Question 1. What does the book say as a whole?
The author borrows the viewpoint of materialist dialectics: material determines human consciousness; Things themselves have a structure, and people know, think and present things by discovering the structure of things. But people's thinking structure and objective things are biased. This book will use the method of "understanding, reconstructing and presenting" through structural force to improve this deviation, so that we can see and understand things more comprehensively and clearly from the perspective of structure and effectively improve the quality of thinking.
Or simply summarize: how to recognize, understand, reconstruct and present things in a structured way.
Question 2. What did the author say in detail? what did you say ?
Seeing the world through structure: the art of thinking with insight into essence is divided into three parts from the structure:
Part I: Concept. The principle, theoretical basis and model of structural thinking power are emphatically introduced. This paper expounds things (the structure of objects), people's understanding methods of things and their defects. Because there is a deviation between people's thinking structure and objective things, it is necessary to continuously reduce this deviation, and the structural force thinking model can help us achieve it.
Part II: Methods. Three-level model of structural thinking ability.
Understanding: the expression of implicit thinking. Be aware of the existence of the thinking structure of yourself and others, and then evaluate whether this thinking structure conforms to the current objective environment;
Reconstruction: showing the structure of thinking. When the existing thinking structure can't meet the objective environment, we need to rebuild a suitable thinking structure for the immediate problem or decision.
Statement: visualization of structural thinking. When we have reconstructed a new thinking structure, we need to present the existing thinking structure in a visual way, so that we and the other party can understand it more intuitively. )
Part III: Application. The main applications are structured expression, problem analysis and meeting understanding. When I have a plan, I want to make it clear; When there is no plan, find a plan and explain it clearly; Help the team find solutions and explain them.
Question 3. Is this book meaningful? Is it all meaningful or part of it?
What is more recognized is that the author understands the structural expression from the perspective of object, subject and presentation as a whole, so that readers can constantly adjust their cognitive structure from a global perspective.
The author not only provides the theory and tells the method of how to drive, just as it provides the driving ability of CPU and its operation method. It is very good for readers to understand, learn and get used to this method, which is similar to the CPU function of a computer. It drives people to think like drivers instead of storing some knowledge like memories. Everyone's bottom thinking is the driving force, which can drive your thinking to change, and the author also provides such driving force.
The author's book is well-structured and illustrated, which will make readers much more relaxed. The structure of the book is a whole, divided into different modules, so readers should not only understand the details, but also understand the significance of the details to the whole.
Of course, the limitation of this book lies in action, because thinking is abstract; Just provide a CPU. As for how to drive it, you still have to understand and cultivate it yourself. For example, if you know the structure of things, how to analyze and understand the structure of things is another matter. Because the logical starting point of this book is the cognitive view of Marxist philosophy, based on cognitive psychology, psychological cognitive process, guiguzi and other theories, all the limitations of this writing theory will also have certain problems, but it is very perfect compared with most books, because these methods and theories are relatively perfect at present.
Question 4. What does this book have to do with you?
Cultivate and improve the ability to know, understand, think and present things (objects). Self-reflection, and constantly improve their structural thinking ability. Cultivate your good thinking (analysis), writing and speaking skills; I want to be smarter and improve my mind. Guiguzi has a famous saying: "Your eyes are sharp, your ears are smart, and your heart is wise. People who see the world are not invisible; He who listens with the ears of the world will hear everything; People who think with the heart of the world know everything; If you go hand in hand, you can't stop. "
Concept chapter: Three elements of "seeing the world through structure": concrete things (natural things), thinking ability (subject) and thinking mode (thinking tools).
1. It is easier to grasp the essence through structure.
"Structuralism" determines the essence of things. Structure makes things organic. (system) The big one has no outside and the small one has no inside. This structure exists not only in the object, but also in the society and people's thinking. But when the structure changes, the nature of things will change. The scientific research method is to determine the research object first and then divide it into various elements for analysis and research, quantitative comparison and qualitative analysis.
Because structure determines the essence of things, we need to understand things through its structure.
Dialectical materialist epistemology (material determines consciousness): the way to know things is practice, which means "producing perceptual knowledge through practice, then rising to rational knowledge through thinking, and then returning to practice, so as to repeatedly grasp the essence and development law of things and guide us to transform the world".
