Bali has been inhabited since prehistoric times. First of all, it is descended from a prehistoric race. They migrated to the Indonesian archipelago through the Asian continent and are considered to have settled in Bali for the first time around 3000 BC. Stone tools of this period were found near the village of Chekik in the west of the island.
The end of prehistoric times in Indonesia was marked by the arrival of Indians from India about 100 BC, which was determined by the Brahman inscription on the pottery. The name Balidwipa was found in various inscriptions, including the Blanjong Charter published by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 9 13 AD, which mentioned Walidwipa. It was during this period that a complicated irrigation system subak was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions that still exist today can be traced back to this period. The Haidu Majapahit Empire in East Java (A.D.1293–1520) established a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, intellectuals, artists, priests and musicians poured into Bali from Java in the15th century.
The first contact between Europeans and Bali is believed to be when the Dutch explorer Cornelis de houtman arrived in 1597, although a Portuguese ship sank in the Bukit Peninsula as early as 1585. [Need to quote] The Dutch came to Bali late and fought for it more actively, but they never finally established their position as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.
In the1840s, Bali first established a kind of existence in the northern part of the island by provoking the relationship between various distrustful Balinese kingdoms. The Dutch launched a large-scale naval and ground attack, first attacking the Sanur area and then attacking Denpasar. Balinese people were hopelessly overwhelmed in numbers and weapons, but instead of facing the humiliation of surrender, they launched a last-ditch but suicidal attack, or puputan. Although the Dutch asked for surrender, it is estimated that 4,000 Balinese resisted the invaders and died. After that, the Dutch Governor exerted little influence on the island, usually allowing local control over religion and culture to remain unchanged.
Japan occupied Bali during World War II. During this period, Balinese military officer Gusti Ngurah Rai formed the Balinese "Freedom Army". After Japan surrendered to the Pacific Ocean in August 1945, the Dutch quickly returned to Indonesia, including Bali, and immediately resumed pre-war colonial rule. This was resisted by the rebels in Bali, who now use Japanese weapons.
1946 1 1 On October 20th, the Battle of Marga started in Tabanan, central Bali. The 29-year-old Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai finally assembled his troops in Marga Rana, East Bali, where they committed suicide attacks on the heavily armed Dutch. The Bali battalion was wiped out, breaking the last chance of Bali's military resistance. 1946, the Dutch took Bali as one of the 13 administrative regions of the newly declared East Indonesian Republic, which was the rival of the Indonesian Republic declared and led by Su Jianuo and Hada. When the Netherlands recognized Indonesia's independence on 19491February 29th, Bali was classified as the "United Republic of Indonesia". 1956, Bali officially broke away from the Dutch Union and legally became a province of the Republic of Indonesia.
1963 The eruption of Agung volcano caused thousands of deaths, caused economic chaos and forced many displaced Balinese to move to other parts of Indonesia.
1965 after the failed coup against the Indonesian national government in Jakarta, Bali and other parts of Indonesia, especially Java, became places where militia supported by right-wing General Suharto killed (often falsely accused) members and sympathizers of the Indonesian communist party. More than100,000 Balinese may have been killed, although the exact number is still unknown, and these incidents have not been legally closed. [citation needed] Many unmarked but well-known mass graves of victims are located around the island [citation needed].
On October 6th, 2002/KLOC-0, a car bomb attack occurred in Kuta, a tourist resort, killing 202 people, most of whom were foreign tourists, and injuring 209 others. Three years later, further explosions occurred in Kuta and nearby Kimbaran Bay.
Bali is located 3.2 kilometers east of Java and about 8 degrees south of the equator. The island is about153km wide from east to west and about112km long from north to south (95×69 miles respectively), with a surface area of 5,632km2? . The highest point is Mount Agung, which is 3 142 meters (10308 feet) high. It is an active volcano, and its last eruption was in March 1963. The mountains cover the middle to the east, and Agung Mountain is the easternmost peak. Mount Batoul (1, 717m) is still active. About 30,000 years ago, it experienced a catastrophic eruption-one of the largest known volcanic events on earth.
