Elliptical seals are called seals, some of which belong to the author, and some belong to collectors or appreciators.

Stamping refers to the last key step that a painting and calligraphy work is about to complete. However, it is also very particular. If you arrange a seal on the work that conforms to the layout and style of the picture, it will make the finishing touch to the painting and calligraphy works. On the contrary, it will destroy the coordination of the whole picture layout, thus reducing the overall quality of calligraphy and painting works. Calligraphy is dominated by black and white, and a little scarlet is broken, which visually fills the regret of loneliness and joy. In the long history of the development of calligraphy and painting, seals have become an indispensable aesthetic effect and an indispensable part. If the work is not printed in the end, there seems to be something unfinished or rebuilt, and there is no satisfactory explanation.

For more information about installation, see the following:

Mounting, also known as "mounting", "mounting pool" and "mounting back", is a unique technology to beautify and protect calligraphy and paintings and inscriptions in China.

Mounting is also an art.

As the saying goes, three-point painting and seven-point mounting show the importance of mounting. Once the painting and calligraphy are mounted, they have the feeling of Mo Miao and become a complete work, which makes people feel happy. The method is to mount the back of the painting and calligraphy works with paper support, then wrap them with silk, silk and paper, then support them, and then install them into axes or layouts. The finished product can be divided into roll, shaft, book and sheet according to its shape. The mounted calligraphy and paintings and inscriptions are easy to collect and decorate. A Record of Mounting in the Ming Dynasty, A Corner by Tu Xixue in the Qing Dynasty, An Introduction to Painting and Calligraphy Mounting in China by Feng in Modern Times and Painting and Calligraphy Mounting in China by Du Zixiong; They are all specialized works that systematically discuss painting and calligraphy mounting. Xuanhe decoration: also known as "Song-style mounting". It is a painting and calligraphy mounting form collected by Huizong (Evonne) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Named after the year number of Xuanhe, Hui Zong (A.D.119-1125). This style is the most complicated one of the mounting strips. For example, Ivy Leung's "Lu Xue Tu Juan" in the Palace Museum uses silk, yellow silk on the back of petals, and white Song stationery at last. The painting itself takes five paragraphs. Also stamped with the seal of the inner government collection according to a certain format. Wuzhuang: Suzhou and Yangzhou have been mounted for hundreds of years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, connecting the past and the future, and are famous throughout the country. The history is called Wuzhuang. Its mounting parts are flat and soft, the mosaic color is quiet, the assembly is cut and pasted, and the old one is well adjusted. "Decoration Chronicle" said: "Zhou Wang has an eye, and his family has many treasures and secrets, so he studies decoration." In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin's Shao Baoshan House Pen Collection had the best Wu clothes, but it was also common in other places. Highly praised. Red gang: a form of frame. Before liberation, Suzhou, Yangzhou and Shanghai had a red and white vertical axis couplet, which was specially used for weddings, funerals and celebrations. It's called "Red Gang". Hanging list: Before liberation, Shanghai, Suzhou and Yangzhou had a special mounting for ordinary calligraphy and painting, called hanging list. Monochrome mounting: that is, the mounting material uses one color. This depends on the ratio of the length of the painting core to the length of the painting. Generally, if the mosaic length does not exceed the length of the painting core, it can be inlaid in one color. For example, a three-foot painting core with a three-foot mosaic can be mounted on a six-foot vertical shaft, and only one color can be used. In the application of mosaic color, the purpose is to highlight the painting meaning of the painting core, and the principle is beautiful and generous. Two-color mounting: Two-color mounting is to embed the gongs with appropriate colors, and the remaining length is not enough, and then use black and heavy inlay to connect with the heavens and the earth and install the required length. If the core is two feet long, if the frame is about six feet long, it needs to be inlaid with four feet, so that only one color is used, and the length of the inlay is twice as long as that of the core, which has the side effect of being a guest in the hall. At the same time, it looks monotonous. This can be installed in two