1. Poetry

1. Talented people have emerged from generation to generation, and each has been leading the way for hundreds of years. ("On Poetry" by Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty)

Brief analysis: Explain that things are constantly developing, and every era should innovate and make progress. We cannot follow the ancients and do not seek progress. It is often used to praise the emergence of talents, or to express the passing of a new generation and the emergence of a new generation, and the waves behind the Yangtze River push the waves ahead. It also contains the philosophy of "the inevitable trend of surpassing predecessors in world affairs, continuous innovation, and continuous progress".

2. One eye must rely on one's own opinions, and there are many art gardens. I've never seen dwarves go to the theater and they just follow other people's opinions. (Qing Dynasty Zhao Yi's "On Poetry No. 2")

Brief analysis: The author pointedly pointed out: when commenting on the quality of poetry, one should have his own opinions and opinions, and cannot be like those in the literary world and art garden. Like some people, they are evil-minded. Marx's philosophy believes that in order to be discerning and deeply understand and grasp the essence of things, firstly, one must possess a large amount of perceptual materials in practice; secondly, one must be good at "removing the rough and selecting the essentials, discarding the false and retaining the true, and moving from here to there," Processing from the outside to the inside achieves a leap and development from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge.

3. There is no choice but the flowers fall away, and the swallows return as if they were familiar. (Yan Shu's "Huanxisha? A New Song and a Glass of Wine")

Brief analysis: All beautiful things that are bound to disappear cannot be prevented from disappearing, but while disappearing, there are still rebirths of beautiful things, and life It will not become nothingness by disappearing. (It is often used to express a mentality of "wanting to keep but can't keep". Or the emotion about life: ups and downs, life and death, gathering and dispersing, just like the flowers blooming and falling, the swallows disappear and the swallows come.)

< p>4. The period of profit and contraction is not only in heaven; if you cultivate good fortune, you can gain eternal life. (Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms, "The Turtle is Longevity")

Brief analysis: Give full play to your subjective initiative, be optimistic, and be proactive, which will be beneficial throughout your life and have no regrets.

5. The cold sky above Yuan Po says that the four seas are the same. I know that thousands of miles away, there is neither rain nor wind. (Mid-Autumn Night by Li Qiao of the Tang Dynasty)

Meaning: A bright moon rises in the cold sky, and everyone says that the whole world is the same. The world is vast and vast, how do you know that it is not a stormy place in a foreign land?

Brief analysis: What everyone “says” may not necessarily be the truth. The world is ever-changing. Human beings’ understanding of nature and society is constantly deepening and developing with the improvement of human cognitive abilities. Whether an understanding is correct or not does not depend on the number of people who hold this understanding. Even if We must dare to doubt what everyone says is true and continue to explore deeply. Secondly, in understanding problems, it is most taboo to replace one with another, replace the whole with partiality, and replace the exploration of the whole or essence with partial and one-sided descriptions of phenomena. Seeing the bright moon in the sky here and now and imagining that the whole world is the same, it is to use this to replace the other and to generalize. Adhere to the dichotomy and avoid one-sidedness.

6. Hai Ri is born and the night is over, and Jiang Chun is entering the old year. (Tang Wangwan's "Under the Cibeigu Mountain")

Brief analysis: Contains the philosophy that new things are born when old things disintegrate.

7. From the top of the mountain, you can see all the small mountains. ("Wang Yue" by Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty)

Brief analysis: It includes that all those who make a difference should have the ambition and spirit to not be afraid of difficulties, dare to climb to the top, and look down on everything.

8. The plum blossoms and snow refused to fall in spring, so Sao Renge paid for the review. The plum blossoms are three cents whiter than the snow, but the snow loses the fragrance of the plum plums (Song Lu Meipo's "Snow Plum")

Brief analysis: Materialist dialectics believes that the reason why things in the world are so different is that they each have their own characteristics. Without the specific analysis of the particularity of contradictions, people will not be able to distinguish things, let alone understand things correctly. This requires us to adhere to the dichotomy and concretely analyze the particularity of the contradiction.

9. Three or two peach blossoms outside the bamboo are a prophet of ducks with warm water in the spring river (Song Dynasty Su Shi's "Hui Chong Xiao Jing on the Spring River")

Brief analysis: Materialist dialectics believes that generally (** *Nature, universality of contradiction) always exists in the individual (personality, particularity of contradiction) and is expressed through the individual. The arrival of spring is expressed through these special and individual things. Without these wonderful pictures, it would be impossible to talk about spring. From an epistemological perspective, it also embodies the principle of the dialectical relationship between practice and knowledge, and practice produces true knowledge.

