suspected of forgery.
Anyone with a discerning eye will know at a glance that Sima Guang's statement is not entirely groundless. He is reading Ban Gu's theory that "Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty respected Confucianism for the second time". Is there a historical basis for Ban Gu's statement that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism twice"? The author believes that this statement is suspected of forgery.
First, this is too late. Ban Gu's statement comes from the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, and it has been more than 100 years since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "respected Confucianism". No scholars have mentioned this before, including Sima Qian and Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin in Xin Mang, and Ban Biao, the founder of Hanshu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Some people think that Ban Gu must have watched royal archives in the Western Han Dynasty. In fact, Sima Qian is a living file. He was the first historian to give Dong Zhongshu a biography. He was a contemporary of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Dong Zhongshu. He is a witness to the activities of "respecting Confucius" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He was a student of Dong Zhongshu. When Dong Zhongshu died, all his descendants became officials. How come you don't know about this? Both Liu Xiang and his son are equivalent to the librarians and archives directors of the Western Han Dynasty, and they are the editors of the Seven Laws. Why don't they know about it?
Second, the countermeasures that Dong Zhongshu participated in and the false labels in Three Strategies for Heaven and Man are very obvious. 1, Dong Zhongshu was a famous doctor in Yang Gong during the Spring and Autumn Period when Emperor Han was Emperor Jing, but it was impossible for him to participate in the Five Classics Strategy when Emperor Wu was Emperor Han. If you participate, the same person is suspected of getting a double doctorate in the same subject; Let's talk about Hanshu? The examination questions of the first year of Yuanguang contained in the Ji of Emperor Wudi are not the same or similar to those in Three Strategies for Heaven and Man. 2. There are many problems in Three Strategies for Heaven and Man: the order of the three strategies is reversed, and the second strategy is the public examination paper; The three strategies are not all Confucian countermeasures, and the examination questions of the second strategy are general "calling for talents" questions; The three strategies reflect different times, such as "comfortable living" in the second strategy, and "prison chaos" in the third strategy will never appear before the first year of Yuanguang, and so on. [6] 3. Ban Gu's other statements about Dong Zhongshu are not true. For example, Hanshu? The official biography says that Dong Zhongshu is an outstanding official. In fact, Dong Zhongshu didn't make any achievements: Congjiang Du Xiang was abolished as a Chinese medicine practitioner, who was almost killed when he wrote "disaster", and Ren Jiaoxi resigned soon. [7]
Third, lack of empirical evidence. How did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"? Who is the main executor? How is the whole implementation process? What's the final outcome? There is no following in Hanshu.
Fourth, Ban Gu has every reason to cheat. There are many reasons for Ban Gu's forgery: 1, which justifies his academic name. Ban Gu appeared as a historian, but like Dong Zhongshu, he lived in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Ram. Ram Spring and Autumn Annals spans many disciplines such as politics, history, law, ethics and literature. Dong Zhongshu developed his Confucian classics; Ban Gu inherited his "Ram History Pen", which is similar to Dong Zhongshu academically. It was not until the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty that Ram Chunqiu was ignored by Shiquge Confucian Classics Society. Ban Gu wrote history with the idea of "Ram Spring and Autumn Annals" and was almost killed and imprisoned. So what Ban Gu did was to correct the name of Ram Spring and Autumn Annals and his academic name. 2. Open the way for Dong Zhongshu's counterattack. After Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Ram was crushed, his disciples have been trying to fight back. For example, Liu Xiang said: "Dong Zhongshu has the material. Although Iraq and Lu died together, his reason and face belong to him, but Shi Nenosuke is almost inferior." [8] Liu Xin said: "After Zhong Shu was destroyed by the Han and Qin Dynasties, the Six Classics were divided, and they were angry and devoted to the great cause, so that their descendants were unified and became the leaders of Confucianism." [9] The White Tiger Temple Society in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu, who used divination and Fan Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, gained the upper hand at the meeting and re-established the orthodox position of Ram in the Spring and Autumn Period. As soon as Ban Gu got out of prison, he attended the meeting and served as a secretary. Later, he compiled the Minutes of Meeting into White Tiger Yi Tong. In doing so, Ban Gu is striving for the first achievement of deifying Dong Zhongshu. 