colors. That is, up and down circles, plus heaven and earth. Three-color mounting: Three-color mounting is a boundary between circle and heaven and earth. Its side width can be determined according to the size of the frame, or three inches, or two inches, or one inch and five minutes. The color of the circle should be lighter, the sky and the ground should be deeper, and the boundary should not be too deep or too shallow. The colors of this picture are in harmony. And it has a gentle, gentle and solemn taste. But the colors of circle, boundary and heaven and earth should not be too similar, and they should have a sense of rhythm. Avoid, occupational diseases are dark in color and light in color, which will make readers feel empty. Antique Mounting Pool: Before liberation, Suzhou, Shanghai and Yangzhou were called mounting art, which specially mounted precious paintings and calligraphy for famous painters and collectors, and was called "Antique Mounting Pool". Amazing Swallow: Also known as "Ribbon", it was only at the top of the painting at first. Swallows fly close to the picture, and two ribbons flutter naturally, which can scare the swallows away. Later, when used for decoration, these two belts were fixed on the ceiling. The width of the ribbon can be determined according to the width of the painting. For example, for a two-foot wide mounting, a six-point wide ribbon is more suitable. The material used is the same as that of the partition. Its length is the same as zenith, but it should not be too thick, which will make the painting uneven. If the barrier is made of silk and there are patterns on the silk, you should pay attention to the integrity of the patterns when stabbing the ribbon. Nowadays, Japanese costumes also use movable streamers to disturb the perched rope swallows to protect paintings and calligraphy. Therefore, it is also called "flying by surprise" to beautify, protect and restore ancient and modern calligraphy and painting works with all kinds of silk. Paintings and calligraphy made on rice paper and silk are often wrinkled and fragile due to the colloidal effect of ink color, which is not convenient for viewing, circulation and collection. Only by mounting the painting heart to make it flat, and then matching it with corresponding silk according to its color shade, composition complexity and frame width, can we mount it into various forms of frames, which will enrich the pen and ink and color and increase the artistry of the works. Evolution painting and calligraphy mounting has a long history in China. As early as the Warring States period, there were silk paintings and books, and there were mounting paintings in the Western Han Dynasty. For example, the upper end of the silk painting unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province is equipped with flat wooden strips tied with silk ropes, and both ends of the wooden strips are also tied with streamers. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, paintings and calligraphy were mounted on red axis green paper. Famous jockeys include Ye Fan, Xu Ai, Chao Shangzhi and others. Calligrapher Yu □ also wrote framed works. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that brocade was used for painting and calligraphy, and its style was magnificent, resulting in many masters. Zhang Yanyuan set up a chapter on "Mounting with an Axe on His Back" in Records of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties, and discussed mounting matters. Because of the prosperity of calligraphy and painting in Song Dynasty, mounting has also achieved unprecedented development. Silk is used as mounting material, and mounting styles are rich and colorful. During the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty, most of the mounting was based on a picture with a bounded top and bottom, without silk edges, and was framed with ancient silk of the Zhou Dynasty, which was called Xuanhe mounting. At this time, the painter Mi Fei was also good at mounting, and wrote a paper "On Appreciation of Mounted Ancient Paintings", which made great achievements. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court set up a special organization to manage framed paintings and calligraphy. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of literati painting, mounting with plain silk or light silk as mounting materials has gradually increased. Regional mounting centers have emerged, and the mounted paintings and calligraphy have local characteristics because of the different colors, operation methods and mounting forms of silk, such as Beijing (Beijing) mounting and Jiangsu (Jiangsu) mounting. Zhou Jia in the Ming Dynasty wrote a book "Shi Lu", which discussed the subtlety and multiplicity of human beings. In addition, China's painting and calligraphy mounting technology also spread to Japan and North Korea, forming its own unique style.