10. Who said there is no less in life? The water flowing in front of the door can still flow to the west! (Su Shi's "Huanxi Sha? Orchid buds dipped in the stream at the foot of the mountain")

Brief analysis: It shows that the author still strives to cheer up despite being in trouble. As long as you work hard and maintain good mental health, you can still stay young and strong.

11. Viewed horizontally, it looks like a ridge and a peak on the side, with different heights near and far. I don’t know the true face of Mount Lu, just because I am in this mountain. ("Inscribed on the Wall of the Western Forest" by Su Shi of the Song Dynasty)

Brief analysis: People will draw different conclusions from different standpoints and standpoints when observing things. Only when people get rid of the limitations of subjectivity and objectivity, stay outside Lushan Mountain and take a long-term view, can they truly see the true face of Lushan Mountain. To recognize the essence of things, we must observe them from all angles, both objectively and comprehensively.

12. If there is sound on the harp, why won’t it sound when it is placed in the box? If the words are on your fingertips, why not listen to them on your fingertips? ("Qin Poems" by Su Shi of the Song Dynasty)

Brief analysis: Beautiful music is an organic whole, and the whole is composed of a number of parts and elements that interact and restrict each other. In the music and the sound of the piano, the fingers, the piano, the player's thoughts, feelings, and playing skills are interdependent and indispensable. There is a close connection between them, which affects and restricts each other. Materialist dialectics believes that the fundamental content of universal connections is the connection between contradictory parties within and between things. Therefore, what this piece reveals is the contradictory relationship between the piano, the fingers and the sound of the piano. If the performer is included, then the relationship between the performer's thoughts, feelings and skills and the piano and fingers can be seen as the relationship between the internal contradictions of things (internal causes) and the external contradictions of things (external causes). . The former is the basis for the production of music, and the latter is the condition for the production of music. Both are indispensable.

13. As soon as the half-acre square pond is opened, the skylight and cloud shadows linger. Ask the canal whether it is as clear as water? Come for living water from a source. ("Reflections on Reading Books" by Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty)

Brief analysis: Using the pond as a metaphor, it illustrates that the way to learn is to continuously accumulate and absorb new nutrients. All things move, change, and develop. Only in movement can everything maintain its existence. It is this kind of uninterrupted movement, change and development that allows things to exist in constant self-renewal. Once this movement ceases, things cannot exist. Without the continuous updating and accumulation of knowledge, a person's knowledge will turn into a pool of stagnant water, devoid of vitality and progress. This is the way to do academic work, and it is the same way to do other things. The last two sentences are also a metaphor that the practical activities of the people are the source of human spiritual wealth and the source of various artistic activities. Without the lively materials provided by the people in practice, any creation will become a pool of stagnant water.

14. Mo Yan said that it would be easy to walk down the mountain, and he would be liked by all the passers-by. Entering the circle of thousands of mountains, one mountain releases another mountain block. (Song Dynasty Yang Wanli's "Crossing Songyuan Chenchuiqigongtian")

Brief analysis: The poet used the poem to analyze: No matter what people do, they must fully estimate the difficulties on the way forward. Don't be intoxicated by temporary success. When grasping the theme of this poem, we should first position the style as a philosophical poem, and then we can quickly know that this poem expresses the feelings of mountain climbing, but actually talks about the philosophy of life: when you achieve certain results, you must not be complacent. Be complacent and should keep making progress.

15. Mountains and rivers are full of doubts, but there is no way out, and there is another village with hidden willows and bright flowers (Song Lu You's "Visit to Shanxi Village")

Brief analysis: It reflects the progressive and tortuous nature of the development of things. The principle of unity. Another example is, "There are dangers in science, but you can overcome them through hard work." This principle is also included.

16. When the country rises and falls, why should the people of Wu blame Xi Shi? If Xi Shi conquers Wu and overthrows him, who will be the one who will overthrow Yue? (Tang Luoyin's "Xishi")

Brief analysis: Through in-depth thinking, the poet analyzed the nature of Wu's demise and concluded that Wu's demise had its profound reasons and should not be blamed on Xi Shi personally. If Xi Shi was the chief culprit for overthrowing the Kingdom of Wu, then the King of Yue did not favor women, so who should be blamed for the demise of the Kingdom of Yue? Epistemology tells us that the fundamental task of knowledge is to grasp the essence and laws of things through phenomena, and to rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and cannot stay at the phenomena of things.

