Title: Xilinbi (Su Shi)

Original text of the poem: Viewed horizontally, it looks like a ridge and a peak on its side, with different heights near and far. I don’t know the true face of Mount Lu, just because I am in this mountain.

Philosophy If people observe things from different standpoints, they will come to different conclusions. Only when people get rid of the limitations of subjectivity and objectivity, stay outside Lushan Mountain and take a long-term view, can they truly see the true face of Lushan Mountain. To recognize the essence of things, we must observe them from all angles, both objectively and comprehensively.

Title: Praying for Rain (Li Yue, Tang Dynasty)

Original text of the poem: There are no leaves in the mulberry branches, and the smoke grows in the soil, and the poor pipes greet the dragon in front of the water temple. Several places in the royal family indulge in singing and dancing, as if they are afraid that spring will swallow the orchestra.

Painting Bamboo in the Weixian County Administration (Qing Dynasty Zheng Xie)

The original text of the poem is lying in the Yazhai and listening to the rustling bamboo, which is suspected to be the sound of folk suffering. These little officials in Caozhou County are always concerned about each branch and leaf.

Philosophical materialism believes that consciousness is the reflection of objective things in the human brain. However, when people think about the same objective things, they often form different understandings and conclusions. From the perspective of human subjective factors, it is mainly caused by factors such as people’s different positions, different worldviews, and different knowledge structures. The scene of praying for rain described in the poem tells us very clearly that in a class society, because people belong to different classes and have different class positions, their views (reflections) on many issues are very different. If we want to understand things correctly, we must first look at issues from the standpoint of the fundamental interests of the people.

Title Poem on the Qin (Su Shi of the Song Dynasty)

The original text of the poem says that if there is sound on the qin, why won’t it sound when placed in the box? If the words are on your fingertips, why not listen to them on your fingertips?

Philosophical beautiful music is an organic whole, and the whole is composed of several parts and elements that influence and restrict each other. In the music and the sound of the piano, the fingers, the piano, the player's thoughts, feelings, and playing skills are interdependent and indispensable. There is a close connection between them, which affects and restricts each other. Materialist dialectics believes that the fundamental content of universal connections is the connection between contradictory parties within and between things. Therefore, what this piece reveals is the contradictory relationship between the piano, the fingers and the sound of the piano. If the performer is included, then the relationship between the performer's thoughts, feelings and skills and the piano and fingers can be seen as the relationship between the internal contradictions of things (internal causes) and the external contradictions of things (external causes). . The former is the basis for the production of music, and the latter is the condition for the production of music. Both are indispensable.

The title play is Six Quatrains (One) (Du Fu, Tang Dynasty)

The original text of the poem, Yu Xin's article, has become more mature over time, and Ling Yunjian's writing style is full of vertical and horizontal strokes. Today's people sneer at the spread of Fu, but they don't realize that the sages of the past are afraid of those who come after them.

Philosophy (1) From the perspective of the universal connection of things, everything is a successive development process. Without the analysis of historical connections, we will not only be unable to correctly understand yesterday’s history, but also be unable to correctly understand it. Knowing today is the future. Cutting off history, denying connections, blindly ridiculing tradition and denying predecessors will inevitably lead to national nihilism.

(2) To look at problems from a development perspective, we must see things as they really are, a process of change and development. No one who studies me can cut off history, and cannot use today's maturity to deny yesterday's naivety. We must adopt a historicist attitude toward our predecessors. We must not view and measure the past with today's floods and standards, let alone be harsh on the ancients.

(3) Look at the problem from the perspective of combining the two-point theory and the key point theory. On the one hand, we must correctly analyze and distinguish the achievements and defects of the predecessors, right and wrong, merits and demerits, essence and dross, etc.; On the other hand, it is necessary to further distinguish which is the main aspect of the contradiction and which is the secondary aspect of the contradiction.

The title of the Eight Formations Picture (Du Fu, Tang Dynasty)

The original text of the poem is called the Eight Formations Picture because it covers three parts of the country. The stone that reduces the flow will not turn, and the regret will be swallowed by Wu.

Philosophical materialist dialectics believes that everything has its whole and its parts (global and local), and the two are both different from each other and related to each other. First, the whole and the parts are interdependent and indivisible. Secondly, the two influence and restrict each other. Under certain conditions, key parts can even play a decisive role in the overall situation and the whole. Zhuge Liang worked hard for many years and cleverly arranged the eight formations, all for the overall strategic goal of "devouring Wu", while Liu Bei's revenge was a partial and partial small goal.

