First of all, the content of the composition should be meaningful.
The most important thing in writing an article is that it has substance in words and concrete content, and it is forbidden to make things out of nothing and talk empty words.
Although the composition requires "conciseness", it is essential to have substance in words and practical content.
Narration is always explaining some truth, which is always included in the development of things. Without a specific description of the development process of things, the explained truth can only be empty; Remember people, always explain what kind of personality this person is and what kind of qualities he has, and these are always inseparable from what this person has done and how to do it. Without the introduction of specific cases and the specific description of the appearance and heart of the characters, the impression left by the written characters can only be vague and not specific; When writing about landscapes, people are always expressing their thoughts and feelings. People's feelings will not fall from the world for no reason, and they are always inseparable from specific landscapes and tangible things. The so-called "touching the scene and feeling", "thinking about people when seeing things" and "expressing feelings by taking advantage of the scene" is the truth. If there is no description of specific scenery and real things in the composition, the feelings expressed in the article are just empty moans.
Empty words have no power. Simple narration, but also pay attention to the specific content, so as to be short and not empty, short and pithy.
Second, the composition should have true feelings.
When writing an article, you must have real feelings and express your inner feelings. With true feelings, the articles written will be vivid and touching.
The real thing can be real; True feelings can only be given up; True feelings are the soul of the article. Therefore, if you want to write a high-quality composition, you must choose something with true feelings to write, write your own true feelings, and never make it up.
Third, the composition should have a clear center.
In writing, you should be aware of how to make your attitude and position on things like, rather than specious and ambiguous, and clearly express your love and hate; What are the pros and cons; Praise what. Criticize what and so on. Never write a composition where you want to write; Either it is dragging its feet, saying nothing, or even appearing inconsistent.
Fourth, the composition should be organized.
Whether it is writing people's notes or writing about scenery, it should be clear and organized. Take writing a thing for example. Everything has a process of happening, developing and ending. So before you start writing, you must think about what to write first, then what to write, and finally what to write; You can't mess things up, so make one thing clear.
Therefore, when writing, we should strive for an outline, ideas and levels. Only in this way can the article be coherent.
Five, the composition should have a prominent focus
Only when the details are appropriate, the focus is clear and the focus is prominent can the center be expressed more effectively. For example, in the composition of "remembering an interesting thing", among the three parts of the cause, process and result of the thing, the natural process part is the key, which can best express the word "interesting", so it should be written in detail.
Sixth, the composition should have a reasonable imagination.
Imagination is more important than knowledge. Imagination plays a great role in writing. A rich imagination can make the author's thinking more active, his imagination more abundant, add luster to the article and make the words gush.
Pay attention to the following points when imagining:
1 Imagination should be both reasonable and bold, originated from real life and higher than real life. This is by no means a rambling fantasy.
Imagination should be based on rich knowledge.
Imagination starts from the appearance of people, things and things in front of us, and processes and transforms them to make them become new images and make the articles more vivid.
4 imagine according to your own needs. Some articles (such as fairy tales and fables) are full of imagination, and some articles can only write a few paragraphs or even just a few imagination.
Seven, the composition should have a fluent language.
Language is the cell of composition, and cell is the foundation of life. Therefore, language is the life of composition. It can be seen that it is very necessary to express meaning in word order in the composition proposed by the new curriculum standard.
In the future life, we should pay full attention to language learning, such as accurate words and complete sentences, which are the basic requirements of language; Secondly, we should pay attention to the coordination of words, so as to make the sentence structure clear, the language fluent and clear, and avoid sick sentences; Third, we should temper vocabulary to make the language expressive.
Eight, the composition should be carefully revised.
A good composition is revised. How to modify the composition?
1 Read the full text. See whether the content is specific, the center is clear, the key points are prominent, the organization is clear, the language is fluent, and the imagination is reasonable.
2 Look at the words. Modifying an article is not just modifying a sentence or a paragraph, but also paying attention to the small number of words, not losing words, not writing typos, and even carefully checking whether a punctuation mark is used properly.
Invite someone else to see it. "the authorities are fascinated, and the onlookers are clear." Others can often find problems in your composition that they can't. We should not be ashamed to ask for advice because we are complacent or afraid of jokes from others, and lose an opportunity to improve our composition.
