Appreciation: Notre Dame de Paris was published in 183 1. It is the first novel of great ideological significance and artistic value by Hugo, the founder of French romantic literature, and is regarded as a masterpiece of romanticism.
Through the tragic story that Esmeralda, a gypsy woman, was framed and persecuted to death by frollo, the vice bishop of Notre Dame, the novel profoundly exposed the darkness of the church, the hypocrisy of monks and the cruelty of feudal nobles. The novel describes the Paris society in the15th century, but denounces the social reality of the author's time. The whole novel is full of romantic fighting spirit against feudalism, church power and social darkness.
Author's style:
A great literary master-Hugo
Victor? Hugo (1802- 1885) was an important French poet, novelist, dramatist and social activist in the 9th century. 1802 was born on February 26th, in the eastern French province of Besancon. Hugo supported romanticism in literary thought and bourgeois liberalism in politics. Cromwell and his preface were published in 1827. This preface became an important declaration of the romantic movement at that time, and Hugo was also regarded as the leader of the romantic movement. Hugo's representative works include Notre Dame de Paris (183 1), Les Miserables (1862), Maritime Labors (1866) and Smiling Man (1866). 187 1 Hugo was in Brussels during the Paris commune uprising. When the commune was brutally suppressed, he loudly defended the commune and tried his best to win the pardon of the commune members. The novel Jiu San published by 1877 is an important work in Hugo's later period, which embodies the author's humanitarian thought.
Introduction:
Jia Juehui is a rebel with preliminary democratic and humanitarian thoughts, a "bold and naive traitor" in a feudal family, and a typical example full of vitality. Chueh-hui started from simply loving laborers and hating feudalism, to bourgeois reformism and democracy, and finally to social struggle. Through the development of his thoughts, the author shows the ideological course experienced by advanced intellectuals in China in the past hundred years.
Chueh-hui's ideological character mainly includes two aspects:
1. Rebellion is the core of his character.
Chueh-hui's rebellious thought was formed under the influence of the ideological trend of the times, and was strengthened in social struggle and family struggle. Specifically, it includes three aspects:
First of all, I accepted the influence of new ideas and new education. In foreign schools, under the influence of western education, progressive newspapers and the May 4th Movement, Chueh-hui woke up for the first time in Gaos, and his thoughts changed greatly. In society, his main task is to resist the old system and write critical articles. In the family, he consciously resists the die-hards who are dominated by the Gaos. He hates all moral norms and customs that violate and harm human nature. He felt painfully that home was a narrow cage and a grave for burying young people's ideals and happiness. He made up his mind not to be the gentleman expected by his predecessors. He didn't want to endure it like his eldest brother Chueh-hsin. He wanted to keep happiness for himself. He devoted himself to social revolutionary activities with great enthusiasm, edited progressive journals, wrote anti-feudal movements, participated in student petitions against warlords, rebelled against Gao's father's will, supported and helped Chueh-min escape from marriage, opposed the behavior of asking gods to exorcise ghosts, persuaded Chueh-hsin to fight for the safety of his sister-in-law, and finally resolutely left home.
Secondly, I abandoned the traditional secular prejudice and hierarchical concept, fell in love with my maid Ming-feng, and expressed my pure love to her, which reflected the thoughts of democracy, equality and freedom and the thorough anti-feudal spirit during the May 4th Movement.
2. Chueh-hui still bears the ideological imprint of his family and class.
Many of Chueh-hui's thoughts and actions draw strength from bourgeois ideological trends. Personal resistance, human rights equality and humanitarianism are his basic ideas, but at the same time they inevitably have the historical limitations and weaknesses of the May 4th youth. In the process of accepting the influence of new ideas, he hasn't had time to completely eliminate the influence of his feudal consciousness. In thought and behavior, he sometimes presents a contradictory state, such as simple, naive, immature, easily discouraged, self-doubt, and unconscious feudal hierarchy in love. Subconsciously, Chueh-hui did not open the natural barrier between the young master and the girl. On the one hand, he loves Mingfeng, and on the other hand, he loves Qin. Unfortunately, Ming-feng's position is not as good as Qin's.