Only by looking at the overall situation and coordinating the overall situation can we choose the best plan to achieve the most effective goal. Liu Bei acted on impulse, only focused on the local area, and launched an attack rashly. As a result, he not only suffered a partial failure, but also fundamentally destroyed the overall strategic plan that Zhuge Liang had painstakingly planned, and made the plan of "devouring Wu" come to nothing. This poem uses vivid historical facts to show future generations: How important it is to establish an overall concept and obey the local part to the overall situation.

Title: Impressions from Reading the Book (Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty)

Original text of the poem A half-acre square pond opens up, and the skylight and cloud shadows linger endlessly. Ask the canal whether it is as clear as water? Come for living water from a source.

The philosophy uses a pond as a metaphor to illustrate that the way to learn is to continuously accumulate and absorb new nutrients. Everything moves, changes, and develops, and everything can only maintain its existence in motion. It is this kind of uninterrupted movement, change and development that allows things to exist in constant self-renewal. Once this movement ceases, things cannot exist. Without the continuous updating and accumulation of knowledge, a person's knowledge will turn into a pool of stagnant water, devoid of vitality and progress. This is the way to do academic work, and it is the same way to do other things.

The title is based on ancient times (Qian Zai, Ming Dynasty)

Original text of the poem As the Yangtze River flows eastward, those who come will never stop. Even though the western mountains are gone during the day, the morning light is still bright. Spring flowers fade and flourish again. The autumn grass is yellow and green. There is no downtime in creation, so how can the cycle be final? In the world of life, young people must work hard!

Philosophy Everything in the world is constantly moving and changing. This is the case in nature, and it is not the case in life. Therefore, when you are young and strong, you must work hard and forge ahead.

Title: Poetry (Zhao Yi, Qing Dynasty)

The original text of the poem, written by Li Du, has been passed down through the ages, but it is no longer new. Talented people have emerged from generation to generation, and each has led the way for hundreds of years.

Philosophy explains that things are constantly developing, and every era should innovate and make progress, and cannot follow the ancients without seeking progress.

Title Grass (Bai Juyi, Tang Dynasty)

The original text of the poem is Li Li, the original grass grows, and it withers and grows every year. Wildfires never burn out, but spring breezes blow them again. The distant fragrance invades the ancient road, and the clear green meets the deserted city. I sent the king and grandson away again, full of love.

Philosophy explains that things in the world are moving, changing, and developing, and this movement, change, and development have their basic order and are regular. Laws are objective, and their existence and effects are independent of human will. Materialist dialectics believes that the general trend of development of things is forward, and new things must defeat old things. This poem is often used to describe the powerful vitality of new things. Despite the severe cold, the devastation of wildfires, and the raging power of old things, they cannot change the objective laws. New things are flourishing and full of vitality in the spring breeze.

The title expresses interest (Song Dai retro)

The original text of the poem is gold without any color, and the white jade has slight flaws. Asking for help but not for preparation, I would like to live in Laojun's house.

Philosophical materialist dialectics believes that everything in the world contains two aspects that are both opposite and unified. Therefore, if we want to truthfully reflect the true face of things, we must adhere to the dichotomy and two-point theory. Look at the problem holistically. We must divide our views on people, things, and ourselves into two parts. If we criticize and seek perfection, we will make one-sided and absolute mistakes.

Title: Xuemei (Lu Meipo, Song Dynasty)

The original text of the poem: The plum blossoms and snow are fighting for spring but they are not willing to fall, so Sao Renge paid for the writing and commentary. The plum blossoms are whiter than the snow, but the snow loses the fragrance of the plum blossoms.

Philosophical materialist dialectics believes that the reason why things in the world are so different is that they each have their own specific contradictions. In fact, this special contradiction determines the special essence of one thing that is different from other things. The poem profoundly explains: Every thing has its own characteristics, each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Without a specific analysis of the particularity of contradictions, people would not be able to distinguish right from wrong, let alone understand things correctly.

Title Huichong Chunjiang Xiaojing (Song Dynasty Su Shi)

Original text of the poem: Three or two branches of peach blossoms outside the bamboo, a prophet of the warmth of the spring river. The ground is full of wilting poles and the reed buds are short, just when the river is about to rise.

Philosophical materialist dialectics believes that the general (the universality of universality and contradiction) always exists in the individual (the individuality and the particularity of contradiction) and is expressed through the individual. The arrival of spring is expressed through these special and individual things. Without these wonderful pictures, it would be impossible to talk about spring.

