<; Introduction to sociology > Reading report
III. Understanding
1. Origin of China's sociological theory
traditional culture is a national culture that reflects national characteristics and features and is the overall representation of various ideological cultures and ideological forms in national history. China's traditional culture is the crystallization of Chinese civilization for thousands of years. Besides the core content of Confucian culture, it also contains other cultural forms, such as Taoist culture and Buddhist culture. Traditional culture is the mainstream concept and value orientation that originated from the past and blended the present and the future. As an ideology, it has a wide influence on people's thoughts and behaviors. -
From the above, it can be seen that the initial moral norms shaped the people's mentality, made them socialize at different levels, and eventually became people in a nation and a big society. Nowadays, everyone is a modern man, a traditional man and a modern man with traditional meaning. To understand society, we must start from the people in society. To understand the society fundamentally is to understand the deep-rooted traditional culture and study the people's mentality, so as to apply the research results and promote deeper social changes.
The original social reformers, while actively absorbing western social theories, looked for theoretical basis from Confucianism thousands of years ago without exception. Yan Fu brilliantly explained the concept of sociology by borrowing Xunzi's famous words, and put forward the idea of valuing the people and being close to the people, which is very similar to the Confucian idea of loving the people. Kang Youwei advocated enlightening the people and "cultivating troops to enrich the country and teach the people Qiang Bing", which can be found in Confucius and Mencius' theory. More importantly, Kang Youwei believes that Confucius is the pioneer of reform and should establish Confucianism as the "state religion". Tan Yitong's social view of "benevolence-communication-equality" embodies the concern of Confucianism-the benevolent loves others. He also has different views on Confucius' ceremony. He thinks that the ceremony of "acting according to benevolence" should be implemented, which is a sublation and innovation of Confucius' thought. Zhang Taiyan's theory of social control also shows that in addition to Xunzi's thought of "dividing", "combining with others and distinguishing" is to establish a moral social order.
Those traditional social thoughts and traditional cultures are simple. But after the baptism of time, it still warms the people of the world with the heat that penetrates time and space, telling people where to go. It is also of great significance to today's sociological research. In the process of learning from the west, we should treat traditional culture in a scientific way, draw strength from the past and apply it to the present day, and innovate constantly on the basis of practice, giving it modern significance, guiding and promoting the better development of society, and even making traditional culture gain the status of world discourse and play a role in the international community.
1. The quality and spirit that sociologists should have.
Throughout the history of sociology in China, the emergence and development of a discipline is by no means smooth sailing. It is bound to move forward in twists and turns, accept all doubts, criticisms and accusations, and even temporarily launch the historical stage. However, the voice of the discipline cannot be suppressed, and sociologists express its voice in various ways. Therefore, sociologists should be prepared to make a detour, achieve a research in difficulties, and change the whole world deeply and shallowly inadvertently.
Based on this, not afraid of power and daring to tell the truth have become an important quality of sociologists. In my opinion, a person's value lies in whether he has a quiet investment in history and the conscience of heaven and earth during his lifetime. This kind of investment must be sincere, without any pretense, from the heart. Sociologists observe people's feelings and are well aware of the darkness and all inequalities in the world. Their responsibility is to tell them which is better to sit and wait. In order to change the world, we have to break through all barriers, expose the bleak world to the world, and analyze the real things, so as to achieve the purpose of curative effect and hope for society.
Sociology, as a discipline, should develop through criticism. Sociologists should have the spirit of criticism and innovation, which is the key to the vitality of sociology. "Critical spirit refers to people's questioning and reflection on human practical activities and their results from two dimensions of science and value, which is manifested in dialectical negation and dialogue. Fundamentally speaking, critical spirit is a theoretical representation of self-denial and self-transcendence of human practical activities." Only after reflection can we better understand a fact and a theory, then innovative thinking will be dominant, and we can make progress in innovation, thus effectively guiding practice.