His love for Mingfeng is far less firm and faithful than Mingfeng's love for him. He hesitated on this issue until he finally forgot his previous promise at the critical moment and gave up Ming-feng painfully. The reason for supporting this behavior, that is, the excuse he found, is "the enterprising spirit and enthusiasm of young people with progressive ideas, as well as the self-esteem of the petty bourgeoisie", which means that love and career cannot be taken care of at the same time. In fact, it is his personal view of gain and loss. This description fully conforms to the historical conditions at that time. At that time, Chueh-hui lived in an environment that allowed him to form a love view with democratic thoughts, not an environment that allowed him to practice this love view. Although Chueh-hui's concept of love has got rid of the interests of the feudal class and started to focus on Ming-feng's value, that is, human value, it is actually impossible for him to cross that class gap.
Chueh-hui was a rebel of the feudal family, the first grave digger of the Gaos, and the driving force of the surging torrent in the Gaos' mansion. In spring and autumn, Chueh-hui continued to exert great influence on this family. The novel highlights Chueh-hui's enthusiasm, rebellion and pursuit, which is a typical feature of radical young people who were impacted by new ideological trends during the May 4th Movement, and is also the main reason why this image gives people great encouragement. The writer's image is vivid, and his advantages and disadvantages are unique to the advanced young people of that era. His image shows that only revolution is the only way out, and escaping from family and liberating personality is only the first step. In this respect, Ba Jin's thoughts obviously exceeded the level of ordinary writers in the same period. Chueh-hui's resistance to the old family, and even his final departure, typically showed the strength of the May 4th new ideological trend and the growth of a new generation of democratic youth.
6. Juexin
The artistic achievement of Home is largely due to the shaping of Gao Juexin's image. Chueh-hsin is the most artistic figure in this novel, and his prototype is Ba Jin's eldest brother Li Yaomei, a "redundant person" who lives a hard life. In the preface to the publication of Home, it was said that the book was presented to him. But he committed suicide by taking poison before reading the novel.
Chueh-hsin is a weak person in a feudal family, an intellectual image, and a "redundant person" who can clearly realize his tragic fate but dare not act. He is a tragic example of split personality under the poison of feudal family and old ethics, with dual personality, mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1, the first is good quality, excellent talent, smart and studious, with beautiful ideals and pursuits.
Gao Juexin has been a obedient and filial boy since he was a child. This is the ideal character of a dutiful son and grandson who conforms to traditional ethics. He is the "son of peace" in the eyes of his parents, but it is also the fatal weakness that leads to his tragic fate. Cowardice is inseparable from his kind nature, which not only doomed him to be passive in life, but also doomed him to "hide" all kinds of disasters and bad luck after all. He once had a dream that he wanted to be a chemist and studied very hard. When he graduated from middle school in four years, he was the top student in the whole school. He wants to continue to go to college after graduation, and even go to Germany for further study.
2. Secondly, his ideological character was seriously distorted by the feudal patriarchal clan system and feudal ethics, which was dual: on the one hand, he was influenced by the May 4th new trend of thought and sympathized with the struggles of his younger brothers; On the other hand, his eldest son's status and the upbringing of feudal families made him bear with the punches and objectively played the image of a defender of the old ethical system.
Just after graduating from middle school, Chueh-hsin was asked to go home and get married, but the object was not his favorite cousin Mei. Although Chueh-hsin was in pain, he didn't say a word of reluctance. After his father died, Chueh-hsin's responsibility for long-term housing fell on him again, and he was soon involved in the room struggle in the extended family. At first, he tried to resist, but his resistance was useless except to bring him more trouble, so he invented a new way to deal with the world: perfunctory, trying to avoid conflicts with his elders and perfunctory them as much as possible. Chueh-hsin's youthful spirit and young people's dreams gradually disappeared in plain real life. Life dulls his feelings, but he can't get out of trouble and often falls into extreme pain. Under the influence of the May 4th Movement, Chueh-hsin also read some new books and newspapers, absorbed some new nutrition, and sympathized with the younger generation and their struggle. However, his own weakness prevented him from changing all the old things. Instead, he often appeared in front of his younger brothers as a defender of the old ethical code and the old system, urging them to yield. He always sacrificed himself for family harmony, but he always failed, sandwiched between conservative elders and radical younger brothers. Not understood by both sides, he "read new books and lead an old-fashioned life". He was a decadent gentleman when he was with his old school friends. He is a new young man when he is with new school figures. He accepted some new ideas in theory, but he still misses his old family emotionally and in action. The contradiction between thought and action often makes him fall into extreme pain. He is sober and cowardly, which makes him unable to get rid of severe self-condemnation.
The formation of Chueh-hsin's cowardly and painful character has its ideological roots. Mainly in the following aspects:
(1) the eldest son great-grandson's status.
