Idioms originated from The Analects of Confucius refer to idioms formed by following the original text of The Analects and retaining the original grammatical structure.

(1) Joy comes from learning: "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar?"

(2) Zhou Bubi comes from "Being Politics": "A gentleman is Zhou Bubi, and a villain is not good."

(3) Everything is asked from Bashu: "When a son enters the ancestral hall, everything is asked."

(4) Happy "The Analects of Confucius": "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar?"

(5) Sensitive and studious, not ashamed to ask the Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang: "Sensitive and studious, not ashamed to ask."

(6) Chen Lilie's "The Analects of Confucius Ji's": "Zhou people said:' Chen Lilie, but stop. ”"

(7) The Beauty of Adults The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan: "The beauty of adults is not the evil of adults. The villain is the opposite. "

(8) Rotten clothes and rotten food "The Analects of Liren": "It is not enough for a scholar to be ashamed of rotten clothes and rotten food."

(9) Miao did not show the Analects of Confucius Zi Han: "Miao did not show a husband! Have a insincere husband! " This idiom is found in almost every article. For example, one is joy, the other is fear (establishing a person), making mistakes but not going to school (Taibo), being empty (Zi Han), eating tirelessly and eating meticulously (Hunan), which account for a large part of the idioms in The Analects of Confucius and are an important part of the idioms in The Analects of Confucius.

2. Idioms in the Analects of Confucius. Idioms in The Analects of Confucius refer to idioms derived from The Analects of Confucius but refined by later generations. According to investigation and analysis, later generations mainly used the following ways to form such idioms.

(1) Choose the components in the original sentence that best summarize the meaning of the whole sentence or paragraph to form idioms. For example, Chen Gong comes from "Being a Politics": "Being a Politics with Morality, like Beichen, lives in its place and is shared by all the stars." ("Gong" is the ancient word for "Gong") Lao An Huai Shao came from Gongye Chang: "Old people are safe, friends believe, and teenagers are pregnant."

(2) The idioms formed by deleting the function words and content words that do not affect the meaning in the original sentence. For example, saving love comes from the Book of Learning: "The country has a long history, respecting things and believing, saving love makes people timely." Putting right and wrong comes from "Being Politics": "Confucius said to me:' You put right and wrong, and the people serve you; If you put forward something wrong, the people will not accept it. "

(3) Add appropriate words to the original sentence to form idioms. For example, heresy comes from politics: "Confucius said,' If you attack heresy, you will be harmed.' "Add' heresy' after' heresy'. The golden mean comes from "Ode to Leaves": "The golden mean is also a virtue, and it is even worse! "After" the mean ",add" the mean ".

(4) Replace the words in the prototype idiom (that is, the original idiom) to form another idiom. For example, follow one's inclinations, which comes from "Being a Politics": "Follow one's inclinations at sixty, and follow one's inclinations at seventy, without overstepping the bounds." Replace "from" with "with" with ". The beginning and the end come from Zhang Zi: "Who is a saint when he starts and dies?" Change "pawn" to "final".

(5) Change the negative words in the original text into positive words to form idioms. For example, courage comes from "being a politician": "If you don't do it, you will do it. If you are brave, you will do it." Change "no courage" into "courage" and "not doing" into "doing". Zhou Ji's failure comes from Yongye: "If you are not careful, you will not succeed in making a fortune." Change "not following the rich" to "following the lack".

Second, the idioms in The Analects of Confucius are divided into the following aspects according to their uses:

1. Learn. This idiom is still widely used and most people are familiar with it. More appear in the Analects of Confucius. For example:

(1) Chapter 15 of Gongye Chang-Zi Gong asked: "Why is Kong Wenzi called Ye Wen?" Confucius said, "I am quick and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions. It is called' Wen'." The idiom "Don't be ashamed to ask questions" comes from this chapter. Its original intention is: don't be shy to ask people with lower status. Later, people used it to show that they were open-minded and eager to learn.

(2) Chapter 22 of Shu Er-Confucius said: "A threesome must have a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " This is the origin of the idiom "A threesome must have a teacher". It is said that even among a few people, there are some things worth learning and learning from. Later generations used "a trip of three people requires a teacher" to express that we should try our best to learn from others. In addition, the idioms used in the Analects of Confucius are: never tire of learning, never tire of teaching; Learn from the old; Morning news and death; Draw inferences from others; Know ten things by smelling one thing; Get angry and forget to eat; Persuasive; There is no class in teaching; The afterlife is awesome; Know what it has every day; Determined to learn; Enter the room (enter the room); Tell him what he has learned, and he will realize what he has not learned. I don't know the taste of meat (described as particularly focused); Ask everything; Sensitive and ancient (diligent in studying ancient cultural classics); Wait a minute.