17. The ancients spared no effort in their knowledge, and their kung fu was only accomplished when they were young and old. What I have learned on paper is ultimately shallow, and I know that I have to do it in detail. (Song Lu You's "Winter Night Reading Shows Ziyu")

Brief analysis: This poem contains profound philosophy: direct experience and indirect experience are two ways for people to acquire knowledge. It is very necessary to draw nutrients from books and learn the knowledge and skills of the predecessors. It is an important aspect for people to master and accumulate knowledge, that is, to form indirect experience. Direct experience is another important way to acquire knowledge. It is the understanding generated directly from practice, which is also very necessary. Moreover, indirect experience can only be used, tested and developed in practice. If one only "has no ears to hear things outside the window, one must only read the books of sages", does not participate in social practice, and does not come into contact with the vast social life, then his understanding will always be "simple"; only through "practical" practice, he will Only when book knowledge becomes practical knowledge can it play a guiding role in practice and achieve the second leap in understanding.

18. Gold has no color, and white jade has slight flaws. Asking for help but not for preparation, I would like to live in Laojun’s house. ("Ji Xing" by Song Dynasty and Dai Dynasty)

Brief analysis: Materialist dialectics believes that the interior of everything in the world contains two aspects that are both opposite and unified. Therefore, we must truthfully reflect the original nature of things. Face, we must adhere to the dichotomy and two-point theory and look at the problem comprehensively. We must divide our views on people, things, and ourselves into two parts. If we criticize and seek perfection, we will make one-sided and absolute mistakes.

19. Read thousands of volumes and write like a master (Twenty-Two Rhymes from Du Fu, Wei Zuocheng)

Brief analysis: Certain results are caused by certain reasons caused.

20. Flowers are similar every year, but people are different every year (Liu Xiyi's "Dai Baitou Yin" of Tang Dynasty)

Brief analysis: Things are changing and developing. Nothing is static.

21. The grass grows in Liliyuan, and it dries up and flourishes every year.

Wildfires never burn out, but spring breezes blow them again. (Tang Bai Juyi's "Farewell to the Ancient Original Grass")

Brief analysis: The movement, change, and development of things have their own objective laws; new things have strong vitality.

22. To shoot a man, shoot a horse first; to capture a thief, capture the king first. (Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty, "Beyond the Fortress")

Brief analysis: When doing things, we must be good at grasping the main contradiction.

23. Yu Xin’s articles are more mature and mature, and Ling Yunjian’s writing is full of ideas. Today's people sneer at the spread of Fu, but they don't realize that the sages of the past are afraid of those who come after them. (One of the "Six Quatrains on Play" by Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty)

Brief analysis: (1) From the perspective of the universal connection of things, everything is a successive development process, without the need for historical connections. Analysis shows that not only are we unable to correctly understand yesterday’s history, we are also unable to correctly understand today’s future. Cutting off history, denying connections, blindly ridiculing tradition and denying predecessors will inevitably lead to national nihilism.

(2) To look at problems from a development perspective, we must see things as they really are, a process of change and development. No one who studies me can cut off history, and cannot use today's maturity to deny yesterday's naivety. We must adopt a historicist attitude toward our predecessors. We must not view and measure the past with today's floods and standards, let alone be harsh on the ancients.

(3) Look at the problem from the perspective of combining the two-point theory and the key point theory. On the one hand, we must correctly analyze and distinguish the achievements and defects of the predecessors, right and wrong, merits and demerits, essence and dross, etc.; On the other hand, it is necessary to further distinguish which is the main aspect of the contradiction and which is the secondary aspect of the contradiction.