Chueh-hsin is the eldest grandson of the Gaos. In the feudal family, the eldest grandson is also called "Chengsun". In other words, the future responsibility of the family should be borne by him, and he is the heir of the family. This family structure requires Chueh-hsin to maintain this system and guarantee it everywhere, so Chueh-hsin's fate has been decided since he was born. After his premature marriage and his father's premature death, he adhered to his father's wishes, walked carefully in various personnel relations and trivial matters in order to protect the interests of his family, accepted the pressure from material and spiritual, and played the role of life tragedy. As a result, there is a sharp conflict between reality and ideal, resulting in the duality of Chueh-hsin's character.
(2) The feudal hierarchy and feudal ethics have been poisoned for a long time, and the combination of them has become a powerful political force and the power of ideological rule.
The poison of feudal ethics, especially the so-called "filial piety", and the restriction of the special status of the eldest son and grandson exhausted Chueh-hsin's vitality and angularity, resulting in his character of seeking perfection through grievances and cowardice. He is afraid of others gossiping, always thinking about glorifying his ancestors, worrying that the downfall of the Gaos could not be separated from him, and being afraid of taking the blame for evil deeds. Therefore, although he can clearly understand the tragedy of his own fate, he always puts his head into the lasso voluntarily, causing one tragedy after another. This is the national character of our nation under the oppression of feudal absolutism.
③ Learn Tolstoy's disobedience and Liu Bannong's bow from the May 4th cultural trend of thought.
Under the influence of the May 4th new trend of thought, Chueh-hsin clearly realized that the old family and old ethics robbed him of his youth. However, unlike Chueh-hui and others who learned the concepts of human rights and equality from the May 4th cultural trend of thought, what he learned was Tolstoy's non-resistance and Liu Bannong's bow-down. He believes in this theory because it can combine the theory of New Youth with the reality of their big family without conflict, and convince him on the one hand.
(4) Chueh-hsin's tragedy is not only a tragedy of personality, but also a tragedy of society, which sums up the life fate of a whole generation of intellectuals in the last days of feudalism and is profound and typical.
Although Chueh-hsin always sacrificed himself for the sake of family harmony, his cruel fate was devoted to playing tricks on an honest man like Chueh-hsin, who lost two dearest women in succession in his life: First, his cousin Main died of lung disease due to long-term depression; Then his wife, Jui-chueh, was driven out of the house by superstitious elders during childbirth and died in a cold earthen house in the suburbs because of dystocia. Only his younger brothers Chueh-min and Chueh-hui can understand Chueh-hsin's utter desolation and loneliness, but they can't help his brother who can't fly.
Quasimodo:
One-eyed hunchback, ugly, he is a bell ringer hiding in Notre Dame de Paris, that is, the hunchback of Notre Dame de Paris, and he fell in love with the gypsy beauty Ais Milada at first sight.
Frollo:
Bishop of Notre Dame and guardian of quasimodo. False in appearance, but sinister in fact. He has a strong desire to possess Milada.
Phoebe:
The captain of the Royal Guards who owns his fiancee Lily still can't help falling in love with Esmeralda.
Emilada:
Beautiful, unrestrained and kind gypsy women quasimodo, frollo and Phoebe are all fascinated by her.
Green fruit:
Bud, the nominal husband of Esther Milada, is also the narrator of the story in the play.
Lily:
Captain Phoebe's fiancee, from a superior family, is full of jealousy and hatred for Esmeralda.
Chloropan:
The discriminated immigrants were Gypsies together with Milada, and later became the leaders of Gypsies. Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris
Notre Dame de Paris (written in 183 1) (also known as the hunchback of Notre Dame de Paris) is Hugo's first large-scale romantic novel. It wrote a story that happened in France in the15th century: Claude, the deputy bishop of Notre Dame de Paris, was hypocritical and snake-hearted, and loved first and then hated, persecuting the gypsy girl Esmeralda. Quasimodo, the ugly and kind bell ringer, gave his life to save the girl. The novel exposes the hypocrisy of religion, declares the bankruptcy of asceticism, praises the kindness, friendship and self-sacrifice of the lower working people, and embodies Hugo's humanitarian thought.
Notre Dame de Paris artistically reproduces the historical truth of how the court and the church colluded to oppress the people and how the people fought bravely with the two forces during the rule of King Louis Xi of France more than 400 years ago. In the novel, the rebellious gypsy girl Esmeralda and the ugly disabled quasimodo are presented to the readers as the embodiment of true beauty, while what people see in the vice bishop Floru and the noble soldier Phobos is cruel, empty mind and sinful lust. The author organically links touching stories with vivid and rich drama scenes, which makes this novel extremely readable. The novel is full of romanticism and uses comparative writing techniques. This is an artistic model using the principle of romantic contrast. The publication of this novel made Hugo's reputation even louder.