2. cultivate self-cultivation. For example:

(1) Chapter 16 of Shu Er-Confucius said: "Eating less, drinking water, bending your arms and resting on your pillow, is also fun. Injustice and wealth are like clouds to me. " Idioms such as "lying down with your arms bent", "enjoying happiness" and "floating clouds with wealth" all come from this chapter, and they talk about the realm of self-cultivation and indifference to the world.

(2) Chapter 4 of the Book of Learning-Ceng Zi said: "I want to save myself three times a day: am I unfaithful to others?" Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? " The idiom "three provinces save my body" comes from Zeng Shen. This is a typical method of introspection and self-cultivation put forward by Confucius disciples.

In addition, the idioms used in the Analects of Confucius for cultivation include: keeping your word; Words must be believed, and actions must bear fruit; People without faith don't know what they can do; The golden mean; Have courage; See xian Si Qi; People with lofty ideals and benevolence; Do your part; Suicide to death; Survival is harmful to human beings; No lewd music; Happy enough to forget troubles; Offend without learning; Good for evil; Gentle and sincere; The gentleman is poor; Eat and drink; Eat without satiety, live without anxiety; An ordinary person can't win his ambition; Knowing pine and cypress at the age of cold; Poverty has no flattery, wealth has no arrogance; Sensitive and cautious; An upright man is open and poised while a petty man is anxious and worried. ; Wait a minute.

3. Treat people and things. For example:

(1) Yan Yuan Chapter 16-Confucius said: "The beauty of a gentleman as an adult is not the evil of an adult." The idiom "the beauty of adults" comes from this chapter. This chapter is about how a gentleman should fulfill the good deeds of others, not encourage their mistakes.

(2) Chapter 24 of Wei Linggong-Zi Gong asked: "Who can walk all his life in one sentence?" Confucius said, "I forgive you! Don't do to others what you don't want. " This is where the idiom "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" comes from, which means to put yourself in others' shoes. In addition, the idioms used to connect things in the Analects of Confucius are: all men are brothers within the four seas; There are three friends who have benefited (straightforward friends, considerate friends and knowledgeable friends); Friendship with literature; Don't forget old evils; Think twice before you act; Stay at a respectful distance; Waiting for the price to be sold; Too much is too late; Different ways, no common goal; He who has no long-term worries must have near worries; There is nothing wrong; If you can't bear it, make a great plan; Have a beginning and an end; You can take a closer look; Harmony but difference; Listen to what you say and see what you do; Quit for me (speak for me, quit for me).

4. Political affairs. For example:

(1) Chapter 6 of Luz-Confucius said: "He is honest and has no orders to do things; His body is not right, although he does not obey. " This is the origin of "being upright and not giving orders", which is about the importance of setting an example.

(2) Chapter 26 of Dedication-Confucius said: "If you are not in office, you will not seek self-governance." Ceng Zi said: "A gentleman can't think about his position." The idiom "if you are not in your place, you will not seek your own government" comes from this chapter. What is said is: the superior person considers things, handles problems, and does not exceed his duties.

(3) the third chapter of "Luz"-Confucius said ... the name is wrong, it is impossible. If it doesn't work, it will be embarrassing. If you are embarrassed, you will be punished. If the punishment is not correct, the people will be at a loss. The idioms "justness" and "helplessness" all come from this chapter.

In addition to the above, there are: harmony is precious; Civil and military means; Respect things and keep promises (seriously handle state affairs and keep promises); Make the people timely; How to cut a chicken with an ox knife; If a worker wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools; Governing by doing nothing; Haste makes waste; If you don't remonstrate in the past, you can chase in the future; A word prospers the country; Each has its own position; Smart is above, stupid is below; It is tolerable and unbearable; Be guilty of rebellion; Ups and downs (making things that have died rise again); Dangerous words are dangerous; Go straight (do things without favoritism); Intermediate waste; Wait a minute.

5. things. For example:

(1) Chapter 25 of Gongye Chang-Confucius said: "Miao Yan and Miao Yan are full of respect, Zuo Qiuming is ashamed, and Qiu is also ashamed." The idiom "rhetoric" comes from this chapter, which describes some people's rhetoric, disguise, jubilation and condescension.

