1. Tips for memorizing common knowledge about literature

One hundred sentences for memorizing common knowledge about ancient Chinese literature

1. Pre-Qin literature

Pre-Qin literature has Two sources, realism and romance.

"The Book of Songs" is divided into 300 chapters of elegant odes that reflect reality①;

The technique keeps in mind Fu Bixing, Guan Ju, Shuo Shu and Fa Tan.

Romanticism is "Chu Ci", and the author of "Li Sao" is Qu Yuan.

There are two schools of pre-Qin prose, the "philosophers" and the historical books must be recorded in full.

Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Dharma belong to various schools of thought, and each has his own writings handed down to the world;

This can be seen in the Confucian Analects and Mencius, and the Mohist Mozi;

< p> Taoist "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi", Legalist Han Fei's famous chapter.

There are two types of historical prose, divided into "country" and "chronology";

The former is "Guoyu" and "Warring States Policy", and the latter is "Spring and Autumn" and "Zuo" pass".

2. Literature of the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

During the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, poetry achievements were relatively high:

People praised it as "the double wall of Yuefu"②, and Jian'an literature recommended it "Three Cao"; ③

The originator of pastoralism is Tao Qian, whose legacy of "picking chrysanthemums" shows integrity.

"Historical Records" is the first biographical style, known as "Li Sao without Rhyme";

Ban Gu continued Sima Yi④, and "Han Shu" made innovations in the chronology;

Jia Yixiong's essay "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty" soared into the sky with great momentum;

The second name of "Shishi" is famous for later generations, and "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring" is happy and carefree.

The popular poetry and poetry are often empty, and Zhang Heng's "Two Capitals" is like a stormy wave.

Literary criticism is also on the rise, and "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" is really superb.

Parallel prose pursues the beauty of form, while novels are still rough at first.

3. Literature of the Tang Dynasty

The peak of the Tang Dynasty was overwhelming, and the "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty" were extraordinary:

Wang Yang and Lu Luo created rhythms, rhymed poems and quatrains. Remember it all.

The romantic poet recommended Li Bai and sang "The Road to Shu is Difficult" all the way.

Realism has Du Fu, and the "three officials" and "three differences" are extraordinary.

Lotte advocated the new Yuefu, and "Pipa" and "Eternal Regret" left famous works.

The Pastoral Poetry School includes Wang Meng, Gao and Cen who sing about the border.

In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li He was so beautiful that Jia Dao "examined" it and passed it down to the world.

In the late Tang Dynasty, "Xiao Li Du" emerged; after that, it declined like dust.

Hanliu’s ancient prose is innovative, and "Afang Palace Fu" has been around for thousands of years.

The legends of the Tang Dynasty have matured, and the representative work is "The Biography of Liu Yi".

4. Song Dynasty Literature

The poetry of Song Dynasty literature can be divided into graceful and bold.

Liu Yongqin's view of Li Qingzhao is very sentimental.

Su Shi was the first to open up the Bold and Bold School, and he was "going eastward" with high spirits;

The patriotic poet Xin Qiji was high-spirited with his "gold war and iron horse".

Sansu, Wang Zeng, and Ouyang Xiu succeeded Han and Liu in writing articles;

Although Fan Gong’s works are not many, "Yueyang Tower" shines.

Lu Fangweng, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, still wanted to restore his family and country in "Shi'er";

Who has never died since ancient times? Wen Tianxiang will be remembered fondly by future generations.

The first part of the chronicle of general history, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" by Sima Guang.

A small encyclopedia of "Mengxi Bi Tan", the author Shen Kuo is famous.

5. Literature of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

There are two types of Sanqu in the Yuan Dynasty, with different numbers of minor orders and sets.

Zaju represents four great masters, and Guan Hanqing is the most successful:

The tragedy of Dou E has been passed down through the ages, and the character image is the most vivid;

The remaining three masters, Zheng Mabai⑥, also "The West Chamber" has a good reputation.

There are many fine dramas of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as "The Peach Blossom Fan" and "The Peony Pavilion".