3. "ram history pen." The view of history in Yang Gong Chunqiu is "Yang Gong's historical pen", which requires that: when writing history, you should write "theory" instead of "history" and discuss the history of generations; In the process of writing theory, there should be "praise and criticism" and "not for good or evil"; The principle of judging history is "the meaning of the ram". Ban Gu is a "Ram" school, and the historical theory will certainly raise Dong Zhongshu's historical position and correct the name of Ram Chunqiu. 4. Make the past serve the present. There is also a resounding slogan called "Make the past serve the present" (in fact, it is "extreme pragmatism", which is qualitatively different from today's "Make the past serve the present"), that is, whatever is popular now will be supplemented. Hanshu? It is clearly stated in the biography of Xiongnu that Dong Zhongshu's knowledge was "inappropriate at that time and lacking in later generations"; Hanshu? According to Dong Zhongshu's biography, the purpose of writing this article is: "It is important for those who apply for the imperial court to write this article." In other words, Ban Gu clearly admitted that his biography of Dong Zhongshu is a work that transcends historical facts and "makes the past serve the present".
Third, Sima Guang and the current academic theory of "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism" can hardly tell the truth.
Since Ban Gu's theory of "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism for the second time" is suspected of forgery, it is difficult to distinguish the truth of the theory of "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to respect Confucianism" with the above four meanings.
First, it must be proved by distorting or tampering with history. 1, Dong Zhongshu's countermeasures mentioned in the first year of Jianyuan are neither based on historical data nor in line with all the contents of the three policies of heaven and man. For example, the countermeasures include "Yelang lived comfortably and said that morality should be appropriate", while the Han Dynasty had no connection with Yelang and Kangju; 2. Wang Zang's activity of "respecting Confucianism" was their own idea; 3. Stopping "aiding Korea" is a thorough cleansing of the idea of "artist" in "The Rule of the Yellow Emperor" by "the rule of Laozi", and has nothing to do with "respecting Confucianism". [10] and "Shen Han" was before "Zhao Xianliang" in the first year of Jianyuan, not after; 4. Tian Fen's completion of "restraining Huang Lao and respecting Confucianism" is an iron history, which is proved by Sima Qian and Ban Gu and cannot be denied; 5. It is also inappropriate to regard the "Doctor of Five Classics" examination as a sign of success in respecting Confucianism. How was Huang Lao "deposed"? No, the following is illogical. At present, the academic circles have helped Sima Guang a lot: on the one hand, they all criticized Sima Guang's mistake of pointing Dong Zhongshu's countermeasures to the first year of Jianyuan, on the other hand, they all used Sima Guang's methodology to construct the theory that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to respect Confucianism", which is completely consistent with Sima Guang in different aspects and has the above four meanings. The typical representative is Mr. Zhou Guidian: although he thinks that Dong Zhongshu's countermeasure should be the first year of Yuanguang as Ban Gu said; But then, the fact that Tian Fen completed "restraining the yellow age and advocating Confucianism" in the sixth year of Jianyuan was omitted. Modifying Dong Zhongshu's three policies of heaven and man is inconsistent with historical facts, and then claiming that this problem is solved. [ 1 1]
