celebrity evaluation
Voltaire: A wise man was found in the East.
Leibniz, Germany: Warmly praise Confucianism.
Needham: Who is Confucius? The uncrowned emperor? .
Emerson: Confucius is the philosophical Washington.
Sima Qian: There are poems:? be a hard/tough act to follow ? Although I can't arrive, I am longing for it. I read Hole's books and can want to see him. To the land of Lu, to see the temple hall hall, vehicle clothing, ceremonial music, Confucian scholars on time in the Confucius home exercise etiquette, I linger to stay there and can not leave. The world from the king to the sage, is a lot of many, before the death of the dou Rong, after death. Confucius is a civilian, to more than a dozen generations, the people who read all respect him. Since the son of heaven and the princes, China's speech of six arts has compromised with the master, which can be described as the most holy!
Emerson thinks? Confucius is the glory of all nationalities in the world? .
Historical evaluation
Comments on Confucius in Pre-Qin Dynasty
Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period appeared? Schools of thought contend? Among them, Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Ming and Fa are the most famous schools. In the pre-Qin period, Confucianism was on an equal footing with other philosophers, and did not stand in the same position. Therefore, various schools have different reputations for Confucius.
Confucius' disciples and later scholars all respected Confucius. Zi Gong is the representative of his master. He praised Confucius to the utmost, and regarded him as a heaven and man, comparing him to the sky, the sun and the moon, and the Muduo. Mortals can never reach him, and he thought Confucius was a natural saint. What does the sage Mencius think Confucius did? The way of saints? It is the highest criterion throughout the natural world and society. However, at that time, it was generally believed that Confucius was a learned and famous scholar.
Xunzi, a great scholar at the end of the Warring States Period, although his thought of propriety was rooted in Confucius, he had a strong? Law? Elements of thought. He took the responsibility of inheriting Confucian orthodoxy and praised Confucius, believing that the virtue of Confucius could never be extinguished. But he denounced Zi Zhang, Zi Xia and Zi You. Bitch Confucianism? , criticizing Zisi and Mencius. His works quoted the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples in many places, expressing his emphasis on etiquette and harmony in the name of Confucius. Pro-sages use knowledge? The idea of.
Mohism has a lot of criticisms about Confucianism, and it criticizes Confucius? Tell without doing? , advocate? Say and do? Criticize the cumbersome etiquette of Confucius and Confucianism.
Taoism takes nature as its aim, despises etiquette and law, and holds a negative attitude towards Confucian etiquette and morality.
Pre-Qin legalist school was ideologically opposed to Confucianism. Shang Yang, a representative of the early legalist school, thought that Confucius' theory was opposed to the legalist school's thought of agricultural warfare, which led to the country? Must be poor and cut? . Han Fei, a master of legalism, thinks that Confucius' theory is the first of the five evils, and that chivalrous people use force to violate Confucianism and violate the law.
The above-mentioned pre-Qin philosophers' opinions on Confucius' praise and criticism reflected the flourishing scene of a hundred schools of thought contending at that time. This is completely different from the situation of Confucianism after the Han Dynasty.
comments on Confucius in Qin and Han dynasties
Qin and Han dynasties were a crucial period in the development of Confucianism. In the pre-Qin period, Confucius was only one of the philosophers, although Confucianism was named? Xianxue? , is only one of hundreds. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty ousted hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone. Since then, Confucianism has been in a dominant position and has become the official ideology.
Comments on Confucius in Song and Yuan Dynasties
In Song and Yuan Dynasties, Confucius was generally highly praised, further deified and maintained its feudal rule with Confucius' sacred aura and rigid ethics.
during the song and yuan dynasties, China ended the separatist regime for nearly a hundred years since the late Tang dynasty, and established an authoritarian centralized system with the bureaucratic landlord class as the pillar. The philosophical movement in Song and Yuan Dynasties showed the characteristics of China's medieval philosophical thinking and the twists and turns of its logical development in a more typical form. In the past, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism attacked each other and absorbed from each other, and from the separation of the three religions to the confluence of the three religions, thus producing a very exquisite official philosophy in the Song and Yuan Dynasties: Neo-Confucianism idealism based on Confucian ethics as the core content, exquisite philosophical theories as the theoretical basis, and absorbing the nutrition of Buddhism and Taoism.