The novels are all in chapter form, with the "Four Great Classics" being the peak.

"The Scholars" cannot be forgotten, and "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" is very popular.

There is also a short story script compiled by Feng Menglong in "Three Words".

Fang Bao founded Yao Nai, and the prose genre was called Tongcheng.

In the late Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen, a great scholar, wrote "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai" to persuade God. 2. Memorizing methods for high school classical Chinese

1. Read more. You must first read it smoothly before starting to memorize it. If you cannot read it well, your memory will be very poor.

2. Memorize based on understanding. After you understand the meaning of the classical Chinese text, try to memorize it. Memorizing it will not have much effect if you only have a partial understanding of it.

3. Develop a sense of language in classical Chinese. We must learn to integrate into the language environment of classical Chinese and eliminate the sense of strangeness and isolation from classical Chinese. The more familiar things are, the easier it is to remember them.

4. Learn to summarize the wording rules of classical Chinese and carefully understand the sentence structure characteristics of classical Chinese. The words and sentences used in classical Chinese have their own unique characteristics, and these unique sentence patterns and wording methods are often difficult to memorize. Being familiar with these characteristics is of great help in memorizing classical Chinese.

6. If you can develop a strong interest in classical Chinese, you can get twice the result with half the effort.

In short, learning classical Chinese cannot be expected to be achieved overnight. We can only slowly grasp and summarize its characteristics, and the effect may not be obvious at the beginning. However, if you can persevere, many obstacles to memorizing classical Chinese will be eliminated, and memorization will become simpler. 3. Find some ways to memorize classical Chinese texts quickly

Classical Chinese texts are what middle school students spend the most time studying, spend the most time on, and memorize classical Chinese texts that make their minds go crazy. However, they make the most mistakes in exams. It is still classical Chinese, and the most difficult thing to apply is classical Chinese, which shows the low efficiency of learning classical Chinese.

The classical Chinese exams are becoming more and more important year by year, and the scores are getting bigger and bigger. Facing the study of classical Chinese, students are a little discouraged, shaking their heads and sighing, not knowing what to do. The "Chinese Curriculum Standards" mention: reading simple classical Chinese, being able to understand the meaning of words and sentences and understand the content of the article with the help of annotations and reference books.

Recite ancient poetry and classical Chinese, and recite a certain number of famous works. In teaching practice, using the "Course" as the model, taking the examination as the outline, independent learning as the longitude, and reading to expand and stimulate interest as the weft, good results have been achieved.

The methods to stimulate interest are as follows: 1. Reciting catchy words improves memory efficiency. Reciting is reading with sound. Reciting is a means of perceiving classical Chinese. Zhu Ziqing said: "Reciting is not only important for what is gained from inquiry. You can understand it rationally and experience it intimately. Unknowingly, the content and principles become your own. ”

Practice has proved that students can understand and appreciate the rich connotation of classical Chinese. To the extent beyond the rhyme, you can get the beauty that the words are exhaustive and the meaning is endless. "Read three hundred Tang poems by heart, and you can recite them even if you don't know how to compose them." "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will be apparent to you." Language is not a silent character. To learn Chinese, you must recite it.

Filled with the sweet sound of reading, the classical Chinese is given life and vitality while reading. There are various methods: reading to music, group reading, individual reading, pair reading, male and female reading, group reading, performance reading, multiple people reading alternately, regular speed reading, fast reading, slow reading, soft reading, and loud reading Reading, competition reading, relay reading, imitation reading, time-limited reading, self-selected reading, etc., students read vividly, with interest, shaking their heads, narcissistically, and being infected. They read with emotion, interest, and reason. , read to think, read to learn, and comprehend the fun of learning classical Chinese while reading, and also realize the true charm of learning Chinese.

Many times, my students and I are intoxicated by the sound of books and forget that they are obscure classical Chinese texts. The beautiful melody of the reading constitutes a beautiful scenery on the campus.