4 Read it again and again by yourself. Words are never tired of changing, and words are ever changing. Only by reading and revising repeatedly, so that your composition can stand the test of all aspects, can you achieve the degree of both literary quality and beauty.
Lecture 2 Learn to observe
Life is an inexhaustible source of writing. Only by learning to observe can we look at all kinds of things around us carefully, clearly, comprehensively and thoroughly, and we can have a complete, concrete and vivid impression of things.
How to improve observation ability?
1 Keep your interest in observation and get into the habit of observation. Interest is the best teacher. Paying attention to the flowers and trees around us, the lightning storm in nature, and people's words and deeds can not only make us feel the richness of life, but also stimulate the emotion of loving life, cultivate our interest in observing things and form the habit of observation.
Observe things in a certain order. There must be a certain order of observation. For example, when observing the scenery, we should pay attention to spatial order: from top to bottom, from far to near, from left to right, spatial transformation, position transfer and so on.
Capture the characteristics of things by comparison. Everything has its own characteristics. In isolation, it is a complex individual, but if two or more things are put together, we will find its similarities and differences and changes, and we can find the characteristics of things more accurately.
4. Mobilize multiple senses to improve the quality of observation. When observing things, it is not enough to look with your eyes. If possible, you should touch, smell and taste them, and use a variety of sensory organs to understand the properties of things, so that you can better analyze and understand things comprehensively and accurately, thus improving the quality of observation.
Expand association and imagination, and enrich observation feelings. It can deepen the understanding of the things observed in front of us, enrich the observation feelings, and use metaphor, personification and imitation to make the image of things three-dimensional. The content of writing will be richer and more vivid.
Learn how to observe things in other people's works. "Stones from other mountains can attack jade". If we pay attention to study, try to figure out and understand other people's methods of observing and writing in our usual study, and combine our own practice and training, our observation ability will definitely improve gradually.
Lecture 3: Learn to think.
Learning to observe is the premise of understanding life, but learning to observe is not enough, because speaking and writing articles are not a photographic reflection and must be processed by the mind. Therefore, we must learn to organize, process and typeset the observed materials with thinking in order to write a composition.
1 deep thinking
Students often encounter this situation in their compositions: teachers will find it not too difficult to arrange a composition on a certain subject, and feel that there is nothing to write when writing. The crux of the problem lies in not thinking deeply about things from the outside to the inside.
In fact, we have felt many things, but we don't necessarily understand them deeply. Only by thinking deeply can we feel and express them more deeply.
2 thinking should be flexible
This often happens in composition. When we write the same composition materials ourselves, we will feel very dull and hard to imagine. But a different person can make this composition material vivid and full. What's going on here? In fact, this has much to do with the flexibility of everyone's thinking.
Things in life are always inextricably linked, so we should learn to find the material of composition from the connection of things, so that some things that don't look like writing materials can become good writing materials, so that the things described in the pen can be more concrete and visualized, and some contents that are difficult to express can be better expressed. Never be "dead set", but pay attention to training your thinking flexibility.
3 thinking should be rigorous
When writing a composition, according to the purpose of writing, we should properly choose materials, which should be written and which should not be written; Write more and write less; What to write first, then what to write, then what to write; Where to start, where to turn and where to end, you should consider comprehensively in your mind, so that your writing will be more organized and you will not be confused. Still out of touch, losing three and pulling four.
There are many ways to exercise the rigor of thinking, such as thinking before writing every composition, which is what we usually call "writing with heart", and then making an outline, and writing according to the outline when writing.
In short, we must pay attention to the training of thinking, thinking deeply, thinking flexibly and rigorously, and the articles written will be profound, novel, substantial and refined.
The fourth lesson is to learn to express.
Language is the life of composition. Without fluent, vivid and concise language, the composition cannot be well expressed. Therefore, we must work hard on the use of language.
First of all, we should study the language hard. Learn from books and others, add vivid sentences to your language library, and cultivate your good sense of language.
Second, we should pay attention to choosing words and refining sentences when writing.
The third is to "write my mouth by hand". Love is the only way to quit. Real and natural things are often beautiful and vivid, and so are words.
Fourth, think before you speak, reduce unnecessary repetition, grasp the characteristics and key points of things at once, and express the richest content in the most economical language.