Sociology is a science based on positivism, which requires "arguing with data and speaking with data". Therefore, sociologists must be realistic and meticulous in their investigation and study. At the same time, the investigation is a collective activity, and they also need to be kind to others and respect their tolerance.
"Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, carry forward the past and learn from the past, and create peace for all generations". I think this sentence should be the motto of all academic researchers. It always reminds people who study academics what the fundamental task is. Sociology is an academic that changes the world. Sociologists should have the ultimate concern for people and study for the people. This is the most important quality, "for learning, for the country and for the people."
3. Attitude towards Marxism
Lenin's attitude towards Marxism may be summed up in two sentences of Lenin: "We will never regard Marx's theory as something immutable and inviolable" and "Marxists must consider vivid real life and the exact facts of reality, instead of clinging to yesterday's theory".
Marxism leads the times forward and develops with the times. The development history of Marxism, in a certain sense, is to treat the history of Marxism with a Marxist attitude. From this history, we can get the understanding that Marxism is a science, and it is always strictly based on objective facts. However, social life is always in constant change, and the intensity and profundity of this change has reached an unimaginable level in the past 1 years. Therefore, Marxism is bound to develop with the development of the times, practice and science, and cannot remain unchanged. There is no way out to study Marxism in isolation and static, and to separate and oppose Marxism from the vivid development of real life.
For Marxism, on the one hand, we should examine and criticize it in the big framework of the times, not just on the surface of various social concepts and theories, on the other hand, we should combine the national conditions with reality and go deep into the social system, social life, social relations and socio-economic process. Under the guidance of historical materialism, we should carry out critical sociological analysis and create innovative theories, which is the attitude towards Marxist science.
4. Current social problems and perspectives.
China's social problems are mainly as follows: abnormal social development, outstanding economy, backward social and cultural development and moral degeneration. The industrial structure is unreasonable and the high-tech industry is underdeveloped. The gap between the rich and the poor in society is wide and polarization is serious. The present situation of education is worrying, and exam-oriented education is overwhelming, destroying children's body and mind and eroding their youth. Environmental pollution, exhausted fishing, international environmental pressures and crises, such as the oppression of the US-Japan alliance, energy channel problems, * * * issues and so on
I think if these issues are investigated from an international perspective, there are two very important reasons that lead to the problems, one is related to the national character, and the other is the abnormal development of modern science and technology.
China is a country without metaphysical beliefs, and it is easy to enter a situation where moral sense is lacking and where to go. Weber's Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism illustrates the relationship between Christian belief and the spirit of capitalism, and examines social changes from a cultural perspective. The emergence of social problems in China is largely due to the lack of faith.
in ancient times, human beings lived in harmony with nature, and because of their limited ability to transform nature, they had little impact on the natural environment. With the rise of modern scientific and technological revolution, the ability of human beings to develop natural resources has increased rapidly and reached an unprecedented development intensity. Although the result of predatory development meets the interests of contemporary people, it also leaves a riddled earth for itself and future generations. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, people's desire is getting higher and higher, which makes people lose some important emotions and causes many conflicts and disputes.
The task of sociology is to solve the above two problems, how to cultivate faith and morality, and how to avoid the negative effects brought by science and technology. This is a global issue, and universal international action and alliance are also very important. From this, sociology has a long way to go.
References:
The History of Western Social Thought is written by Yu Hai, Fudan University Press
The History of China Social Thought is edited by Xie Yaling, Higher Education Press
Western Social Philosophy is written by Wang Shouchang, Oriental Press
(2) An Introduction to Sociology of RTVU. What are the functions of social control?
(1) Maintaining social order and maintaining social normality. Order is the basic premise of social existence and development. In order to maintain social stability, the ruling class or the representative forces of social interests must control deviant behavior.
(2) maintain a normal life. In order to maintain a normal life order. It is necessary to use social control means to restrain and sanction those who disrupt the order of life, and the lack of such control will affect the stability of social order.
(3) promoting social development. Without social stability and social order, society cannot develop smoothly. The normal development of society and the improvement of life quality are realized on the basis of social order. The order of society in the process of transportation depends on social control to achieve and guarantee.