Second, it can never be justified. 1, this statement is later than that of Ban Gu 1000. How did Sima Guang know about it? This is a "historical mystery". 2. There is still no empirical evidence. Sima Guang didn't really solve the empirical problem. Now some people think that this statement seems unnecessary, so they only insist on this statement and never prove it. Some people think that it is "peaceful" for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", so there is no evidence that Qin Shihuang "ousted a hundred schools of thought". Some people think that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, but only "respected Confucianism" and did not "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone". [12] In fact, these statements, like Sima Guang, are far-fetched: "peace" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought" will also die out, but in fact, a hundred schools of thought are just not the dominant idea of governing the country, and others are still the same; If a hundred schools of thought contend is not really rejected, how can we say that Confucianism is the only one? 3. Dong Zhongshu School was "stopped" by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "praised" Dong Zhongshu's "Ram Spring and Autumn" as true. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty realized the reactionary nature of The Ram Spring and Autumn Annals and decided to "suppress it": first, use the internal struggle of Dong Zhongshu's "Ram" official to get rid of Dong Zhongshu's personal disciple Zhang Tang, and then get rid of Zhu Maichen and other Dong Zhongshu. In his later years, he also made a profound review of the mistakes he made in governing the country with Ram Chunqiu. When he died, he entrusted orphans to military commanders such as Huo Guang, and none of Dong Zhongshu's disciples needed it. Zhao Kuangyin, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, when he was emperor, also killed Gong Won, a direct disciple of Dong Zhongshu (his favorite disciple, Qi Hong). [14] When Xuan Di was in the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang stole Dong Zhongshu's Ram Spring and Autumn Annals at home and acted like Dong Zhongshu. He was imprisoned, almost killed, and was released only after being ordered to change "Spring and Autumn Annals of Hub Beam". [15] At the "Shiquge" Confucian Classics Seminar, Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, officially suppressed Dong Zhongshu's "Yang Gong Xue" and replaced it with "Hub Liang Xue". Xuan Di's creed of governing the country is: "The Han family has its own system, which is based on hegemony." [16] But he is "lonely" in Dong Zhongshu's The Spring and Autumn of the Ram! Isn't it intriguing? When Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty was in mourning, Gan Zhong could cheat Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty with Dong Zhongshu's Ram Spring and Autumn Annals and was executed. Until the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu stole Dong Zhongshu's "Ram Spring and Autumn Annals" at home and used the "Ram History Pen" as history, and was almost killed and imprisoned. Later, the emperor pardoned him. [17] He Xiu wrote Xieyi, drawing lessons from Ban Gu, and said nothing about Dong Zhongshu, only that he was not born according to Hu's regulations. The ideological struggle from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty can be described as "hundred schools of thought used it, only Dong Ru's family". Can it be called "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"?
Third, why did Sima Guang forge this statement? 1. Discuss your academic arguments like Ban Gu. Sima Guang also lived academically in Dong Zhongshu's Ram Spring and Autumn Annals, but Dong Zhongshu's fate was not good. Han Shu, written by Ban Gu for his conviction, died in prison, and Dong Zhongshu's Ram Spring and Autumn Annals never caught fire. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, nobody cared. There is no Spring and Autumn Annals by Ram in the Five Classics of Tang Dynasty, only Zuo Zhuan by Du Yu. [18] In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi didn't use Yang Gong Chunqiu as his "new learning", but he absorbed Shang Yang's thought of political reform. Sima Guang was deposed by Wang Anshi for opposing political reform. He forged this statement to clear his reputation and scientific name. 2. "Ram history pen." The ancient Greek philosopher said: If a lion can draw, draw a lion first. Since history is written with "Ram History Pen", why not deify "Ram Chunqiu" and its owner? Strive for a good background for future disciples. 3. Make the past serve the present. Dong Zhongshu's fortune began in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his Yang Gong Chunqiu Xue was the ideological basis of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties. Neo-Confucianism highly praised Dong Zhongshu. For example, Sun Fu, the founder of Grass Roots, said: "Enlighten Confucius and restrain a hundred schools of thought ... I can be said to be a saint wholeheartedly. The latter of Qin, a man with a secret path, has also made great contributions to Chinese books. " [19] Sima Guang forged this theory, similar to Ban Gu, in order to compete with other Neo-Confucianism for the contribution of respecting Dong.