24. The holly tree hangs at midnight, but the year-old flowers wither and the tree does not wither. Everything has its own root. If you plant crops, you will never get bean sprouts. (Part 1 of "Three Poems on a Difficult Journey" by Gu Kuang of Tang Dynasty)

Brief analysis: (1) Internal factors are the basis for the change and development of things (2) Contradictions are special (3) Laws are objective

25. Hua and Liu are traveling thousands of miles apart, and they are also those who perform meritorious deeds. Xiang Wu has the ability to create a father, but he is the same as an ordinary horse. (Ming Dynasty Yang Ji's "Feelings")

Brief analysis: Materialist dialectics believes that in the development of things, internal and external factors exist at the same time, and both are indispensable. Internal factors are the basis for the development of things, external factors are the conditions for the development of things, and external factors work through internal factors. Although this poem prominently emphasizes the important role of external factors in the development of talents, it does not deny internal factors. On the one hand, it warns those who are in an external position to others that they should be good at discovering, cultivating and using talents, and actively create conditions for the growth of talents. On the other hand, it also warns those who have achieved achievements in various aspects, You must not forget and deny the external factors that contribute to your success, and attribute all success and achievements to yourself.

26. The broken halberd sinks into the sand, but the iron is not sold. It will be washed and washed before you can recognize your past. Dongfeng doesn't want to be with Zhou Lang, and Tongquechun locks Erqiao deeply. ("Red Cliff" by Du Mu of the Tang Dynasty)

Brief analysis: Internal factors are the basis for the development of things, and external factors are the conditions for the development of things. External factors play a very important role in the development of things under certain conditions. Without certain conditions, even heroes cannot succeed.

27. Even if one’s skills are subtle at the time, misfortunes will occur in the years to come. The power penetrates rivers and seas and eats up trapped whales. Dare to be afraid of beetles in the beams, hidden pillars and rocks. Those who send serious messages do not take lightly anything that is trivial. (Tang Yuanzhen's "Ants")

Brief analysis: This poem illustrates the huge harm caused by small ants, and illustrates the principle that quantitative accumulation can cause qualitative changes, and warns that a thousand-mile embankment can be destroyed by an ant nest. People must not underestimate small changes, which may lead to catastrophe.

28. It is magnificent to talk eloquently, but it is sad to be in a miserable state. If you teach in vain, a room full of dust is like a pile of dust, how can the world ever sweep it away? (Reading "The Biography of Chen Fan" by Yang Wanli of the Song Dynasty)

Brief analysis: (1) From the perspective of contradiction analysis method, Chen Fan does not know how to analyze specific issues. The contradictions of things are different, and the methods to solve them cannot be the same. Contradictions of different qualities can only be solved by different methods. Trying to use one model to solve different contradictions and trying hard to do so are doomed to fail. Chen Fan had more than enough integrity, but lack of strategy, so that everything failed.

(2) From the perspective of the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, Chen Fan does not understand the principle that the development of anything must first start with quantitative change. Only by combining lofty ideals and lofty goals with a down-to-earth and hard-working spirit can we achieve them. How can Chen Fan have the ambition to "sweep the world" if he doesn't clean up the whole house?

29. If you still have a silk robe as a gift, you should pity Fan Shuhan. I don’t know the world’s scholars, but I still look like a commoner. (Tang Gaoshi's "Ode to History")

Brief analysis: The first two sentences of the poem affirm Xu Jia's feeling of pity for the cold and nostalgia for the past. The last two sentences use the title to satirize Xu Jia's only pity for the cold but no sense of nostalgia. The eye of discernment. It is also a satire on judging people based only on their appearance and clothing. The fundamental task of knowledge is to understand the essence through phenomena, and to rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. Precisely because Xu Jia's understanding did not reach this level and extent, it was impossible to attach importance to him and entrust him with important tasks. This is the understanding of everything.

30. Since I was a child, I have been thorny in the grass, but now I am gradually feeling the prickles. At that time, people didn't know Lingyun wood, and they waited until Lingyun became a master. ("Little Pine" by Du Xunhe of Tang Dynasty)

Brief analysis: The author uses pine as a metaphor for people, warning people to be good at discovering and identifying talents, and to pay attention, care and cultivate talents with development prospects as early as possible so that they can Become a talented person early. From a philosophical perspective, Komatsu's growth can also be compared to the process of growing new things.

The growth of all new things must go through a process from small to large, from weak to strong, from imperfect to relatively perfect. When it first appears, it is always relatively weak, and it is impossible to fully possess and fully demonstrate its advantages. It is often even unspectacular, childish and ridiculous. But because it conforms to objective laws and replaces the development direction of things, it has strong vitality and broad development prospects. "The future is bright, but the road is tortuous", which is the way for the development of all new things. We should be guided by materialist dialectics, discover it in time, foresee its great development prospects, actively support it, and promote its rapid growth and expansion.