The outline of this novel
1482, the city of Paris under the rule of French King Louis Xi was immersed in the carnival atmosphere of "April Fool's Day". In the square in front of Notre Dame, gypsy woman Esmeralda from Egypt won warm applause for her touching beauty and graceful dance. She distributed the money people gave her to poor children and said to them, "Take all this money for the holidays!" " "The children asked her," What about you? " She said, "Leave me alone, I have a holiday every day. "
In the audience, a pale middle-aged man, wearing a black robe, hid behind the glass window and watched Esmeralda dance. He is the vice bishop of Notre Dame and the alchemist Claude Floru. When he saw the beautiful gypsy woman singing and dancing, her brisk dance steps and wonderful dancing suddenly aroused his desire buried in his heart for more than ten years. He can't help himself, nor can he drive away the devil who captured his soul. In order to relieve boredom, he went to the square to drive away the vendors who were selling, and vowed not to mess around in front of the church. These vendors ignored him and attacked him in droves. Just then, an ugly, tall and strong man rushed out of the church. He pushed the crowd away and saved the priest. This man's name is quasimodo. It turned out that he was a deformed child abandoned by his parents in front of Notre Dame de Paris. Floru raised him out of pity, because he rang the doorbell all day, so he was deaf. Revelers are looking for "Pope Fool", and Esmeralda takes a fancy to the deaf and ugly hunchback of Notre Dame quasimodo. People crowned him, put on robes and blew his whistle, and let him sit in a high sedan chair and parade along the street. Quasimodo was whistling happily when he suddenly saw a surly Lu Lu standing in front of the sedan chair. The priest knocked off his crown and took him back to Notre Dame.
However, Floru couldn't sleep, because Esmeralda was still singing in the square in front of the church. He said to himself loudly, "I have only pain in this world." Is it my fault that she is so beautiful? Is it my fault that she dances so well? Is it my fault that she can drive people crazy? "He can't help himself." Let's go "He ordered quasimodo," Go and get her! " The hunchback of Notre Dame ran quickly to Esmeralda, picked her up and ran to Notre Dame. Esmeralda struggled and shouted, "Help! "It happened that the bodyguard captain Fubis was patrolling, and when he heard the shouts, he rode with all the people to save the gypsy girl and catch quasimodo. Phoebe took Esmeralda to a hotel and asked for a room. She was about to flirt with her. The alert girl got rid of his entanglement and ran back to the "miracle dynasty" where vagrants and beggars gathered in Paris.
In this "kingdom of slang" ruled by the "miracle dynasty", the beggar king Clauban is trying the dried fruit of a poor poet who doesn't know the incision and strays into the "kingdom territory". According to the rules of the dynasty, he had only two choices: either to pair with the noose or to climb relatives with the women in the kingdom. But several old women thought he was too thin and nobody wanted him. In this way, the dried fruit can only be hung. At this critical moment, Esmeralda stepped forward and shouted "I want him". In this way, the two married on the spot. The kind girl promised to marry him just to save his life and take him home to stay, but she didn't share a room with him.
Quasimodo, who was guilty of violent robbery of civilians, was taken to the square and flogged in public after a summary trial. Notre Dame de Paris has been kneeling in the scorching sun for generations, hunched and thirsty. He shouted for water from soldiers and bystanders, but he was laughed at and insulted. At this moment, the beautiful Esmeralda pushed the crowd away and sent the water to quasimodo's mouth. Quasimodo was full of gratitude, with tears in his eyes, and kept saying, "Beauty … Beauty … Beauty".
In the square, the poor poet helped Esmeralda play a program that children could read. The little goat picked out the name of Phobos, the sun god, from a pile of Latin letters. At this time, Forbes is fawning on the queen and her daughter in the palace next to the square. Princess Lily asked Phobos to go to the square and drove Esmeralda away to prove his love for her. Fubis rode to the square, shouted at the artists who were performing, and quietly made an appointment with the girl to meet in the old place tonight.
Uneasy Florou was very angry when he heard that Dried Fruit A married the girl. When he learned that they were only husband and wife in name, he turned his worries into happiness. In the street, he met Fubis, the drunken guard captain. As soon as he said he wanted to have a tryst with the girl, he immediately let her out, claiming that the girl was married, but Forbes retorted, "Why do you confuse love with marriage?" He went straight to the hotel, and Flo followed him everywhere.