Fourth, why do academic circles stubbornly insist on this statement now? 1, which has been repeatedly publicized by traditional academic circles. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the academic circles in China have been ruled by Neo-Confucianism and "Zi Zhi Tong Jian". They preached this point again and again, and the skeptics rejected it as heresy. 2. This theory has become "learning Zen" in academic circles. Traditionally, China is a faith-based academic, lacking in humanities. Although the humanities have grown in many fields, they are still shrouded in classics and history. If "Amitabha" is the mantra of Buddhism, then the theory that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to oust a hundred schools of thought and revere Confucianism alone" with the above four meanings is the mantra of China's modern belief in "Classics and History". Buddhists can't doubt "Amitabha", and historians can't doubt that "Dong Zhongshu" ousted hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. ""3, "May 4th" anti-tradition. In the May 4th Movement, when criticizing Confucius, he repeatedly said that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to' oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone'", which seemed to help confirm this statement. 4. Today, Dong Zhongshu's "Ram" school still occupies a dominant position in the field of "Classics and History" in academic circles. Today, Confucian classics in academic circles is still Neo-Confucianism, and Tong Jian is still the representative of historiography. They are all based on the same theory, look at the problem from the same angle and repeat the same mistakes.
Fourth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended "the rule of Huang Lao" and "respecting Confucianism" and adopted Wang Zang's suggestion.
Now let's see if Sima Qian's theory of "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism" can stand scrutiny. There are several problems that must be paid attention to.
First, this statement is true and reliable. 1, Sima Qian's record is the most original record. 2. There are no other or contradictory records about this issue in Historical Records. 3. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, no one put forward any negative opinions on this, and Ban Gu said it was completely certain. Ban Gu's theory of "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism for the second time" is at most a supplement to this and is suspected of forgery. Sima Guang denied this statement, saying that it was a thousand years later, and it was also suspected of forgery.
Second, this statement itself is impeccable. 1, the proponents of "respecting Confucianism" are Wang Zang and Zhao Wan. Wang Zang and Zhao Wan are both Confucianists, and their teacher is Shen Gong, the descendant of an authentic Confucian poem. The Scholars in Historical Records and Hanshu both have their own biographies. This suggestion was really adopted. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty not only approved their suggestions, but also put them in charge of their implementation. At the same time, they also got the support of the Prime Minister and Qiu Wu 'an Hou Tianfen. They also recommended Shen Gong to be in charge of the overall situation, which was also approved. 3. There is a complete process of "respecting Confucianism". Their activity of "respecting Confucius" began in the year of Jianyuan, and was frustrated by Dou Taihou's opposition. Wang Zang and Zhao Wan committed suicide in prison, while the Prime Minister and Qiu Qiutian Fen were dismissed and never returned. All their measures have been abolished. However, the setbacks they suffered are temporary, because Dou Taihou will not live for a few years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is still there, and Dou Ying and Tian Fen are still there. Sure enough, in the sixth year of Jianyuan, Dou Taihou died, and Wu 'an Houtianfen returned to the prime minister, completing the great cause of "respecting Confucius". In other words, their activity of "respecting Confucius" ended in the sixth year of Jianyuan. 4. Their "respect for Confucianism" means "restraining Huang Lao from respecting Confucianism." That is to say, it is also in line with the development of the whole Han dynasty's ideological history to shrink "Huang Lao" from the main idea of governing the country and change it to "Confucianism" or "Taoism" as the main idea of governing the country, instead of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". 5. As mentioned above, Shen Han in the First Year of Jianyuan written by Wei Wan is not included here.