31. You should pity the green moss on the teeth of the clogs, and the small buckle firewood door will not open for a long time. The garden is full of spring scenery, and a branch of red apricot comes out of the wall. ("A Visit to the Garden Is Not Worth It" by Ye Shaoweng of the Song Dynasty)

Brief analysis: Any new thing with strong vitality cannot be contained no matter what.

32. The wind and rain in Zhongshan turned yellow, and millions of troops crossed the river. The tiger sits on the dragon's plate. The present is better than the past, and the world is turned upside down. It is generous and generous. It is better to use the remaining brave men to chase the poor bandits, and not to be a famous academic overlord. If heaven has feelings, it will also grow old, and the right path in the world will undergo vicissitudes of life. (Mao Zedong's "Seven Rules. The People's Liberation Army Occupies Nanjing")

Brief analysis: The poem quotes Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, who could have destroyed Liu Bang with his superior force, but he was afraid of being labeled as "unjust". The historical tragedy of losing opportunities many times and finally being attacked by Liu Bang reminds everyone that "it is better to use the remaining courage to chase the poor invaders". From a philosophical point of view, when the accumulation of volume has reached a certain level, we should seize the opportunity to promote leaps and developments and promote qualitative changes. If you hesitate, you will miss opportunities. "If heaven has feelings, it will also grow old, and the right path in the world will be the vicissitudes of life." From the perspective of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, it explains that "the world always replaces the old with the new. , refers to the sea turning into mulberry fields, which is a metaphor for revolutionary development and changes. "Righteousness in the world" refers to the laws of social development. "Old" means becoming old due to anger and pain. The meaning of these two sentences is that if God is affectionate, he will be angry and grow old when he sees the darkness and cruelty of the Kuomintang's reactionary rule; the vicissitudes of human society are objective laws that do not depend on people's will.

33. After the great river sings, it turns eastward, and the sophisticated science and technology help the poor in the world. After facing the wall for ten years and trying to break it, it is difficult to be rewarded as a hero even if he crosses the sea. (Zhou Enlai's "The Song of the River, Turn Around")

Brief analysis: In the poem, we can clearly see how important values ??are to people's activities of understanding and transforming the world, and to the life path they choose. guiding role. It was this value of endless struggle for the country and the people that determined Zhou Enlai's revolutionary life path.

2. Proverbs and Sayings

1. One cannot step into the same river twice

Brief analysis: This is the ancient Greek philosopher Herakli One of his famous sayings, and two of his other sayings: "The sun is new every day." "Everything flows, nothing lasts forever." They all show that objective things are constantly moving and changing. On the contrary, his student Cratylu proposed that "people cannot step into the same river even once", which went to the extreme, denied relative stillness, and was a kind of agnosticism.

2. The heaven and earth are in harmony, and all things are self-generated.

Brief analysis: All things in the universe exist naturally and are not dominated by human will. This shows that nature exists objectively.

3. The benevolent sees benevolence and the wise see wisdom

Brief analysis: Explain that the same thing has different views due to different personal knowledge structures.

4. Where there is a will, there is a way.

Brief analysis: Explain that consciousness has a counterproductive effect on matter. Correct consciousness will promote the development of things; on the contrary, it will hinder the development of things. Another example is "fullness brings losses, modesty benefits", "man can conquer nature", "things depend on man-made things", "ingenuity", etc. are also the same.

5. Full losses and benefits

Brief analysis: embodies the principle of identity of contradictions. That is to say, the two contradictory parties are not only interdependent, but also transform into each other under certain conditions. Another example is that one learns from one's mistakes; failure is the mother of success; humility makes people progress, pride makes people fall behind, etc. This is the same principle.

6. How bold the people are, how productive the land is

Brief analysis: Exaggerating the initiative of consciousness and trying to replace objective regularity with subjective will will inevitably be punished. Another example is "human reason legislates nature" and so on also fall into this category.

7. If the form exists, the spirit will exist; if the form disappears, the spirit will disappear.

Brief analysis: Explain that human body and spirit are unified and inseparable. Form exists and spirit exists, form thanks to spirit and disappears. This is a materialist point of view. Another example is, "All things come into existence when heaven and earth are united, and changes occur when yin and yang are connected." This means that all things in the universe are not created by God, but are the result of their own contradictory movements, which is also materialism.