2. Try to segment sentences into paragraphs, and it is endless fun to learn. Classical Chinese is far from our current environment, and the ancients did not segment sentences into paragraphs at that time. In recent years, I have attached great importance to the punctuation of classical Chinese in exams, and I have increased my training in this aspect in class.

After the students have read it several times for the first time, distribute the original text without punctuation and segmentation marks to the students, and let the students try to punctuate and segment the text based on their perception and understanding, and then Compare the similarities and differences with the punctuation and segmentation of the text, and as long as the words are reasonable, the students' own thinking results can be retained.

For example, when punctuating "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring", some students segmented the sentence "There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry and bamboo" into "There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry and bamboo belong". Compared with the fragmentation in the text, this student's fragmentation makes sense. It is also reasonable, and it can be seen that the students are thinking with their brains, pondering on their own, and understand the classical Chinese.

I strongly praised this student's independent thinking, not superstitious about books, teachers, and authority, and dared to express his own opinions. This learning method avoids the teacher's forced instruction in the whole class and the students' rote memorization. It gives students space to think, cherishes the students' unique feelings, experiences and understandings, and changes "I want to learn" to "I want to learn."

2. Independent reading and communication to strengthen appreciation ability. The "Chinese Curriculum Standards" point out that reading is an important way to collect and process information, understand the world, develop thinking, and obtain aesthetic experience. Reading teaching is a process of dialogue between students, teachers, and texts.

Reading is a student's personal behavior. Only by ensuring the student's dominant position with the student as the center and allowing students to become the masters of reading can "independent reading ability" be formed. Communication is the collision and divergence of students' thinking. During the communication, the issues become clearer and clearer, and the enthusiasm for learning is also high.

The teacher’s analysis should be replaced by students’ independent reading. To enable students to have the ability to interpret texts correctly and creatively such as overall perception, experience of emotions, and grasp of ideas.

The study of classical Chinese especially requires students’ independent reading. I teach students the steps of learning: combine the explanation of the materials, understand the sentences word by word, outline the words and sentences that cannot be understood, and set aside time in class. Let students communicate, solve problems with each other, and then raise difficult points and raise them openly in class. Students can answer as much as possible and let students express themselves as much as possible. If they really can't be solved, I will give them guidance and guidance. The students have gained a lot, which has changed the past. The teaching situation is a one-way activity that makes students feel drowsy and drowsy. Teachers and students find it boring. Teachers impart the knowledge that students want to acquire. Students' learning is transformed into learning for themselves, and they learn to ask and solve problems by themselves during learning.

In the communication, I also exercised my courage and showed my style. 3. Use multimedia to expand the learning environment. In the study of classical Chinese, supplement with picture imagination to broaden the image space; supplement with music taste to beautify the content and artistic conception; supplement with sound, color and shadow to open up the space of imagination.

I often make my own teaching courseware and download courseware from the Internet, so that students can enjoy the beautiful pictures and pleasant music with their senses, edifying and infecting students with beauty, so as to quickly understand the content and deepen their memory. , enhance awareness and drive enthusiasm for learning. For example, in the lesson "Wolf", the text is very long, but the students can recite it after finishing the lesson. I played the self-made courseware with music and pictures to read aloud. The students' attention was concentrated, their interest was high, and the recitation task was easily completed.

Multimedia is supplemented in classical Chinese teaching, which can turn words into images, machinery into vividness, difficulties into ease, and complexity into simplicity. 4. Comparative Appreciative Reading Enhances Comprehension Function Only by comparison can we distinguish, learn from comparison, think from comparison, and understand from comparison.

When studying "The Theory of Love of the Lotus", in order to better understand the image of the lotus, I quoted Li Yu's "Flowers of Leisure and Interesting Lotus". The two texts were read together, making it easy for students to understand. When studying "Mountain City", I introduced modern scientific knowledge of mirages for comparison, and the students quickly understood the scenes in "Mountain City".