In the south, the land descends to form alluvial plains, which are irrigated by shallow rivers, dry in dry season and flooded in heavy rain.
The main cities are the northern port of Singaraja, the former colonial capital of Bali, and Denpasar, the current provincial capital and largest city, near the southern coast. Ubud Town (north of Denpasar) has an art market, museums and galleries, which can be said to be the cultural center of Bali.
There are major coastal highways and highways that mainly cross the island from north to south. Due to the mountainous terrain in the center of the island, roads often pass through mountains along the ridge. There is no railway line.
The island is surrounded by coral reefs. The beaches in the south are often white sand, while the beaches in the north and west are black sand. P adangbai, a beach town in the southeast, has both: the sand on the main beach and the secret beach is white, while the sand on the southern beach and the blue lagoon is much darker. Pasut Beach near Ho River and Pura Segara is a quiet beach 14 km southwest of Taba. Small sampans can sail on any river. The black sand beach between Pasut and Klatingdukuh is being developed for tourism, but it is not a tourist area except the Tanah Lot Temple by the sea.
Bali is famous for its various art forms, including painting, sculpture, wood carving, handicrafts and performing arts. Gamelan music in Bali is highly developed and varied. These dances depict stories in Hindu epics, such as Ramayana. Famous Brazilian dances include pendet, legong, baris, topeng, barong and kecak (Monkey Dance).
National education programs, mass media and tourism continue to change the culture of Bali. Immigrants from other parts of Indonesia, especially Java, are changing the ethnic composition of Bali's population.
The Indian New Year, Nyepi, is celebrated in spring with a day of silence. On this day, everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged to stay in their hotels. On the day before, people will parade large colored Ogo-Ogo monster sculptures, and finally burn them at night to drive away evil souls. Other festivals in a year are stipulated by the pawukon calendar system in Bali.
Tahiti is the largest island in French Polynesia, located in the society islands of the South Pacific Ocean, at latitude17 40 S and longitude149 30 W. According to the 2002 census, the island has169,677 residents. (This makes it the most populous island in French Polynesia, with 69% of the total population. ) The capital is Papeete on the northwest coast. Tahiti is also known as Otaheite in history.
Tahiti is about 45 kilometers (28 miles) at its widest point, with a total length of 1 048 kilometers? (404 square miles), the highest elevation is 224 1 m (7352 feet) (Mount Orohna). The island consists of two roughly circular parts centered on volcanoes, which are connected by a short isthmus named after the town of Tarawa. The northwest is called Tahiti Nui ("Big Tahiti"), and the southeast is much smaller, and it is called Tahiti iti ("Little Tahiti") or Taiarapu. Although Tahiti is densely populated (especially around Papeete) and benefits from good infrastructure, such as roads and highways, Tahiti is still quite isolated, and its southeast half (Te Pari) can only be reached by boat or on foot.
A rainforest with extremely lush vegetation.
Some references wrongly label 1 1 month to April as the rainy season in Tahiti. However, according to the research conducted by 200 1 UCLA using the weather data cataloged by the government for many years, the average sunshine time in Tahiti is more than that in Hawaii all year round, and the rainfall time is less. A chart showing the research results can be found on the website of Tahiti Tourisme North America (the official government-approved website of the destination).
It is estimated that Tahiti was settled by Polynesians from Tonga and Samoa between 300 and 800 A.D., although some estimates think this date was earlier. The fertile soil and fishing on the island provide people with enough food.
Although Europeans first saw the islands as a Spanish ship in 1606, Spain made no efforts to trade or colonize the islands. Samuel Wallis, an English captain, discovered Tahiti on June 6th, 18, 1767. He is considered to be the first European tourist to reach the island. The relaxed and contented nature of the local people and the characteristics of this island as a paradise left a deep impression on the early European tourists, sowing the seeds for the romanticism that continues to this day in the West.
After Wallis, the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville completed the first voyage around the world in France. Bougainville published his travel records in "Car Tour of the World", which made Tahiti famous in Europe. He described the island as an earthly paradise, where men and women lived innocently and happily, far from the corruption of civilization. His description of the island powerfully explained the concept of noble barbarians and influenced the utopian thoughts of philosophers such as Jean-jean-jacques rousseau before the French Revolution.