What is the structure of things?
The structure of dialectics "one divides into two": everything is a contradictory whole and can be divided; Among the two aspects of contradiction, there are primary contradiction and secondary contradiction, and the two aspects of contradiction are interrelated and transformed under certain conditions. Everything has identity and struggle, identity is conditional, struggle is unconditional, and struggle creates conditions for the identity of things.
At the same time, in the information presentation process of "structural advantage effect" in cognitive psychology research, structural information is easier to be understood, remembered and transmitted, so structural information is preferred. Structural dominance effect: word dominance effect, object dominance effect, structural superiority effect effect and letter dominance effect.
2. The thinking structure is deviated from the objective things.
Philosophy: reveals the essential relationship between the material world and subjective time, and holds that human consciousness is the reaction of objective things in the brain, and matter determines consciousness, and consciousness has a dynamic reaction to things. People's understanding has changed from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and now from rational knowledge to practice. This has deepened people's understanding and transformed the objective world.
Psychology: the mechanism of thinking. That is, how the brain reacts to things and the mechanism and process of human psychology. Both philosophy and psychology involve the essence and laws of human thinking, and one of the core issues is the mental model.
The formation of thinking structure (mental model and cognitive psychology);
Cognitive psychology: Cognition is the process of transforming, restoring, explaining, storing, recovering and utilizing the feelings produced by human brain. Cognitive psychology regards people's psychological process as a series of continuous psychological processing processes, that is, the way the brain processes information is series or scurrying; The research scope includes psychological or cognitive processes such as perception, attention, representation, learning and memory, thinking and language, as well as children's cognitive development and artificial intelligence.
The basic view of cognitive psychology is:
A. People's perception is accumulated through the stimulation of external information. Without the stimulation of external information, they will not perceive the world. People can provide stimuli to external information. Instead of passively accepting these stimuli, they can actively explore external information and repeatedly process external confidence from top to bottom, so as to travel in thoughts, consciousness and ideas. And store them in the "information base" of the brain to form memories.
C. After many times of cognition, the human brain will form a certain stimulus structure composed of several elements or components according to a certain relationship. The combination of these stimuli is a cognitive model or a mental model. Mental model can make use of the existing knowledge and experience and the information obtained at present to determine what intuitive graphics are, and it is different from other models, which is often manifested by putting intuitive graphics into corresponding categories in memory and naming them.
D. People's cognitive process of things is complex and repetitive, and they think that the cognition of attention, perception, memory and thinking is intertwined, which can push the cognition of one group of phenomena to another group. Problem solving (practice) is an important thinking activity, even the most common form of thinking activity. Behavior is caused by certain situations, and the process of applying certain cognitive operations or skill activities to solve problems according to certain goals.
Cognitive psychology and the formation of thinking structure;
Hierarchical network model (vertical concept model): concepts are stored in the concept network in the form of nodes, and each concept has certain characteristics, which is actually a concept. Various concepts are organized according to the logical hierarchical relationship, and the generic relationship between them is expressed by connecting lines, so that concepts with generic relationship form a concept network. The higher the concept level, the higher the level of abstract generalization. The features of each concept are stored in layers, that is, only the unique features of the concept are stored on the concept nodes of each layer, while the features of each concept in the same layer are stored on the concept nodes of the previous layer.
Activation diffusion model (horizontal concept model): abandon the structural hierarchy of concepts, but link concepts with semantic connection or similarity. Concepts are linked by the number of * * * identical features, and the more * * * identical features, the closer the relationship between them will be.
Thinking about structural defects:
Mental model: Our assumptions, images and stories about ourselves, others, organizations and the world around us are deeply limited by habitual thinking, fixed thinking and existing knowledge.
The basic view of mental model: the structure of mental model: the process of traveling and the response to external information stimulation, the process of making judgments and decisions. There are some defects in the mental model: A. Solidification and "image" (experience, concept, knowledge, values, etc. ) the in the mind are generally * * * nature. When external information (personality) stimulates people's minds, people's way of thinking is deductive reasoning, and they draw conclusions about individual things with existing conclusions, but individual things are different because they are inferred and have their own particularity.