5. The power of reporting and demonstration of learning methods is endless. In classical Chinese teaching, I pay more attention to the guidance of methods, and the introduction of methods is not just done by me. I let students who have learned methods exchange their experiences and enhance their confidence. . 4. How to memorize ancient Chinese texts quickly

Day 1: Specializing in memorizing and reciting classical Chinese texts from dictation requires memorizing and dictating many passages. Taking the H version as an example, there are 19 ancient texts (including "Seven-step Poetry" and "Ancient Poetry". "Three"), 32 ancient poems, students can basically recite them, but it is not so easy to do it without omitting words, adding words, changing words, reversing word order, and making typos, let alone correcting some. Comprehensive memory of sentences.

Therefore, only by being meticulous and accurate in dictation, word for word, deep understanding, and flexible application can we meet the requirements of the high school entrance examination. Step one: read it out loud.

Reciting is indeed a good way to memorize. In your own little world, you might as well recite ancient texts and poems aloud, and recite each article more than five times in a row. On the one hand, reciting can strengthen your familiarity with the article, and on the other hand, recitation can strengthen your familiarity with the article. On the one hand, as the number of readings increases, the understanding of the content of the article will gradually be deepened, that is, one's own perception and experience of the article, and a deeper understanding of the author's purpose of writing this article. This is what the ancients said: "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will appear by itself."

In addition, as the reading progresses, you will understand the meaning of each sentence better. For some students, after reading a sentence of ancient Chinese, the meaning of the sentence will immediately appear in front of their eyes. It is the result of being quite familiar with ancient Chinese. If this step is done well, it will also lay a good foundation for the translation of the following sentences. Step 2: Recite aloud.

Based on the previous reading aloud, you can now completely put aside the book and recite aloud. Recite each article more than five times in a row. You will find that you are a little stiff in the first and second times. By the third or fourth time, you are already quite fluent. By the fifth or sixth time, you have fully mastered the entire text, and there will be no missing words, added words, or word order reversal. At this time, it will be difficult for you to memorize mistakes. . Among these two steps, speaking out is the key, because reading out the sound is a repetition of the person's memory function, which can have the dual effect of memorizing it silently in the mind, and speaking out also allows students to discover and check their own memory at any time. mistake.

Especially for some students whose recitation accuracy is not high, reciting aloud is the best way to solve the problem. The third step: After memorizing the article, ensure the accuracy of the words.

At this time, you can pick up the book again, read line by line, and practice the words that are easy to make mistakes a few times to ensure that you do not change the words or write typos. This step is the finishing work. If If you don’t do it well, all your previous efforts will be wasted, so take it seriously. Step 4: Outline the famous aphorisms of each ancient article and poem (such as "Be worried about the world's worries first, and be happy after the world's happiness", etc.), and reveal the key sentences of the theme and center (such as "This is a shabby room, "Only I am virtuous", etc.), sentences describing the landscape environment (such as "green trees and green vines, swaying draperies, scattered and scattered", etc.) and sentences expressing the author's mood (such as "the soul is cold and the bones are cold, the melancholy is deep", etc. ).

Focus on memorizing these sentences and understand their role in the text in order to prepare for comprehension memory. Step 5: Do some comprehension recitation questions, carefully chew on the requirements of the questions, grasp the key words to think about what to answer, and pay attention to the possibility of making some subtle changes when answering the questions.

For example, "The sentence of the reason why Lord Anling rejected the King of Qin's request to relocate" and "The sentence of why Tang Ju rejected the King of Qin's request to relocate" are different, and it is easy for students to confuse them. This question should be answered with the word "reason". The answer should be "I received the land from the previous king and I am willing to keep it forever, but I dare not change it" and "Mr. Anling received the land from the previous king and guarded it. Although I have traveled thousands of miles, I dare not change it. How can I "Five hundred miles straight", other words are not reasons, so they should not be written.