Third, this statement can be summarized as "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Wang Zang's suggestion of' restraining the yellow age and respecting Confucianism'". Who was the main adviser of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who respected Confucianism? Generally speaking, Zhao Wan, Wang Zang or Wang Zang and Zhao Wan will do. It's all the main characters anyway. Both Historical Records and Hanshu said that the counselors were "Zhao Wan and Wang Zang." If you ask who is more fundamental, I think it's Wang Cang. 1, Wang Zang is the emperor. You know, Wang Zang was the teacher of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the second teacher of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. His role cannot be underestimated. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's initial love for Confucianism was imperceptibly accomplished through his teaching. I didn't emphasize this point enough in the past, which is wrong. 2. Wang Zang is the most active in the activity of respecting Confucius. Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the pole, he shied away. After Emperor Wudi reached the pole, he took the initiative to write a letter, demanding cooperation with Emperor Wudi and trying to "respect Confucianism". Zhao Wan was transferred by Wang Zang. Zhao Wan is a good friend of Wang Zang's classmate, and she became an imperial doctor by virtue of his "relationship". He transferred Zhao Wan with a clear purpose, that is, to "respect Confucianism". 4. Wang Cang is a scholar. Wang Zang has been engaged in the teaching and research of Confucianism, and his main contribution is thought, while Zhao Wan is an administrator, who is mainly responsible for concrete implementation. 5. Tian Fen's "restraining Huang Lao and respecting Confucianism" should be attributed to Wang Zang. Tian Fen is an important supporter and member of Wang Zang's activities of respecting Confucius, and also a victim of Wang Zang's frustration. Although Tian Fen completed the great cause of respecting Confucianism with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was only an executor. The first idea was Wang Zang, who finished Wang Zang's unfinished business.
5. Wang Zang's "restraining the yellow age and respecting Confucianism" is the scientific basis of modern Confucianism reflection.
In history, there are three theories of "respecting Confucianism" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and only Sima Qian's records have evidence. Traditionally, scholars regard Sima Guang's "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" as the basic point of Confucian reflection, which the author thinks is inappropriate. Now, the scientific basis of Confucian reflection should be that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Wang Zang's suggestion and restrained Huang Lao from respecting Confucianism." "
First, why is it inappropriate to take Sima Guang's statement as the basic point of Confucian reflection? 1, this statement is forged. Sima Guang's statement is as untrue as "God created the world". For example, when did Dong Zhongshu propose "respecting Confucius"? There are nearly ten kinds of sayings: the first year of Jian Yuan, the fifth year of Jian Yuan, the first year of Yuan Guang, etc., and none of them are clear. How did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopt it? None of them can tell. 2. There is no empirical basis for using this theory to reflect on the situation that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and subsequent dynasties "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone". [20] 3. It is inappropriate to use this to affirm Dong Zhongshu's contribution to Confucianism and his Confucian essence. Whether Dong Zhongshu is a Confucian or not depends on his thoughts. Dong Zhongshu is not a Confucian. He made no contribution to Confucianism. On the contrary, he caused great harm. [2 1] 4. "To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" is a reaction to Confucianism. "To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" is ideological autocracy. Confucianism, the way of Confucius and Mencius, never said it was ideological autocracy. Only "Shenhan" artists have this idea, and it is always reactionary to engage in ideological autocracy.
Second, reflect on the scientific basis of Confucian reflection. The author once thought that Liang Wudi's adoption of Zhufuyan's "Yan Enling" was the scientific basis for Confucian reflection [23], but later it was not appropriate. Zhu's "kindness" appeared after Emperor Wu respected Confucianism, which can only prove its correctness or success, not the time when the system of respecting Confucianism was established. Later, it was thought that Tian Fen's "restraining Huang Lao and respecting Confucianism" was the scientific basis for Confucian reflection [24], which now seems inappropriate. Tian Fen is not a Confucian, and the idea of "respecting Confucianism" was not put forward by Tian Fen. He is just an executor. The scientific basis for us to reflect on Confucianism today should be Wang Zang's "respecting Confucianism". The time is six years after the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, Tian Fen inherited Wang Zang's legacy and completed the mission of "respecting Confucianism".