Original text of the poem: The holly tree hangs at midnight, but the year-old flowers wither and the tree does not wither. Everything has its own root. If you plant crops, you will never get bean sprouts.

Philosophical internal factors are the basis for the development of things.

Feelings of the title (Yang Ji, Ming Dynasty)

Original text of the poem: The sun flies thousands of miles, and it is also the one who controls the merits. Xiang Wu has the ability to create a father, but he is the same as an ordinary horse.

Philosophical materialist dialectics believes that in the development of things, internal causes and external causes exist at the same time, and both are indispensable. Internal factors are the basis for the development of things, external factors are the conditions for the development of things, and external factors work through internal factors. Although this poem prominently emphasizes the important role of external factors in the development of talents, it does not deny internal factors. On the one hand, it warns those who are in an external position to others that they should be good at discovering, cultivating and using talents, and actively create conditions for the growth of talents. On the other hand, it also warns those who have achieved achievements in various aspects, You must not forget and deny the external factors that contribute to your success, and attribute all success and achievements to yourself.

Title: Red Cliff (Du Mu, Tang Dynasty)

Original text of the poem: The iron sword is broken and the iron is surrounded, and I will recognize the previous dynasty. Dongfeng doesn't want to be with Zhou Lang, and Tongquechun locks Erqiao deeply.

Philosophy Internal factors are the basis for the development of things, and external factors are the conditions for the development of things. External factors play a very important role in the development of things under certain conditions. Without certain conditions, even heroes cannot succeed.

Title: Ant (Yuanzhen of the Tang Dynasty)

Although the skill was subtle at the time of the original poem, it has become a disaster as time goes by. The power penetrates rivers and seas and eats up trapped whales. Dare to be afraid of beetles in the beams, hidden pillars and rocks. Those who send serious messages do not think that trivial things are entirely trivial.

Philosophy This poem illustrates the huge harm caused by small ants, explaining that the accumulation of quantity can cause qualitative changes, and the principle that a thousand-mile embankment is destroyed by an ant nest, and warns people not to underestimate small changes. , and even lead to catastrophe.

The title reads "The Biography of Chen Fan" (Yang Wanli of the Song Dynasty)

The original text of the poem is magnificent when Zhong Ju talks high, but it is sad to be old and embarrassed. If you teach in vain, a room full of dust is like a pile of dust, how can the world ever sweep it away?

Philosophy From the perspective of contradiction analysis method, Chen Fan does not know how to analyze specific issues in detail. The contradictions of things are different, and the methods to solve them cannot be the same. Contradictions of different qualities can only be solved by different methods. Trying to use one model to solve different contradictions and trying hard to do so are doomed to fail. Chen Fan had more than enough integrity, but lack of strategy, so that everything failed.

From the perspective of the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, Chen Fan does not understand the principle that the development of anything must first start with quantitative change. Only by combining lofty ideals and lofty goals with a down-to-earth and hard-working spirit can we achieve them. How can Chen Fan have the ambition to "sweep the world" if he doesn't clean up the whole house?

Title Qilu. The People's Liberation Army Occupied Nanjing (Mao Zedong)

Original text of the poem Zhongshan turned yellow due to wind and rain, and millions of troops crossed the river. The tiger sits on the dragon's plate. The present is better than the past, and the world is turned upside down. It is generous and generous.

It is better to use the remaining brave men to chase the poor bandits, and not to be known as the academic overlord. If heaven has feelings, it will also grow old, and the right path in the world will undergo vicissitudes of life.

The philosophical poem quotes the historical tragedy of Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, who could have used his superior troops to destroy Liu Bang, but he was afraid of being accused of "injustice" and lost the opportunity many times, and was finally attacked by Liu Bang. , warned the lively people that "it is better to chase the poor bandits with the remaining courage". From a philosophical point of view, when the accumulation of volume has reached a certain level, we should seize the opportunity to promote leaps and developments and promote qualitative changes. If you hesitate, you will miss an opportunity. "If heaven has feelings, it will also grow old, and the right path in the world will be the vicissitudes of life." From the perspective of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, it explains that "the world always replaces the old with the new, and the comprehensive department metabolizes, removes the old and creates the new, or introduces the old and brings out the new." The vicissitudes of life. , refers to the sea turning into mulberry fields, which is a metaphor for revolutionary development and changes. "Righteousness in the world" refers to the laws of social development. "Old" means becoming old due to anger and pain. The meaning of these two sentences is that if God is affectionate, he will be angry and grow old when he sees the darkness and cruelty of the Kuomintang's reactionary rule; the vicissitudes of human society are objective laws that do not depend on people's will (the human world) right way).