Step 6: Comprehensive recitation of a certain ancient article or poem is relatively simple to understand; but it is much more difficult to search for sentences that meet the requirements of the question in all the articles you have learned. . This can only require students to accumulate more and comprehend more, such as accumulating some sentences describing landscapes, cruelty of war, peace-loving, leisurely and contented mood, natural environment, friendship, etc., classify them, and consciously gradually expand your collection When answering the question, you can think about a few more verses, and then choose the sentence that best meets the requirements of the question to ensure that you are foolproof.

In addition, developing a good habit of accumulating poems is also one of the necessary tasks to form your solid cultural accumulation. At the same time, these poems can also be quoted in writing to add color to the article. Day 2: Mastering the content words of classical Chinese. The content words of classical Chinese have always been the easier part to score in the classical Chinese exam. Some students have mastered most of the content words, but they will still compromise on accuracy. You might as well organize them lesson by lesson. To summarize.

First, sort out some special content words: Tongjiazi, typical ancient and modern synonyms, inflections of parts of speech and polysemy. This sorting will firstly broaden your thinking and improve your migration ability, and secondly, you will have a solid grasp of it. Deep memory. Secondly, sort out some non-special but important content words: content words that are still vital and still used in modern Chinese and content words in the notes below the book.

The organization of this part is very important, because the mastery of content words is not only necessary for reading classical Chinese in class, but also necessary for reading extracurricular classical Chinese. Only by having a solid grasp of the exact meaning of each content word and understanding It is a word with multiple meanings, so that our sense of literary language will gradually form, so that we can draw inferences when reading extracurricular classical Chinese, and lay a solid foundation for further classical Chinese study in high school in the future. In addition, it is worth mentioning that when sorting out the explanations of content words, you must follow the notes in the textbook and never be ambiguous.

Day Three: Translation of Classical Chinese Sentences The translation of classical Chinese sentences is actually based on the understanding of the entire article, so when I read the article aloud on the first day, I laid a good foundation for sentence translation. the basis of. At the same time, sentence translation must pay special attention to the understanding of key content words in the sentence, so the content word sorting on the second day lays another foundation for it, so sentence translation becomes much easier.

On the basis of a comprehensive translation of the text, students may wish to focus on sorting out these classical Chinese sentences one lesson at a time: First, sort out the famous aphorisms in the text and the key sentences that reflect the central theme. Secondly, sort out the sentences with sentence structure changes in the text, such as inverted sentences and omitted sentences.

Thirdly, sort out the sentences that contain content words with multiple meanings and inflected parts of speech. Finally, sort out sentences with fixed and common formats in the text.

It is worth mentioning that sentence translation is based on mastering the content words of classical Chinese. If you understand the meaning of several key content words in the sentence, this sentence. 5. How to memorize classical Chinese quickly

Modern teaching theory believes that teaching methods include the teacher’s teaching method and the student’s learning method. The two should be organically unified, and “teaching is so that there is no need to teach” ( Ye Shengtaoyu). Teachers' teaching serves students' learning, and the fundamental purpose of teachers is to teach students to learn. Fundamentally speaking, classical Chinese teaching is essentially to guide students to read classical Chinese. Therefore, the reform of classical Chinese teaching methods is to explore or create scientific and efficient reading methods. Here, based on my own teaching practice, I will introduce to you a relatively practical and programmed reading method for classical Chinese - the five-step reading method.

1. Pre-reading The main goals are: to read the pronunciation of words accurately, to pause accurately, to grasp the rhythm; to understand the common sense about the author's works; to grasp the basic content of the article as a whole. The specific methods are: (1) Consult the reference book and combine the notes to phoneticize new words and characters. (2) Read the text clearly and accurately based on the teacher’s model reading or text recording. (3) Combine the text annotations and Chinese reference books to understand common knowledge about the writers’ works. (4) Use preview tips or self-reading tips to understand the text as a whole. (5) Grasp the basic content and stylistic features of the article by solving problems and reading the full text.