8. Think about it every day and dream about it at night.

Brief analysis: Explain that consciousness is a reflection of matter. Another example is that some of the myths, religious rumors, and scientific fantasies we often hear are also reflections of objective things. However, some are distorted reflections, and some are illusory or exaggerated reflections.

9. Running water does not rot, and door hinges do not suffer from beetles.

Brief analysis: Explain that matter and motion are inseparable. Movement is the fundamental attribute and mode of existence of matter, and matter cannot be separated from movement; matter is the carrier of movement, and movement cannot be separated from matter.

It can also be understood from the principle of the dialectical relationship between internal and external causes: flowing water will not corrupt, and if the hinge on the door is rotated frequently, insects will not grow. Since internal factors are the basis for change, external conditions must work through internal factors. Even if the water has external conditions of corruption and there are bugs breeding outside the wood, as long as the water and wood are in constant motion, external factors cannot work through internal factors.

10. The movement of heaven is constant. It will not exist for Yao, nor will it perish for Jie.

Brief analysis: It means that the changes in nature follow certain laws. It does not exist because Rao is a holy king, nor does it die because Jie is a tyrant. Another example is, "Swan geese leave the north of the Great Wall and travel for more than ten thousand miles. They eat rice in the south in winter and return to the north in spring." It shows that the movement of living things follows the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest. "The changes of heaven and earth, cold and heat, wind and rain, floods, droughts, locusts, all have their own laws" (Shen Kuo)

11. There is nothing outside the heart

Brief analysis: It means that matter exists in human beings Within consciousness, there is nothing outside consciousness. This belongs to the same idealism as "existence is perceived", "objects are a collection of ideas", "if the eyes are open, the flowers will be bright, and if the eyes are closed, the flowers will be silent".

12. Failure to follow the patterns when chopping firewood will kill the woodcutter

Brief analysis: Explain that the laws are objective, and exert subjective initiative must be based on respecting the objective laws. Otherwise, it will not be possible success.

13. Difficulties and hardships, Yu Ru Yucheng

Brief analysis: Explain that respecting the rules and acting according to the rules must give full play to people's subjective initiative, so that they can overcome the difficulties under the guidance of the rules. Difficulty, victory.

14. "The heart is the organ of thinking" (Mencius), "The heart is the king of form and the master of gods" (Xunzi), "All human memories are in the brain"

Brief analysis: The most common point among the three is that people's thinking activities must have a certain foundation of material organs, and material determines consciousness.

15. Flowers planted intentionally do not bloom, but willows planted unintentionally create shade

Brief analysis: It shows that all objective things do not depend on human consciousness and exist independently, and things and their laws of motion are independent. is objective.

16. Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, it is knowing

Brief analysis: Say what you know, admit what you don’t understand, and admit that you don’t understand. Only with this attitude can you be wise. of. This famous saying tells us that we should grasp ourselves as objective things, proceed from our own reality, and understand ourselves correctly.

17. Go into the mountains to ask for woodcutters, and go into the water to ask for fishermen.

Brief analysis: Woodcutter is familiar with the conditions in the mountains, and fishermen understand the habits of the water, so they should "go into the mountains to ask for woodcutters, and enter the water to ask for fishermen." . This proverb shows that people should start from reality when thinking about problems and doing things.

18. It is difficult for a clever woman to make a meal without rice

Brief analysis: Material determines consciousness, and the content of consciousness comes from the objective world.

19. Carrots and cabbage, everyone has their own preferences

Brief analysis: People have different preferences, which shows that the contradiction is unique and requires specific analysis of specific issues. Another example: People are different from each other, and flowers come in hundreds of varieties of red; the eight immortals cross the sea, each showing their magical powers; soldiers come to block it, and water comes to cover it up.

20. If you sow melons, you will get melons, and if you sow beans, you will get beans

Brief analysis: Explain an inevitable connection in the inheritance of things, that is, regularity. It also contains the principle of particularity of contradiction and reflects that internal causes are the basis for changes in things. Another example is the proverb "A dragon begets a dragon, a phoenix begets a phoenix, and a mouse gives birth to a son who can dig holes" also illustrates this truth.

21. One size fits all

Brief analysis: Metaphors treat different things in the same way regardless of their objects, which violates the principle of the particularity of contradiction. Another example is, "Bringing the crown and wearing it", "Copying as instructed", "Blowing by the wind" etc. fall into this category.