Captain james cook visited the island in 1774 and estimated that the population at that time was about 200,000. This may be too high; Another estimate for the same period is 12 1 500. After Cook's visit, European ships landed on the island more and more frequently. The most famous of these ships is HMS Bounty, whose crew defected shortly after 1789 left Tahiti. The influence of Europe brought prostitution, sexually transmitted diseases and alcohol to the island, which caused serious damage to traditional society. Imported diseases, including typhus and smallpox, killed so many Tahitians that by 1797, the population of the island was only about 16000. Later it was as low as 6000 pounds.
1842, a European crisis involving Morocco escalated between France and Britain. At that time, Admiral Du Petite tours, who was independent of the French government, persuaded Queen Pomare IV of Tahiti to accept the French protectorate. George prichard, a Birmingham-born missionary and acting British consul, was not at home when the agreement was signed. However, he went back to work and instilled French people who opposed Roman Catholicism in the local people. In 1843 1 1 month, Dupetit-Thouars (also on his own initiative) let the sailors land on this island and formally incorporated it into France. Later, he put prichard in prison, and then sent him back to England unceremoniously.
The news of the Tahiti incident reached Europe at the beginning of 1844. French politician Fran? With the support of French King Louis-Philippe, ois Guizot strongly condemned the annexation of the island. However, the war between the French and the Tahitians continued until 1847. The island was a protectorate of France until1June 29th, 880, when King Pomare V (1842–1891) was forced to cede the sovereignty of Tahiti and its affiliated islands to France. He was awarded the French Medal of Honor and Agricultural Merit. 1946, Tahiti and French Polynesia became French overseas territories. In 2003, this status was changed to French overseas community.
French painter paul gauguin lived in Tahiti in A.D. 1890 and painted many Tahiti themes. There is a small Gauguin Museum in Papiri.
Tahiti are French citizens and enjoy full civil and political rights. Tahiti and French are both spoken.
Tahiti is a part of French Polynesia (Polynesia Fran? aise)。 French Polynesia is now a semi-autonomous territory of France, with its own parliament, president, budget and laws. France's influence is limited to providing subsidies, education and security. Oscar Temaru, the current president of French Polynesia, advocates full independence from France. However, at present, only about 20% of the population is in favor of full independence.
On June 26th, 2006, at a press conference during the second France-Oceania Summit, French President Jacques Chirac said that he did not think that most Tahitians wanted independence. He said that he would be open to a possible referendum in the future.
Elections for the Parliament of French Polynesia were held on 23 May 2004 (see 2004 Parliamentary Elections of French Polynesia). Surprisingly, Oscar Temaru's pro-independence Progressive Alliance formed a government with a one-seat majority in the 57-seat parliament, defeating the Conservative Party led by gaston flosse (see also the list of political parties in French Polynesia). On October 8th, 2004, the opposition party led by gaston flosse successfully passed the motion of no confidence against the government, which triggered a political crisis. A main topic of controversy is whether the French National Government should use its special power to ask local governments to hold new elections in the event of a serious political crisis.
There is a French university in Tahiti, the University of Pauline, France? Aise (University of French Polynesia). This is a small growing university with about 2000 students and 60 researchers.
Tourism is an important industry, mainly concentrated in Bora Bora and Morea Island. In July, the Haiwa Festival in Papeete celebrates Polynesian culture and commemorates the capture of the Bastille in France.
Black pearl farming is also an important source of income, and most pearls are exported to Japan, Europe and the United States.
Recently, there is a powerful force to promote the revival of ancient ways and rediscover traditional art. Traditional musical instruments include pahu drum and toere drum, as well as a strange nose flute called vivo. Guitar and Creary entered Polynesia, and the local people developed a unique song style, which was largely attributed to country music. Western music forms, but there is a unique South Pacific island groove. Traditional dance (tamure) has slowly returned to the life of French Polynesians, but the art of making tapa (bark paper and cloth) has basically disappeared.