In fact, the most important "magic weapon" for learning a language is to read more, speak more and practice more, accumulate more good words and sentences in the model essay, and apply them flexibly in your own composition to gradually improve your expressive ability.
Fifth, talk about the common methods of starting a composition.
There are many ways to start a composition. The teacher selected 10 common methods suitable for students' writing to make a brief introduction for your reference:
1, cut to the chase and get to the point.
At the beginning of the article, put out the things and people to write directly, so that people can make the topic clear at the beginning. If you start with this method, it will be beautiful if you describe it; If lyrical, strong feelings; If you explain it, it won't be sloppy. For example:
There are bananas outside the window: two long ones, one short one and two smallest ones. Spring has come for a long time, and I patiently wait for them to pull out banana leaves. Every morning, when I open the window, I will think of this happiness at first sight. ...
2, hand over to treat introduction, direct statement
When writing a narrative, you can explain the time, place, people, events and other elements from the beginning. Through straightforward narration, readers can understand the background of the event and have a clearer understanding of the content of the article. For example:
1959 one morning in autumn, the telephone of the principal's office of the second experimental primary school in northern suburbs rang. The old headmaster picked up the receiver. Suddenly, the good-natured hand trembled with excitement: "Ah, President Liu Shaoqi invited the teachers of our school to his home!" " "
3. Describe the scenery and render the atmosphere
At the beginning of the article, the content is not directly stated, but the atmosphere and environment are rendered by depicting the scenery and scenes related to the content of the article, which brings specific feelings-colors to the article, sets the "tone" for the article, and makes readers feel immersive, thus helping readers to deeply understand the theme and content of the article. For example:
The weather is gray, cloudy and cold. The sidewalks on both sides of Chang 'an Avenue are crowded with men, women and children, with no head in the east and no tail in the west. ...
Step 4 capture close-ups and describe them in detail
This is a common way to write a narrative about people and things, starting with the main people and things to be portrayed in the article, and capturing a certain aspect of the characters as carefully as a close-up in a movie to deepen the reader's impression. For example:
A shiny black feather, a pair of handsome and light wings and a scissors-like tail make up a lively and lovely swallow.
5. Express emotions and touch people's hearts
According to the needs of writing, the beginning of the article truly reflects and expresses the feelings to be expressed, thus arousing readers' resonance and stimulating their emotions. When you begin to express your feelings, you must feel it, but you can't feel it for the sake of words, groaning. For example:
Farewell, my dear China and my dear China! I leaned against the high railing and watched the boat gradually leave the shore, and the water surface between the boat and the shore gradually widened. ...
6. Start with a discussion, which makes people think deeply.
Explain your own views, opinions, opinions or propositions at the beginning of the article, reveal the profound meaning contained in the article, and urge readers to think deeply. The discussion at the beginning must focus on the people or things in the article, and not digress from Wan Li. For example:
It has been circulated for at least 2,000 years that "full strokes hurt, moderate gains" is a universal truth, which is applicable to anyone in any region and at any time. ...
7, clever suspense, stimulate interest
There is a clever suspense at the beginning of the article, which makes readers have an urgent desire to know the following, prompting them to "get to the bottom of it." For example:
"Knock!" Outside, there was a knock on the door from the northwest wind. Who was there? My second aunt sat up and I woke up. Is it uncle? No, they are in the army, and it will be another month before they can go home to visit their relatives. Who's that?
8, poetry introduction, smooth and natural.
In order to describe a certain thing, a certain scenery, a certain person or a certain truth, it is natural and smooth to quote poems related to that person, that thing, that scene and that truth at the beginning of the article. Proper quotation can increase the poetry of the article, attract readers and reveal the essence of the content. For example:
People say, "The Five Mountains don't look at the mountains when they return, and the Huangshan Mountain doesn't look at the mountains when they return". I also have the opportunity to come to Huangshan and enjoy its magnificent scenery. ...
9. At the beginning of words, set an example first.
The beginning of this kind of article is generally suitable for narration and writing. Instead of expanding the content step by step, the author directly describes the characters' language, so that readers can hear their voices before seeing them and have a deep impression on the characters' personality characteristics or a certain process in the progress of things. For example:
"Oh, baby, it's time to get up!" As usual, I opened my sleepy eyes. The hands of the watch are pointing to half past seven. Mother sat by the bed, stroking my head in one hand and holding the clothes I was wearing in the other. ...