22. Attacking one point is not as good as the rest

Brief analysis: It violates the principle of the universality of contradictions. It is to look at the problem from a one-sided point of view, to argue on one point, and to deny the dichotomy. . Another example is, "Can't see the forest for the trees" is equivalent to this category.

23. To lead the cow, you must lead the cow by its nose

Brief analysis: It means that we must be good at grasping the key points and grasping the key points in our work. In line with the principle of the main contradiction. Another example is, "To capture the thief first, capture the king" and "Good steel should be used on the blade" are equivalent to this principle.

24. Although the lotus is good, it must be supported by green leaves

Brief analysis: It is a metaphor that in daily work, people must be good at grasping the main contradictions, but they cannot ignore the secondary contradictions, because How well the secondary contradictions are handled directly affects the resolution of the main contradiction. Another example is "one hero has three gangs", "one fence has three stakes", etc. The same applies.

25. Picked up sesame seeds, lost watermelon

Brief analysis: It violates the principle of the contradictory relationship between primary and secondary. It means doing things without prioritizing them, focusing on the secondary ones and losing the important ones. Another example is "grabbing eyebrows and beards" and pressing fleas with ten fingers; "single one" also falls into this category.

26. One finger and nine fingers

Brief analysis: Comrade Mao Zedong often used this to describe which of achievements and mistakes is important and which is secondary. We are required to be good at grasping the main aspects of contradictions. Because the nature of things is mainly determined by the dominant aspect of the contradiction, when observing and dealing with problems, we must distinguish between the mainstream and the tributaries, nine fingers and one finger.

27. Grasp the typical and take into account the general

Brief analysis: In line with the principle of the unity of the two-point theory and the key theory, we are required to be both comprehensive and good at grasping the key points and key points in our actual work. key.

Another example is "make overall plans and make appropriate arrangements", "learn to play the piano", etc. are all the same.

28. Those who are close to vermillion are red, and those who are close to ink are black

Brief analysis: It shows that the external environment has an important influence on the development of things, that is, external factors are the conditions for things to change. Another example is, "The power of role models is infinite", "Famous teachers make great disciples", "Brothers' loyalty kills people", etc. all illustrate the role of external factors.

29. The master introduces the door, and learning lies in the individual

Brief analysis: Explain that external factors work through internal factors. No matter how powerful the external factors are, they still work through internal factors.

30. Fire at the city gate affects the fish in the pond

Brief analysis: The universality of the connection between things. There is a sky outside the sky, and there are mountains outside the mountains; "The big rivers have water, the small rivers are full, the small rivers have no water, the big rivers are dry", "The mantis stalks the cicada, the oriole follows behind", etc., all belong to this principle.

31. Treat the head when you have a headache, and treat the feet when you feel the pain

Brief analysis: Only the parts are seen, but the whole is not seen. Look at the problem from a metaphysical point of view. Another example is that a leaf obscures the eyes, and the forest cannot be seen; sitting in a well and looking at the sky, etc., fall into the same category.

32. People change in one lifetime, and the sky changes in one moment.

Brief analysis: Things develop in motion and are relatively stable.

33. Those who do not seek the overall situation are not interested in one area

Brief analysis: This means that the overall situation and the local area are interdependent and inseparable. The part cannot be separated from the whole, otherwise, it will lose the meaning of its existence. Therefore, when thinking about problems and doing things, we must focus on the overall situation and take the overall situation into consideration. Another example is, "When the country is prosperous, the family will prosper; when the country is destroyed, the family will perish." This is the same principle.

34. If you are not careful, you will lose everything

Brief analysis: This means that the overall situation and the local parts are inseparable. It is necessary to take into account the overall situation, and we must not ignore the impact of local connections on the whole. influence. Otherwise, local failure often leads to global failure. Another example is, "A mouse ruined a pot of porridge" also means the same thing. It can also be understood that parts sometimes play a very important role in the whole. Another example is "pulling one hair and moving the whole body."

35. The magpie announces good news and the crow announces mourning

Brief analysis: It violates the objectivity of the connection and forcibly pulls two unrelated things together to create a "connect". Another example is "Looking at each other to know your destiny", "Comet, an ominous light", "All your wishes come true", making a wish on a shooting star, etc., all fall into this category.