Title Xiaosong (Du Xunhe, Tang Dynasty)

The original text of the poem has been thorny in the deep grass since childhood, and now it is gradually starting to appear. At that time, people did not know the Lingyun tree, and they waited until Lingyun became a master.

Philosophy This little poem uses pine trees to write about people, and it has profound meaning.

The little pine had just been unearthed. It was indeed so small that it was buried in the deep grass, but it did not show weakness and gradually grew, which was incomparable to those small grasses. People often ignore and do not recognize the great development prospects of a small pine tree that will grow into a towering tree. They wait until the pine tree really towers into the sky before praising its tallness. When the big pines "Ling Yun" have become a reality, praising them for their tallness does not mean that they are discerning. But when the young pines are as young as grass and have no amazing appearance, if you can identify them and foresee the future and trend of their development, they will definitely become "Ling Yun". Only by nurturing and caring for it and creating conditions for its growth can it be insightful and meaningful. What is missing many days is this word "knowledge". The author uses pine as a metaphor for people, warning people to be good at discovering and identifying talents, and to pay attention, care and training to talents with development prospects as soon as possible so that they can become talents as soon as possible.

From a philosophical perspective, Komatsu’s growth can also be compared to the process of growing new things. The growth of all new things must go through a process from small to large, from weak to strong, from imperfect to relatively perfect. When it first appears, it is always relatively weak and cannot fully possess and fully demonstrate its advantages. It is often even unspectacular and childish. But because it conforms to objective laws and replaces the development direction of things, it has strong vitality and broad development prospects. "The future is bright, but the road is tortuous", which is the way for the development of all new things. We should be guided by materialist dialectics, discover it in time, foresee its great development prospects, actively support it, and promote its rapid growth and expansion.

Title: A visit to the garden is not worth it (Song Dynasty, Ye Shaoweng)

The original text of the poem should pity the green moss on the teeth of the clogs, and the small buckle of the firewood door has not been opened for a long time. The garden is full of spring scenery, and a branch of red apricot comes out of the wall.

Philosophy: Any new thing with strong vitality cannot be contained no matter what.

The title is "Fang Yan" (Bai Juyi, Tang Dynasty)

Who can argue whether the original text of the poem is true or false? But if you love Zangsheng, you can deceive the saints. You can see that Ningzi can solve the pretense of foolishness.

The grass fireflies shine but are not fire, and the lotus dew is not a pearl even though it is a ball. If you don’t take burnt wood and take a look at the vehicle, how pitiful and glorious it will be!

The philosophical poem raises a thought-provoking question: Things in the world are changing so fast, who can clearly tell the difference between true and false, and which thing in the past and present has not been like this? For those things that are similar in appearance and difficult to distinguish between true and false, people must understand the essence and distinguish the authenticity through phenomena; various appropriate metaphors are used to illustrate that through analysis and comparison, people can distinguish the authenticity from the false and understand the essence of things. .

Title: Poetry Quatrains No. 2 (Qing Dynasty, Zhao Yi)

The original text of the poem must be based on one's own opinion, and there are many art gardens. I've never seen dwarves go to the theater and they just follow other people's opinions.

The philosophical author pointedly pointed out: When commenting on the quality of poetry, one should have his own opinions and opinions, and should not be like some people in the literary world and art circles. Marx's philosophy believes that in order to be discerning and deeply understand and grasp the essence of things, firstly, one must possess a large amount of perceptual materials in practice; secondly, one must be good at "removing the rough and selecting the essentials, discarding the false and retaining the true, and moving from here to there," Processing from the outside to the inside achieves a leap and development from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge.

Title: Ode to History (Gao Shi of the Tang Dynasty)

The original text of the poem still has a silk robe as a gift, so we should pity Fan Shuhan;

The first two sentences of the philosophical poem affirm Xu Jia's sympathy for the cold and nostalgia for the past, and the last two sentences use the topic to satirize Xu Jia who only has sympathy for the cold and has no talent. It is also a satire on judging people based only on their appearance and clothing.

Phenomena are the surface characteristics of things and the external connections of things, which can be directly perceived by human senses. The essence of things is the internal connection of things, the fundamental nature of things, which can only be grasped by human rational thinking. The fundamental task of knowledge is to understand the essence through phenomena, and to rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is precisely because Xu Jia's understanding has not reached this level and level that it is impossible to attach importance to him and entrust him with important tasks. This is the understanding of everything.