(2) the Gongye Chang chapter 10-hacked to sleep during the day. Confucius said, "Rotten wood can't be carved, nor can the wall of dung be carved." This passage formed two idioms in later generations: rotten wood cannot be carved, and rotten wood is dirt (also known as rotten wood is difficult to carve, and rotten wood is a dirt wall). This is Confucius' criticism of students who sleep late during the day and doze off in class.

(3) Chapter 22 of "Yang Huo"-Confucius said: "It's hard to eat all day without any intention! Without a blog and a chess player, you are virtuous to yourself. " This idiom comes from here, which describes the mental state of idleness and boredom all day.

In The Analects of Confucius, there are many idioms describing various states of people or things. In addition to the above, there are: do what you want from the heart; Words are not as good as words; Speak insincerely; Complain about others; Awesome; Exaggerate one's strength; Dare not ask/no one asks; Seek perfection and blame; Anger at others; Bullies are always cowards; Rumors; Observe words and feelings; Four bodies are not diligent, and the grain is not divided; Miao but not xiu; Showing off but not true; Sigh in shame; Talking about Kan Kan; Happy mountain and happy water (this metaphor has its own advantages); Hot-blooded; The year of standing; A year without doubt; The year of know life; The year of the hearing; The length of a day; Have to; Can't stop; Attack with drums; Shall not die; After death; Life is alive, wealth is in the sky; Suffer losses; Kind and small (love to show off cleverness); No teeth and no complaints (no complaints for life); Consistently; Time waits for no one; Occasionally; Wait a minute.

Thirdly, the meaning changes of idioms in The Analects of Confucius.

Idioms in The Analects of Confucius have developed for thousands of years. Most of them retain the original meaning in The Analects, but a few idioms have changed their meaning.

1. The meaning now is different from the original meaning. For example:

The first chapter of (1) Ji-"... if people are far away from it, they should be punished. When you come, you will be safe ... "The original meaning of" coming is safe "here is: If you have surrendered voluntarily, let them settle down. Now, the meaning of this idiom becomes: since I'm here, I have to settle down.

(2) Chapter 18 of Yongye-Confucius said: "Quality is better than literature, and literature is better than history. Gentleness is a gentleman. " The original intention of this sentence is: only simple thoughts and feelings, but not etiquette, that is rude; Etiquette is thoughtful, but the lack of simple thoughts and feelings is hypocritical. Only by properly matching etiquette with thoughts and feelings can we become a gentleman. Confucius said "Wen" means that Wen (etiquette) and quality (thoughts and feelings) are properly matched. Now, "gentleness" only means gentleness and politeness.

The present meaning is opposite to the original meaning. For example:

(1) Chapter 1 Learning-"... Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar? ..... "Friends" here refer to classmates and alumni, not friends in general. This sentence, strung together, is: it's a pleasure to have friends coming from afar (to study and discuss with you)? Confucius used rhetorical questions to explain that "friends come from afar" is a happy thing. Now, the meaning of "joy" has changed 180 degrees. For example, "I've been very busy these two days!" "He and his wife are quarrelling happily." These words are often heard in peacetime. And these two "joys" refer to going too far, exceeding the limit, and having no happiness.

(2) Chapter 9 of Yongye-Ji made Min Zikai a slaughter fee. Min Zikai said, "Be nice to me! If someone answers me, then I am in Brunei. " Ji Sun sent someone to ask Min Ziqian to be the county magistrate of Feixian County. Min Zikai refused, and he said to the bearer, "Please help me talk about it and quit! If you come to me again, I will go to Qi on the other side of Wenshui. " Now the idiom "resign for me" has the opposite meaning: in most cases, it means not to resign for me, but to help me talk and find me a position; Or ask someone to do a good deed and make a deal.

The present meaning has nothing to do with the original meaning. For example:

(1) Chapter 17 of Wei Linggong-Confucius said: "It is difficult to be right, to be good, and to be wise if you live in groups all day!" Today's "unsatisfactory speech" means "not serious", which is similar to the original intention.

(2) Chapter 14 of Two Sons of Shu heard that Shao Zaiqi, but I didn't know the taste of meat in March. He said, "I don't want to be happy. It's better this way." Confucius heard Shao Le in Qi, and he didn't know the taste of meat for a long time. He said: "I didn't expect the music created by (the ancients) to reach such a fascinating realm." The idiom "I don't know the taste of meat" originally meant to pay special attention to one thing and ignore others. Later generations often use it to illustrate poverty: "I haven't eaten meat for a long time, and I don't know the taste of meat in March."