36. After three days of separation, you should look at each other with new eyes

Brief analysis: This means that things change and develop. You cannot look at the people and things around you with a static eye. For example, "young people are to be feared", "latecomers come first" and Han Fei's "When the world changes, things will change, and when things change, prepare for changes", etc., all include the perspective of development.

37. A single spark can start a prairie fire

Brief analysis: It shows that although new things are relatively weak at first, they conform to the development laws of objective things and have strong vitality and broad development prospects. So in the end the old thing must be defeated. Another example is, "Thousands of sails pass by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of spring trees grow in front of the diseased tree." It also metaphors that new things are invincible.

38. Do not do evil because it is small, and do not do good because it is small

Brief analysis: Explain that in the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, we must distinguish right from wrong and distinguish good from evil. , weigh the pros and cons. What is beneficial should be persevered to promote its qualitative change; what is harmful should be guarded against and slow down to prevent its transformation.

39. The blind man feels the elephant

Brief analysis: It is a metaphor that only understands the superficial and one-sided phenomenon of things, but does not understand the essence of things. Phenomenon and essence are different. Phenomenon is the surface characteristics and external connections of things, which is one-sided, changeable, and can be directly perceived by human sense organs; while essence is the relatively stable internal connections of things, the fundamental nature of things, which can only be determined by human rationality. Thinking to grasp.

40. Nothing can change without its origin

Brief analysis: It means that phenomenon and essence are closely related and inseparable. No matter how the phenomenon changes, it is still an expression of its essence.

41. To know people and faces, you must know the heart

Brief analysis: It is a metaphor that perceptual knowledge needs to be upgraded to rational knowledge. Because perceptual knowledge is only a superficial and one-sided understanding of things. Only by rising to rational knowledge can we understand the inner nature of things.

42. A blind man riding a blind horse

Brief analysis: It is a metaphor for practice without correct theoretical guidance, which is a kind of blind practice. Because a correct theory reflects the nature and laws of objective things, it has a guiding role in practice. Another example is, "Without revolutionary theory, there will be no revolutionary movement." This is the truth.

43. The brows are furrowed, and the plan comes from the heart

Brief analysis: It is a metaphor that perceptual materials can only rise to rational understanding after being processed by the human brain. Since the perceptual materials that people obtain are often a mixture of fine and rough, with true and false coexisting, separated from each other, and the outside and inside cannot be distinguished, it needs to go through an analysis and synthesis process of "removing the rough and extracting the essence, removing the false and retaining the true, moving from one to that, and from the outside to the inside" before it can be formed. Rational understanding. Another example is, "To come up with more wisdom", "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", etc., all belong to this meaning.

44. If you don’t enter the tiger’s den, how can you catch the tiger’s cubs

Brief analysis: Metaphorical practice is the source of knowledge. Human knowledge is obtained through production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiments. Without practice, knowledge becomes water without a source and a tree without roots.

Another example is, "Truth is priceless and can be found through practice", "One sight is worth less than a hundred hearings, and one action is worth less than a hundred views", "There is no acquaintance without fighting", etc. These are all based on this truth.

45. When the book is used, you will regret it less

Brief analysis: It is said that practice is the driving force for the development of knowledge. People will discover the deficiencies of their knowledge only in practice, thus motivating themselves to continuously pursue knowledge, expand their horizons, and deepen their understanding. As Engels said: "Once society has technical needs, this need will push science forward more than ten universities." Another example is, "Eat for a while, you will gain wisdom" and "Failure is success. The same principle applies to "the mother of learning", "learning and then realizing the deficiencies", etc.

46. Facts speak louder than words

Brief analysis: It is said that practice is the only criterion for testing the correctness of understanding. Only practice can connect knowledge with objective things, and use the objective results of practice to test whether knowledge conforms to objective reality. Another example is, "It doesn't count until it's done", "A horse's power can be seen over a long distance, and people's hearts can be seen over time", etc., which all fall into this category.

47. Everyone is a saint

Brief analysis: It means that the people are the main body of practice and the creators of human history. It not only creates material wealth, but also spiritual wealth. The idea that "heroes make things happen" is groundless. Another example is that "three cobblers are worth one Zhuge Liang", which also means the same truth.

48. A lonely goose will never survive

Brief analysis: It is a metaphor that individual practice must be combined with the practice of the masses. If a person wants to make a difference and achieve something, he must take the path of integrating with the people, otherwise, nothing will be accomplished.