A title poem (Yang Hucheng)

Original text of the poem The northwest has high mountains and rivers, how can a man stay in his hometown? The waves behind the Yellow River push the waves ahead, jump on the waves and fight.

The first two sentences of the philosophical poem express the heroic ambition to do something great, and the last two sentences are philosophical and thought-provoking. From the phenomenon of "the waves behind the Yellow River push the waves ahead", it rises to the development of society. , the world is changing, and the philosophical understanding that things are changing contains the rational thinking that "opportunities cannot be missed, time waits for no one", and thus we come to the conclusion of seizing opportunities, cherishing time, and making contributions. Marxist philosophy believes that one of the important manifestations of human subjective initiative is the mental state that people have when looking at problems and doing things. The determination, hard work, enterprising spirit and indomitable heroism expressed in the poem are manifestations of subjective initiative.

Title: Ancient Wa Inkstone (Ouyang Xiu, Song Dynasty)

Original text of the poem: If gold is not a treasure, how can jade not be strong? Use it to make ink, which is not as stubborn as rubble.

Philosophical value refers to the satisfaction of objective things to people’s needs, that is, their usefulness to people. The higher the degree of usefulness, the greater the value; conversely, the smaller the value. Human needs are specific and complex, not only manifested as multi-faceted and multi-level needs, but also in a state of constant change and development. The significance and value of a certain item to people are conditional and variable. As the poem says, if it is used to "make ink", the value of the clay inkstone cannot be replaced by gold or jade. Whether a person is of value to society, or how valuable he is, is multi-faceted and multi-level. Whether he is working, farming, serving in the military, or is an expert or scholar in a certain field, he can contribute to the country and society from a specific aspect. Make contributions and meet the needs of society, so you can realize your own life value.

Title: After singing the song of the great river, turn eastward (Zhou Enlai)

Original text of the poem: After singing the song of the great river, turn eastward, the sophisticated science and technology will help the poor in the world. After facing the wall for ten years and trying to break it, it is difficult to be rewarded as a hero even if he crosses the sea.

Philosophy In the poem, we can clearly see how important values ??are in guiding people's activities to understand and transform the world, and in the life path they choose. It was this value of constant struggle for the country and the people that determined Zhou Enlai's revolutionary life path.

Title "Xi Shi" (Luo Yin)

Original text of the poem When the family and country rise and fall, why should the people of Wu blame Xi Shi? If Xi Shi conquers Wu and overthrows him, who will be the one who will overthrow Yue?

People in the Wu Kingdom all believe that the reason for the demise of the Wu Kingdom was due to King Wu’s lust for women, which originated from Xi Shi. This is a traditional concept and an understanding of the superficial phenomena of things.

Philosophical epistemology tells us that the fundamental task of knowledge is to grasp the essence and laws of things through phenomena, and to rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and cannot stay at the phenomena of things. To rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, on the one hand, we must possess very rich and realistic perceptual materials, and on the other hand, we must use scientific thinking methods to process the perceptual materials. "As far as the eye can see."

Through in-depth thinking and analysis of the nature of Wu's demise, the poet concluded that Wu's demise had profound reasons and should not be attributed to Xi Shi personally. If Xi Shi was the chief culprit for overthrowing the Wu State, then the King of Yue did not favor women, so who should be blamed for the demise of the Yue State?

Title "Winter Night Reading Shows Ziyu" Lu You

Original text of the poem The ancients spared no efforts in learning, and their kung fu was only accomplished when they were young and old. What I have learned on paper is ultimately shallow, and I know that I have to do it in detail.

Philosophy This poem contains profound philosophy: direct experience and indirect experience are two ways for people to obtain knowledge.

It is very necessary to draw nutrients from books and learn the knowledge and skills of predecessors. It is an important aspect for people to master knowledge and accumulate knowledge, that is, to form indirect experience. And direct experience is another important way to acquire knowledge. It is the understanding generated directly from practice, which is very necessary. Moreover, indirect experience can only be used, tested and developed in practice. If he only "has no ears to hear what is happening outside the window, and must only read the books of sages", does not participate in social practice, and does not get in touch with the broad social life, then his understanding will always be "simple"; only through "practical" practice, he can Only when book knowledge becomes practical knowledge can it play a guiding role in practice and achieve the second leap in understanding