2. Copying and reading The main goals are: to be familiar with the text, to self-study if you have any doubts, and to clarify the key points and difficulties of learning. The specific methods are: (1) Outline or copy new words and famous sayings in the text. (2) Underline or copy difficult sentences in the text. (3) Record the difficult questions that arise when reading the text. (4) Read or excerpt (or make a summary or table of contents) auxiliary materials related to the text. (5) Combine the unit study summary, text preview tips, thinking and exercises to determine the learning points and difficulties.

3. Interpretation The main goal is to specifically perceive the content of the text through language analysis and grasp the author's views, attitudes or ideological tendencies expressed in the article. The specific methods are: (1) Combined with the context, deeply understand the meaning of difficult words and sentences from the sentence structure and context. (2) Use common sense of ancient Chinese to specifically analyze the special linguistic phenomena in the text. (3) Translate (can be oral or written) texts or text fragments in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the article as a whole. (4) Classroom special discussions, implement key and difficult points, and analyze and answer language training questions in the "Thinking and Practice" after class.

4. Appreciative Reading The main goal is to conduct literary and aesthetic appreciation reading of articles in terms of ideological content, organizational structure, expression techniques, language arts, artistic style, etc. The specific methods are: (1) Starting from the stylistic characteristics, generally grasp the basic characteristics of the article as a "type". (2) Comparative reading, analyzing the specific characteristics of the article and the author’s artistic personality in terms of content and form. (3) Guide students to review literature and write short Chinese essays on important content words, function words and grammatical issues to consolidate the knowledge they have learned and strengthen their ability training.

5. Recitation The main goals are: to deepen understanding, strengthen memory, enrich language, accumulate materials, train language sense, and cultivate quality. The specific methods are: (1) On the basis of understanding, read aloud repeatedly, and strive to read it well. (2) Read aloud for taste, recite famous articles, paragraphs and sentences, and memorize them accurately. (3) Expand reading, study materials related to the article, and expand knowledge to achieve a more comprehensive and profound understanding of the text. (4) Organize study notes and write study summaries to highlight key points and difficulties. (5) Guide the writing of post-reading reflections or ideological comments in order to cultivate sentiment. 6. How to take notes on high school Chinese classical knowledge

When learning classical Chinese, the best way to take notes is to ask students to write their notes directly Write it down in the textbook, but the notes should be close to the content. Doing so can not only help students understand the text content and classical Chinese knowledge more thoroughly, but also facilitate systematic reading. Because when reading the text, you can review the knowledge points of classical Chinese in your brain. To this end, teachers should teach students a set of note-taking symbols, allowing students to use symbols such as straight lines, curves, wavy lines, polylines, circles, black dots, brackets, triangles, boxes, etc. to express the basic knowledge of classical Chinese with blue pens or blue pens respectively. Marked with a red pen. In this way, the same type of knowledge is marked with the same symbols, forming a complete symbol system. Obviously, this can not only save time in taking notes, but also make the textbook tidy and make it easier to summarize after class. Not only that, it is also very convenient for classmates to borrow textbooks to make up for notes.

During teaching, teachers can use the following methods to guide students to use agreed symbols to mark the corresponding basic knowledge of classical Chinese.

1. Key classical Chinese content words are marked with a single straight line, and key classical Chinese function words are marked with a single wavy line. If a word has multiple meanings, a subscript must be added. The specific meaning of the word may or may not be noted below, because the text annotation Generally there will be. By doing this, you will highlight the thoughts or usages that you did not pay attention to, and you will have one more time to think about it when reviewing, and your memory will be deeper. It is worth noting that regarding the meaning and usage of key words, students can bet on the symbols or not according to their own knowledge, but the symbols must be present. For example: (1) Qin is greedy and loses his power.

Rely on, rely on

(2) I am sincerely afraid that I will deceive the king and lose Zhao.

Let me down, I'm sorry

2. Circle the word "tongjia" in a circle and write the word "tongjia" and its meaning in the margin. For example:

I am willing to enter the Qin Dynasty with Bixi.

Peng

3. The synonyms of ancient and modern words are framed in a box, and the ancient meaning is noted below, but the modern meaning is not noted. For example:

Become your superior.

Grant official position

Hope to adopt