Unified knowledge of Qin dynasty 1
First, the establishment of the empire, that is, "the six kings are finished, and the four seas are one."
1, the unification of Qin:
Process (omitted);
Significance: It ended the war that lasted for hundreds of years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first unified and autocratic centralized Qin Dynasty in the history of China.
2. Military integration:
(1) Historical facts: Building the Great Wall, opening up a "straight road" and attacking Xiongnu in the north; Open Lingqu and pacify Lingnan; Open "Wuchi Road" and open up the southwest.
(2) Significance: strengthening the northern frontier defense; Lingnan and Southwest China were brought into the political map of the central dynasty for the first time.
3. Evaluation (significance): The military and political measures of the Qin Dynasty not only strengthened the political control over the surrounding areas and expanded the ruling areas, but also promoted the formation of the pluralistic and integrated pattern of the Chinese nation.
Second, how to consolidate its imperial rule?
1, local system:
Implement "waste package county", that is, "county inland sea"
(1) appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; Large-scale implementation: after the reunification of Qin.
(2) Content: county, county, township and village; The local administrative organs at the same level in ethnic minority areas are called "Dao".
(3) Nature: It is a local administrative system that has been implemented for a long time since the Qin Dynasty in ancient China.
(4) Features (compared with the enfeoffment system): the form of vertical management of local central government has been formed; The county chief is directly appointed and removed by the emperor; It's not hereditary
(5) Consolidation: The Western Han Dynasty continued to implement the county system and gradually eliminated the local separatist forces that competed with the central authorities.
(6) Evaluation: the local government has achieved such direct and effective control and jurisdiction; It is an important link in the process of centralization, and it is also an important symbol that bureaucratic politics replaces aristocratic politics.
2. Centralization, that is, emperors, officials or bureaucrats.
(1) The establishment of the emperor system: supreme.
(2) the central official system:
The responsibility of the "three publics".
Prime Minister: Commanding officials and assisting the emperor in handling state affairs.
Imperial historian: supervising hundreds of officials.
Qiu: In charge of the military.
Jiuqing: A little.
Features: mutual cooperation and restraint, military and political power is in the hands of the emperor.
(3) North Korea's discussion system: concept: the way the Prime Minister, Yushi and Zhu Qing discuss national military and political affairs.
Evaluation: brainstorm and reduce decision-making mistakes, but Qin Shihuang was destroyed in his later years.
(4) Han inherited the Qin system: gains and losses. A "Historical Secretariat" and a captain from Li Si were added.
Significance: Strengthening the central government's control over local governments is of great significance for consolidating political power and preventing the development of local separatist forces.
Third, evaluation:
1, the "unified" regime established in Qin and Han Dynasties laid the basic pattern for the formation and consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country in China.
2. It laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by successive dynasties and has been continuously strengthened and improved.
Fourth, knowledge expansion:
1. Although there was an autumn post in Qin Dynasty, there was actually no official position, but Qin Shihuang himself held it. The three fairs were really established in the Western Han Dynasty.
2. Qin and Han dynasties: county orders and county orders report to the prime minister regularly every year, not to the emperor.
3. Two basic contradictions of absolute monarchy: military power and relative power; Central and local governments. There are two contradictory trends: the imperial power is constantly strengthened, and the relative power is constantly weakened until it is abolished; The power of the central government is becoming more and more centralized, and the power of local governments is weakened.
4. The essential feature of autocratic centralization: the autocratic rule of feudal landlord class.
5. Disadvantages of autocratic monarchy: arbitrariness, inevitable major mistakes in decision-making, and easy to lead to tyranny. Therefore, the emperor's behavior is very important in the process of his rule.
6. Evaluation of "three publics and nine nobles": The imperial court composed of three publics and nine nobles was the core of centralization in the Qin Dynasty, the highest authority absolutely controlled by the emperor, and acted as the representative of the emperor's government affairs. The appearance of "three publics and nine publics" is a complete denial of the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu".
Knowledge of the unification of Qin Dynasty II
The Inheritance and Evolution of Political System in Han Dynasty
1. Han inherited the Qin system: the Western Han Dynasty generally followed the bureaucratic system of Qin; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up thirteen secretariat officers and a captain in Li Si. The secretariat officials are responsible for inspecting and supervising the county officials, their children and powerful forces within their jurisdiction, and Captain Li Si is responsible for supervising the capital and the surrounding areas of Beijing.
(2) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat had a fixed place and a formal official, which was above the county magistrate and quickly transformed into an administrative organization, from a simple supervisory official to a chief executive with overall local power.
2. The evolution of absolute monarchy:
(1) In the early Han Dynasty, the prime minister held a high position in decision-making, judicial and administrative power.
(2) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reused attendants, secretaries and others around him to form a "China-Korea" and participated in the military, so as to weaken the power of the "foreign Korea", that is, the bureaucracy headed by the prime minister and the imperial historian. After the late Western Han Dynasty, the prime minister system was replaced by the triple metric system, and the power of ministers in China and North Korea increased. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu designated Shangshu Province as the new administrative center.