A Collection of Idioms and Proverbs in The Analects of Confucius

When the Analects of Confucius is mentioned, everyone will feel strange and alienated, and everyone who reads the Analects is an old pedant. Students, in particular, feel that The Analects of Confucius is out of tune with their thoughts. In fact, not only the Confucian culture represented by The Analects of Confucius is almost synonymous with China culture (let's just say so), but it has far-reaching influence so far. Specifically, its language is plain and literary, its chapters are short and pithy, it has a system of aphorisms, and it is easy to read and recite. The content of the discussion involves all aspects of life accomplishment, which is quite enlightening for how to be a man and how to do things. This is very beneficial to young people. I really hope all the students can read The Analects. At the same time, there is a text "Confucius and Mencius" in the fifth volume of high school Chinese. Only by reading The Analects of Confucius can we understand this text better.

How to make The Analects cordial but not unfamiliar, and arouse reading interest? Let's start with the idioms and proverbs in The Analects. When you find that the language commonly used in our life is originally in The Analects, you will naturally read it with great interest. Here are some examples of this.

(1) committing an offence and insurrection: "It's not easy to commit an offence and insurrection is easy, and there is nothing left." Interpretation: People who don't like to offend their superiors but like to rebel have never been like this.

(2) Clever words make color: "Clever words make color, fresh and righteous!" Interpretation: There is not much "benevolence" for such a person with rhetoric and hypocrisy.

(3) Keep your word: "Make friends and keep your word." Interpretation: communicate with friends, be honest and trustworthy.

(4) Standing at 30: "Standing at 30, not confused at 40, knowing destiny at 50." ("For Politics") Interpretation: 30 years old, understand etiquette, and be sure to speak and do things; At the age of forty, I have mastered all kinds of knowledge and will not be confused; At the age of fifty, I knew my destiny.

(5) Knowing is knowing: "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing." ("For Politics") Interpretation: You will know if you know it. You won't know if you don't know. This is wisdom.

(6) tolerable, intolerable: "tolerable, intolerable?" Interpretation: All this can be done with cruelty. What can't be done cruelly?

(7) Let bygones be bygones: "Let bygones be bygones." Interpretation: it is inconvenient to explain what has been done, to recover what has been done, and to pursue what has been done.

(8) Perfection: "Perfect and beautiful." ("Eight-part essay") Interpretation: It is beautiful and wonderful.

(9) See the sage Si Qi: "See the sage Si Qi Yan, see the sage Si Qi and introspect." Interpretation: When you see a saint, you should want to look up to him; When you see an immoral person, you should reflect on yourself and see if he has similar problems.

(10) tenderness: "tenderness is a gentleman." Interpretation: Simple literary talent and proper coordination are a gentleman.

(1 1) Stay at a respectful distance: "Stay away from ghosts and gods, you can say that you know." Interpretation: Being serious about ghosts and gods, but not planning to approach them, can be said to be smart.

(12) Draw inferences: "If you don't take three corners as an example, you will never take them again." Interpretation: Teach him the East, but he can't infer the West, South and North from it, so he stopped teaching him.

(13) Feng He, the angry tiger: "Feng He, the angry tiger, died without regret, and I was not with him." Interpretation: I will not cooperate with a man who fights the tiger with his bare hands, does not need a boat to cross the river, and has no regrets when he dies.

(14) I don't know the taste of March meat: "I don't know the taste of March meat." Interpretation: Confucius heard Shao's movement in Qi, but he couldn't taste the meat for a long time.

(15) Enjoy it: "Eating and drinking, leaning on it, is also fun." Interpretation: Eating coarse grains, drinking cold water and bending your arms to make pillows are also fun.

(16) Choose good and follow: "Listen more, choose good and follow." Interpretation: Listen more and choose the good ones to accept.

(17) A long way to go, a long way to go. Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Isn't it far after death? "(Tabor) Interpretation: A scholar should not be strong and unyielding because of his heavy burden and long journey. Isn't it important to realize benevolence in the world? Don't rest until you die, isn't it far?

(18) empty: "A man asked me, empty." (Zi Han) Interpretation: A plowman asked me, I don't know.

(19) Follow the guide: "Master follows the guide, which is nice and charming. Write me an article and ask me to be polite. I can't stop." (Zi Han) Interpretation: Teachers are good at inducing us step by step?