Confucius' theory is the theoretical basis of Neo-Confucianism. Therefore, in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the image of Confucius himself was also shaped to be more perfect and tall. Both the royal court and scholars praised Confucius and expounded Confucius' theory.
Comments on Confucius in Ming Dynasty
After Song and Yuan Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty developed to a new stage, and the theory of mind was extremely prosperous. At the same time, there is also the opposite learning. It presents a situation in which the three major ideological trends of Neo-Confucianism, Mind and Qi are divided. The three also have their own explanations and comments on Confucius and his theories.
comments on Confucius in Qing dynasty
in the Qing dynasty, Confucianism flourished and declined. On Confucius' different opinions according to different times, the main points are:
1. The theory of the unity of governance and Taoism;
2. Zhu Xue is the theory of Confucianism; Criticize Neo-Confucianism with Confucianism;
3. Criticize the autocratic monarchy with Confucius and Mencius;
4.? Confucian classics is neo-Confucianism? On;
5.? All six classics are history? On;
6.? Chinese body is used in the west? Say;
7.? Confucius reformed? Say;
8. the theory of changing foreigners into summer; Confucius' theory of respecting the monarch; Confucianist Khan Man said.
Comments on Confucius in Modern Times
Since the Opium War in 184, China's modern society has experienced unprecedented national disasters and great social changes, which restricted and influenced the struggle in the ideological and cultural fields. The debate on how to evaluate Confucius and his Confucianism is not only of academic significance, but also reflects the political and economic interests of different classes and strata.
Hong Xiuquan and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolutionary Movement led by him not only criticized the feudal ruling order of the Qing Dynasty with material weapons, but also ideologically attacked all the ropes that bound the people. However, due to the limitations of the peasant class, he did not completely get rid of the influence of Confucianism.
The early reformists witnessed the serious national crisis in China at that time, were concerned about current politics, and were enthusiastic about western learning. Does the device change lanes? Yes? Chinese body is used in the west? Thinking mode.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, faced with the crisis of dividing up China by foreign powers, the bourgeois reformists advocated the political reform movement.
The bourgeois revolutionaries launched a fierce criticism, and launched a debate between revolution and improvement, which deepened the movement of criticizing Confucius in modern times.
After the Revolution of 1911, there appeared a counter-current of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways in the ideological field.
The lessons of the failure of the Revolution of 1911 made some bourgeois democratic activists realize that the fundamental reason why the bourgeois * * * and system could not be established was that they did not touch old ideas and old morality.
After the May 4th Movement, the debate on the evaluation of Confucius continued. Finally, Mao Zedong made a scientific summary and put forward: In China's long feudal society, splendid ancient culture was created. Cleaning up the development process of ancient culture, eliminating its feudal dross and absorbing its democratic essence are the necessary conditions for developing national new culture and improving national self-confidence; But we must not be uncritically eclectic. We must distinguish all the decadent things of the ancient feudal ruling class from the excellent people's culture in ancient times, that is, something more or less democratic and revolutionary. ? Similarly, China's ancient culture is neither totally rejected nor blindly used, but critically accepted, so as to promote China's new culture. ? And emphasize? From Confucius to Sun Yat-sen, we should sum up and inherit this precious legacy. ? This paper expounds the attitude and method that Marxists should hold in evaluating Confucius.
Introduction to Confucius
Confucius (September 28th, 551 BC-April 11th, 479 BC) was born in Zhong Ni, a native of Liyi, Song Dynasty (now Xiayi, Henan Province) and a native of Qiuyi, Lu State (now Qufu, Shandong Province). Confucius was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures, advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith, and was the founder of Confucianism.
Confucius was educated by Laozi and led some disciples to travel around the world for fourteen years. In his later years, he revised six classics, namely, Poetry, Book, Rite, Music, Yi and Chunqiu. According to legend, he has three thousand disciples, including seventy-two sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into the Confucian classic The Analects.
Confucius was revered in ancient times? The saint of heaven? 、? Mu duo of heaven? , was one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the society at that time, and was honored by later rulers as Confucius, the most holy, the most holy teacher, Dacheng, the most holy teacher, and a teacher for all generations. His Confucianism has a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and Confucius is listed as? Top ten cultural celebrities in the world? The first. With the expansion of Confucius' influence, what is the sacrifice to Confucius? The ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius? At one time, it became the same level as China's ancestor worship? Big sacrifice? .
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