Floating, came to the hotel building, Esmeralda was sitting on the bed waiting for him. When they kissed passionately, Fubis handed the dagger tied to her body to the girl, who threw it out of the window. It happened that this dagger fell in front of Francois who was eavesdropping outside the window. When the lovers embraced again, Floru picked up the dagger and stabbed Fubis in the back through the window.
In the trial of Esmeralda, the dwarf owner of the hotel testified that he saw a black man who smelled of sulfur and turned silver coins into dry leaves like the devil. Frollo, who was sitting on the trial bench, said, "It was the devil who assassinated the captain of the guard, not the girl." Innocent Esmeralda only cares about the life and death of captain Wei, because Fubis can prove that she still left the dagger outside the window. But the court told her that Captain Wei was not only alive, but also knew nothing about the murder. He refused to exonerate the girl at all, which made Esmeralda very disappointed. Under torture, the girl made a confession and confessed that she used magic to drive the devil in black to assassinate the captain of the guard. The court sentenced the girl to be hanged and executed the next day.
After quasimodo rang the doorbell, he saw Florou staring nervously at the square in front of Notre Dame. Esmeralda, wearing a white death gown, stood under the gallows hastily set up at night, with a noose around her neck, calmly waiting for the moment of execution. Quasimodo, desperate to rush out the door, took the girl into Notre Dame. The executed soldier was stunned when he saw that the man in the bell tower hijacked the gift ceremony alone. Because of the asylum right of Notre Dame, soldiers are afraid to enter.
Quasimodo hid the girl in his house, and he slept at the door like a patron saint. He handed the girl the whistle he got on April Fool's Day and told her that when he was in danger, he would come to the rescue as long as he blew the whistle.
Floru went to the suburbs like a madman. After running for a while, he returned to Notre Dame. He found that Esmeralda was not only not executed, but also beside him. He followed her into quasimodo's room. Esmeralda flew into a rage when she found out that this man was the black man who assassinated Fubis. When Floru tried to rape her, she blew her whistle. When quasimodo heard the news, he drove away his former benefactor and told the girl that the robbery was his idea.
Quasimodo has infinite gratitude and pure love for Esmeralda. He looked at the sleeping beauty happily, and the girl who suddenly woke up was frightened by his ugly face. Quasimodo hurried away, ran to the bell tower and tried to hit the bell with his head. The deep bell rang like tears. Esmeralda came to him, and quasimodo put his hand over his face and murmured, "My face is ugly and always scary." In order to comfort him, the girl danced a cheerful dance for him. Excited quasimodo, like swinging, rang the bell of Notre Dame for the girl with the weight of her body. His hearty laughter filled the whole bell tower. Quasimodo flew around the bell tower with a rope, picking blooming flowers for Esmeralda. Suddenly, the girl found the captain of the guard in the square. She called his name, but he did not look up at her. She asked quasimodo to look for him, but in order to get the rich dowry of the princess and the territory in Sao Paulo, he ignored the girl's request and rode away. Kind quasimodo felt that she had humiliated the girl's mission.
Resentful of the girl's seizure of the Frollo building, he knelt down to the king and asked how to solve the problem of Notre Dame asylum. The king consulted an old scholar who was still in prison and finally decided that he could forcibly enter Notre Dame to arrest the witch, regardless of the right of asylum. While Floru was away, quasimodo shut the church door tightly.
Clauban, the beggar king, heard that the asylum right of Notre Dame de Paris was coming to an end, and led thousands of Paris vagrants and beggars to attack Notre Dame de Paris to rescue their sisters in distress. Quasimodo, who didn't know the truth, let these people rush into the church. He threw a boulder from the roof and overturned the hot metal liquid, trying to disperse the crowd. The brave beggar finally broke through the gate and rescued Esmeralda. Unexpectedly, the embattled king soldiers had entered the church through the back door, and the arrows rained down on Esmeralda and the homeless. The beggar king was also killed in the melee. Quasimodo stood on the roof and watched his beloved girl hanged on the gallows again. She was in great pain. When he found Floru grinning at Esmeralda in the bell tower, he threw the sanctimonious beast on his head.
Esmeralda's body, which was untied from the gallows, was placed in Meng Fuguong's grave. Quasimodo found her and lay quietly beside her.
Two years later, people found two bones hugging each other tightly. When people tried to separate them, bones turned to dust.