Thirdly, the significance of Wang Zang's "restraining Huang Lao and respecting Confucianism" as the scientific basis of modern Confucianism reflection. 1, clean up the source and restore the history. The "respecting Confucius" put forward by Wang Zang and its final completion are the most authentic, and it has a solid foundation for Confucian reflection. Sima Guang's theory that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to respect Confucius" completely changed the framework of history and ideological history, making history unrecognizable. 2. It is in line with historical facts to reflect on the history of "respecting Confucianism" after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. That is, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was the main ideology of governing the country, while other thoughts were absorbed, instead of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Some people object to the distinction between "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and "restraining Huang Lao and respecting Confucianism alone", and use the latter to prove that the former [25] is inappropriate. They have different connotations of history and ideological history, represent two routes of history and ideological history, and have qualitative differences in the results of reflection on Confucianism. 3. It helps to correct the mistakes in Confucian reflection. Dong Zhongshu, for example, is at most a school of Confucianism, not the fundamental representative of Confucianism. Whether he is really a Confucian remains to be discussed. It is inappropriate to reflect on Confucianism from Dong Zhongshu. In the future, Confucianism is the main way to govern the country, which should be analyzed concretely and historically, and can not be unified by the cage of "exclusive respect for Confucianism"; We should also study the relationship between Confucianism and other schools, and we should not use "ousting a hundred schools and respecting Confucianism alone" to mention it.
References:
[1] [12] Sun Jingtan? Discussion on several important issues of Dong Zhongshu [J]? Journal of Party School of Nanjing Municipal Committee, 2003, (5)?
[2] Max Zhang? It's not a lie to "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" [n]? March 24, 2005 Nanjing Daily?
[3] [7] Historical Records? The Scholars [M]?
[4] [10] [20] [2 1] Sun Jingtan? What is Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" [J]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 1993, (6)?
[5] Liu Guisheng? Modern scholars' misunderstanding of ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone and its reasons [a]? Peking University Centennial Literature on Chinese Studies (Historical Volume) [C]? Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 1998?
[6] Sun Jingtan? Dong Zhongshu's Three Strategies of Heaven and Man is a fake of Ban Gu [J]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 2000, (10)?
[8] [9] [15] [16] Hanshu? Dong Zhongshu biography, Dong Zhongshu biography, Xuan Diji biography, Wang biography? [M]？
[1 1] Sun Jingtan? Re-discussion on Dong Zhongshu's Non-Confucianism [A]? Theoretical thinking on the reform and development of contemporary China [C]? Nanjing: Hohai University Press, 1999?
[13] [14] Sun Jingtan? Dong Zhongshu's Gongyangxue in the Spring and Autumn Period and the collapse of the Western Han regime [J]? Journal of Party School of Nanjing Municipal Committee of CPC, 2006(3)?
[17] Hou Han? Ban gu chuan [m]?
[18] Sun Jingtan? A new probe into the Confucian "rule of zhenguan" in Tang dynasty [M]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 2006, (6)?
[19] Sun Jingtan? Non-Confucian theory of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties [J]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 1996, (4)?
[22] Sun Jingtan? Dong Zhongshu's non-Confucianism [J]? Jianghai Daily, 1995, (4)?
[23] Sun Jingtan? Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhu's "kindness" as the scientific basis for China to reflect on traditional culture [J]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 1995, (4)?
[,24] Sun Jingtan? May 4th criticized Confucius and offered doubts [J]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 1999, (8)?
[25] Caring for Aaron? Is it true that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" [J]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 1994, (6); Max Zhang? Also on "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism" [J]? Nanjing Social Sciences, 2005, (10)?
(Load: Journal of Nanjing School of Administration, Party School of Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, 0 1, 2007. )
Note: modify one place: Ying Gong (Yu Hong's favorite pupil-there is an omission in the original text, so it is added).