3. The development of centralization:
(1) Background: The coexistence of counties and feudal countries in the early Han Dynasty led to the emergence of kingdom problems.
(2) Measures: On the basis of the suppression of the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" by Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a "favor decree", demanding that vassal kings sublet their fiefs to their descendants, and issued supplementary decrees to restrict scholars from making friends with kings; Implement the secretariat system, and each state has a secretariat to supervise local governments; Correcting the illegal acts of strengthening ancestral rights and clan power; Improve the feudal legal system, crack down on powerful landlords and maintain the feudal social order.
(3) Results: Centralization was strengthened.
4. Official selection system:
(1) Make it a system of filial piety.
① Establishment: Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the only sources of officials in the Western Han Dynasty were Ren Zi and Ruoxuan. Officials with more than 2,000 yuan have served for three years, and one of their descendants can be named Lang Guan, known as "Ren Zi". In addition to businessmen, anyone whose family assets reach a certain standard and pay a certain amount of assets to the government can also be an official. This is called "election". The system of appointing sons and electing them by universal suffrage makes rich bureaucrats monopolize their official careers and control state power, and children from poor families are not qualified to be officials. BC 134 (the first year of Yuanguang), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "called a county to show filial piety and an honest man", and all the selected people were awarded official positions. Since then, the procuratorial system of county-level filial piety has been formally established.
2 official selection criteria: filial piety.
③ Features: It is closed to recommend talents as officials from the bottom up.
(2) Establish imperial academy and select talents from the children of local bureaucrats to study in imperial academy. As long as you pass the examination, you can award an official.
(3) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty continued to carry out the system of "giving good writing", "calling officials to worship" and planning examinations that had been implemented in the early Han Dynasty.
5. Official evaluation: the counting system. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the main way to evaluate officials was counting votes. Every autumn and winter, counties and Hou countries summarize the household registration, money and money, and the number of thieves in the past year to the county country, and then the county country summarizes them and reports them to the central government, which is called "counting". Shi Yu participated in the audit to prevent fraud, and the previous evaluation results were the basis for officials' rewards and punishments.
6. The consorts eunuch authoritarian:
(1) In the late Western Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs were highly valued, the political situation was chaotic, and the state power was weakened.
(2) After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, when the emperor ascended the throne, he was mostly young, and the consorts and eunuchs took turns to control the state affairs.
7. Development of powerful landlords: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, powerful landlords became a local separatist force, and the "imperial officials and nobles" in the Eastern Han Dynasty controlled the political power from the central government to the local government. Land annexation is serious, and class contradictions are increasingly acute.
Knowledge of Qin dynasty's unification 3
The system of "three publics and nine ministers":
① content
② Characteristics
A. the three publics contain each other, and the power is always greater than the emperor.
B it has the dual characteristics of "public world" and "home world".
Gongtianxia-the three officials and nine ministers are appointed and removed by the emperor, not hereditary, and their children have the same surname, which embodies the characteristics of "Gongtianxia".
Home is the world-Jiuqing is a retainer of the royal family and an administrative officer of the government. The "co-governance" between home and country embodies the characteristic that "home is the world". At that time, the boundary between the royal family and the government was still quite vague.
(3) county system:
① Evolution: the county system appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, formed in the Warring States Period, and gradually established the pattern of county control in the middle and late Warring States Period. After the reunification of Qin, the county system was fully implemented nationwide.
② Content: There are two levels in local governments: county and county (road), and the principal officials are appointed, removed and assessed by the central government. There are "townships", "villages" and "pavilions" under the county (road), which are responsible for managing the people and public security respectively. (Dao is the name of county-level administrative organization in minority areas)
③ Features: It has formed the form of central vertical management.
④ Significance: It is an important link in the formation of centralized system, and it is also an important symbol that bureaucratic politics replaces aristocratic politics.
★(4) Inspection of officials: There were two main ways to evaluate officials in the Qin Dynasty. One is the supervision and inspection of full-time officials appointed by the central government; Second, by the end of the year, officials will report their achievements.
★(5) Qin law: detailed and strict. Taking "misdemeanor and heavy punishment" as the guiding ideology of legislation is a tool to strengthen imperial power and consolidate centralized political system.
(6) Document management: In the centralized state governance of the Qin Dynasty, documents played an important role, and all levels of bureaucracy were managed by documents. The Qin Dynasty also established a postal-centered document delivery system to ensure that the decrees of the emperor and the central government could reach all parts of the country.
(7) The Qin Dynasty also carried out large-scale consolidation and unification measures, such as unifying songs, characters, currency, laws and weights and measures, compiling household registration, migrating nobles from the six countries, and rectifying social customs.
2. Influence: The traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system was completely broken, which laid the foundation for the unified dynasty system in ancient China. The basic principles of central official system and local official system were inherited by successive dynasties, which laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years.
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