10, flash back to the opening, causing memories.
Use flashback method to describe, that is, mention the end of the event or the most prominent fragment in the event to the beginning of the article, and then describe it according to the development order of the event. Using flashback can arouse readers' strong interest in reading. For example:
Alas! I am bored to death. Let's go to bed. However, as soon as I closed my eyes, what happened during the day came back to my mind. ...
The sixth lecture is the method of ending.
1, natural ending
This is a common method. Following the natural development of the things described in the article and ending with its inevitable result is simple and natural, without rhetoric and empty talk, which can make the structure of the article appear very complete. For example:
The wonderful military performance soon ended, and we left the stadium with a smile and praise.
Step 2 express your feelings
Influenced by the people, events and things written, at the end of the article, the author sticks to the content and center of the article and expresses his inner feelings with emotional sentences, which enhances the appeal of the article and touches the readers' heartstrings. For example:
Ah, my beautiful family courtyard! I am not a poet. If I were a poet, I would definitely write a poem praising you. I'm not a painter, otherwise, I'll paint you with colorful brushes and let people appreciate your charm.
3. Discuss explicit methods
Both Bai Juyi and Make the finishing point refer to this method. At the end of the article, there are profound sentences summarizing the content of the article, pointing out the center of the article and deepening readers' understanding. For example:
I often think that many initial beauties are often easily overlooked. What people desperately pursue is to add a layer of hardcover beauty, but in fact, truth is beauty without any decoration or foil, just like this beautiful morning. In fact, isn't the young flying heart a portrayal of the morning?
4. Scenery description method
The end of the article does not directly point out the theme, but naturally sets off the theme by describing the scenery. This ending is implicit and intriguing. For example:
It was already late at night when I saw Mr. Wang who insisted on going back to school. Rain, or the next non-stop; The wind is stronger; Thunder and lightning in the sky. I helped Mr. Wang walk in the rain at night. At this point, tears on my face were mixed with rain. ...
Step 5 quote famous sayings
At the end, quote famous sayings of celebrities (or poems and songs) to explain the problem, explain the point of view and be persuasive. For example:
Many things happen. Today, I can finally sing freely on the beacon tower of the Great Wall. I deeply understand that this song is earned by sweat! Or Edison put it well: "Genius is 99% sweat and 1% inspiration."
6. Leading peak protruding type
According to the narrative order, explain the reason and process first, and suddenly explain the unexpected results at the end, which makes people shine at the moment and leave a deep impression. For example:
Mrs. Frais was so moved that she shook the good man's hand and said, "Alas! My poor Mathilde! But my hanging is fake, worth 500 francs at most! "Mo Bosang's" necklace "
7, head-to-tail echo method
The end and the beginning of the article echo each other, making the article closely structured and the theme prominent. This ending is very common and easy to master. For example:
Beginning: If someone asks me, "Who do you admire most in the world?"
I will proudly answer: "I admire my father the most."
End: Dad, I admire your knowledge, but I admire your "stupidity" even more. I want to be an upright person like you when I grow up!
8. Sublimation theme method
At the end of the article, the contents written are refined, and sentences with universal and philosophical significance are summarized, thus improving the conception of the article. For example:
Yes, in our increasingly powerful socialist motherland, there is more than one happy family, so what happened in the family is not just this one?
9. Method of ending the problem
Interrogative questions can be divided into questions and rhetorical questions. If we can use the questions properly at the end, we can enhance the language potential and make people think. For example:
I sympathize with my father and want to protect my mother. But what can I say? Think about it, or do something practical! So I began to clear the table. I thought: Isn't there a beautiful life waiting for us ahead?
10 fictional situational method
According to the needs of the content development and theme expression of the article, a reasonable imagination that is not limited by objective truth is developed at the end, and a vivid, bizarre, beautiful and moving scene is fictional. If this ending is used properly, it can greatly improve the appeal of the article. For example:
Listen, listen, I see a colorful picture in front of me. I seem to see red maple leaves, white snow, bonfires in the mountains, and campus paths ... I seem to see myself walking happily in them wearing the school emblem. Oh, I wish I could grow up soon!