(4) Anti-function of social control: unreasonable social control cannot safeguard the interests of most people. In addition, rigid and powerful social control is not conducive to people's pursuit of reasonable goals. Rigid social control often accumulates contradictions, leading to more serious social conflicts and impacting the normal order of society. Therefore, when giving play to the positive function of social control, we should pay attention to its anti-function.
(3) The answer to the physical exam of an introduction to sociology in RTVU
BWhether the first question is D or not, please check
c
d
d
d
b
d
b The ninth question is uncertain
a
b
b. But you'd better read more books yourself.
But why should RTVU study sociology? You can study law or accounting. It's practical. Although I am a graduate student in sociology.
(4) I'm a freshman, and the elective course "Introduction to Sociology" requires me to write a 3-word paper. How should I write it?
You can look up a lot of documents on the Internet, and it's easy to make up for 3 words. It is said that the elective courses in universities are all good, and the teacher probably doesn't read the content very much, so it is very important for the teacher to write a good paper format. < P > 5] Talk about your understanding of the course < P > Introduction to Sociology is a social science with a wide range of applications, which studies social phenomena and social problems in all aspects of human social life, internal social communication, social work, social structure and social development. It is a discipline that enables people to know their social environment more clearly and the interrelation between various phenomena in this environment, and form a broader vision and a deeper insight and analysis ability, and form a cognition of the whole society.
[6] What kind of course is an Introduction to Sociology
Sociology is a social science with a wide range of applications. It studies social phenomena and social problems in all aspects of human social life, social communication, social work, social structure and social development, so that people can better understand their social environment and the interrelationships among various phenomena in this environment, and form a cognition of society as a whole. It takes the theory of social operation as the main line and the theory of social transformation as the perspective, implements the orientation of China and internationalization of sociology, and reflects the changes and trends of social reality in China. According to the reality of China's social transformation and the needs of teaching practice, this course introduces the overview, microscopic analysis, objective analysis, problems and countermeasures and research methods of social operation respectively. In particular, the latter two parts are closely related to the social security major, and they are interrelated and infiltrated with each other. Through the study of sociology, students can more skillfully apply the theoretical knowledge of social security they have learned to the real society.
Copy it according to their own situation. Is the final exam?
(7) Experience of elective course of Introduction to Sociology
Who can use virtue for? -Analysis of Moral Ineffectiveness
If we want to make a sociological analysis of moral function, there are at least two basic problems. First, the question of "what is the use of virtue"; Second, the question of "who should use virtue". Ethical research pays more attention to the former, but ignores the latter. Ethicists always regard moral principles as the magic weapon of "universal life", or make its universality fantastic. In fact, any moral principle or norm is always useful to everyone as a theoretical presupposition, but it is useless to some people as a practical operation. The author once had such an experience: once, I saw a few young people squeezing an old lady on the bus, so I said, "Young people, please keep a little morality." I didn't expect them to stare at me and scold me, "Something is wrong!" Later, I thought carefully, maybe there is something really wrong with me. How can I talk about morality to anyone? They don't want to be virtuous at all. It seems that morality is only useful to those who have virtue or want to keep it, but it is always useless to those who have no virtue. This is the phenomenon of moral ineffectiveness.
Moral ineffectiveness refers to the fact that morality, as a normative requirement that should be obeyed without exception, loses its due influence due to artificial barriers and becomes nominal. With the gradual improvement of the socialist market economic system, socialist moral construction has also entered the level of effective operation from necessity demonstration. The socialist morality that we advocate with serving the people wholeheartedly as the core and collectivism as the basic principle is playing its unique role. However, we should also be soberly aware that the reality of moral ineffectiveness in real life is serious, which is not conducive to the all-round promotion of socialist moral construction. It is mainly manifested in three types: < P > First, moral contempt: "I have the right, who am I afraid of?" . As one of the most basic moral norms, morality should be observed by everyone, and everyone is equal before morality. However, the exclusivity of power and