B. The "image" in the solidified mind itself is biased, that is, the "standard" people use to compare things is conditional, so when they use the conditional "standard" to measure things that appear in front of them, they will naturally make different judgments on things.
C. objective things themselves are illusory.
D. objective things are always in the process of development and change. Motion is the basic attribute of things, absolute and static. How can we judge development with a fixed understanding without deviation?
Thinking structures tend to distort what we see:
A. the thinking structure is hidden and often difficult to detect. We need to be able to perceive and manifest our thinking structure in order to find out from which angles we see the world.
B. The thinking structure is often imperfect and incomplete. (Prejudice and subjective consciousness)
C. the thinking structure is difficult to change. Once the grades are very dependent, it takes a long time to intervene consciously and rationally.
3. Scientific thinking to detect and improve their thinking structure. (1) Cultivate consciousness: develop the habit of optimizing thinking structure. Change ideas, learn new knowledge, put yourself in other's shoes (from different angles),
(2) Mastering method: three-level model of structural thinking.
Understanding: the expression of implicit thinking. Be aware of the existence of the thinking structure of yourself and others, and then evaluate whether this thinking structure conforms to the current objective environment.
Reconstruction: showing the structure of thinking. When the existing thinking structure can't meet the objective environment, we need to rebuild a suitable thinking structure for the immediate problem or decision.
Statement: visualization of structural thinking. When we have reconstructed a new thinking structure, we need to present the existing thinking structure in a visual way, so that we and the other party can understand it more intuitively. )
Methods: The three-level model of structural thinking ability was analyzed.
Understanding: the expression of implicit thinking. (Look at the internal thinking structure and identify the three steps of summarizing technology)
Identification-Identify the reasons, reasons and conclusions in the information. (confirm which is the opinion and which is the conclusion/find out the reasons to support the conclusion)
Judgment-find out the corresponding relationship and draw the structure diagram.
Summary-summarize the theme in one sentence.
Reconstruction: showing the structure of thinking.
Establish a correct concept: look at the whole and the part, look at the phenomenon and the essence, look at the future and look at the present, and verify logical thinking (deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning)?
(Core) Thinking method: On: the conclusion comes first, and the evidence comes later (conclusion, reason, and the relationship between conclusion and reason), category: classification, grouping (MECE is "mutually independent and completely exhausted"), and ratio: logical progression (chronological order, structural order, and important order).
Statement: visualization of structural thinking.
"Structural compass";
"Matching" relationship: defines the relationship between elements. Sort out the flow pattern (linear diagram, flow diagram, circulation diagram and correlation diagram), dynamic action pattern (contradictory relationship, result relationship, balance relationship and hindrance relationship) and pointed out relationship pattern (parallel relationship, overlapping relationship, inclusion relationship, segmentation relationship and comparison pattern (various statistical diagrams)) of the process.
"De" icon: Select the matching icon according to the relationship.
"Upper" packaging: (simplification, analogy, quotation, integration)
Application: Look at expression through structure, problems through structure, and knowledge through structure.
Look at the expression through the structure (think clearly and explain clearly if you have a plan):
Understanding: First of all, we should describe the existing problems and preliminary solutions. (5W2H analysis method)
Reconstruction: Based on the expression goal, conceive the content structure you want to express through three aspects: theme, vertical structure and horizontal structure. The reconstruction process is demonstrated and simulated. (Determine the goal, design the preface, set the theme)
Presentation: Based on the application of "structural compass", this paper focuses on the visual expression and presentation of the scheme from the perspective of PPT presentation.
Look at the problem through the structure (when there is no solution, find the solution and explain it clearly);
Understanding: First of all, we should make clear the current situation and expectation of the problem, and find a suitable starting point to establish assumptions.
Reconstruction: decompose according to the hypothetical problem and verify the hypothesis through data collection.
Statement: Choose an appropriate way to output the results of the question.
Look at * * * through the structure (help the team find out the scheme and give an explanation):
Understanding: Make everyone's views clear.
Reconstruction: Re-classify and sort out everyone's opinions.
Presentation: presentation and achievement of visual effects.