Tools and materials Mounting calligraphy and painting requires complete tools and materials. Tools mainly include: ① Studio, which requires bright ventilation and worry-free. (2) The counter is made of solid wood and covered with vermilion paint to make it smooth. (3) There are two kinds of large walls or walls, wooden walls and paper walls. The former is suitable for humid climate, while the latter is mostly used in dry places. Smooth and bright is required. (4) Cutter, used for cutting paper, silk, twill, brocade and other materials, digging and matching, centering and hole filling. Its blade is sharp and straight, horseshoe-shaped, also known as horseshoe knife. ⑤ Chopping board, which is used for cutting sleeping mats, is made of basswood, ginkgo wood or willow wood with straight and thin lines. 6. Cutting ruler, used as a ruler when cutting painting materials, made of nanmu and Cunninghamia lanceolata. ⑦ Brown brush, made of tree palm, is divided into south and north, the former is small and thin, and the latter is big and thick. ⑧ Combination pen, which is composed of several or even more than 20 wool rings in parallel, is used for brushing paste. Pet-name ruby bamboo, bamboo as material, sword-shaped, thin and smooth front, semi-circular top, thick back. Attending needle cone, used for puncture, flanging, hair removal, etc. Stone pressing is used to grind and paint the back, thin and smooth pebbles. In addition, there are pulp oil paper, water oil paper and so on. The main materials are: ① paper, mostly raw rice paper, is generally used to support painting heart, silk or back. (2) Silk, a plain fabric, is made of silk and has different thicknesses. (3) Silk, also woven from silk, weaves various patterns, which are mostly used for framing ceilings, fields, water barriers, etc. (4) Brocade and silk fabrics are mostly two-way continuous or four-way continuous patterns. It is often used as the head of handmade noodles, the cover of picture books, the eyebrows and borders of scrolls. ⑤ Adhesive needed for pasting and mounting. Beat with starch or good flour that does not contain gluten and bran, and add appropriate amount of alum when beating to prevent insects from eating in the future. ⑥ Pigment, that is, traditional Chinese painting pigment, is used to dye paper, silk and silks to make up the color of damaged painting. ⑦ Glue alum water, which is a mixture of glue, alum and water, is used to enhance the color of mounted pieces and the texture of paper and silk. ⑧ Shaft head, used for hanging shaft and hand winding installation. The former is made of rosewood, mahogany, rosewood, porcelain, ivory, ox horn and metal. , mushroom-shaped. Installed at both ends of the ground pole, it not only plays a decorative role, but also facilitates hanging picture scrolls. The latter is mainly made of ivory, porcelain and metal, and the upper and lower ends of the tail are round. Pet-name ruby painting pole, divided into top pole and ground pole, is given priority to with Chinese fir, requires straight, including ground pole to have a certain weight. Attending rope, belt, pin, used to bind firmly installed objects. In addition, some chemicals must be prepared, including potassium permanganate, oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetone, ether and so on. , remove mold marks and stains. The process installation has a complete process flow and operates as required. The process includes: (1) supporting the silk, flattening the front of the silk, dipping it in clean water with a combination brush, then absorbing water with a dry towel to make the silk surface compact, flat and wrinkle-free, then brushing the paste, aligning the roll paper with the silk, holding the paper while spreading it, brushing it with a paste brush, brushing it with a brown brush, and taking it off and hanging it on the wall. In addition, you can also put the pigment into the paste, stir it evenly, brush it into silk, paper it, and dry it, that is, dye it with a supporting belt, which is called mud support. (2) Support mosaic paper and backing paper, and most of them support three layers. Spread 1 paper first, brush the paper evenly with dilute cement slurry, add the second layer, align the edges, and brush the paper firmly. Then use mud to support the third layer, and the steps are the same as above. After the third layer is supported, brush it again with a brown brush and dry it. (3) Dye, that is, soak the pigment and glue in water to melt, lock the dyed paper twill on the drawing, and evenly paint the water, first brush the paper holder, and then brush the front of the paper twill. Hang it on the wall to dry. Then, the mounting of painting heart includes: ① wet mounting method, which is used for indelible painting heart. Spread the cut party's heart on the drawing, wet and flatten it, paste it, brush strips along the four sides of the heart, then brush the paper holder, and then brush the paper holder from top to bottom with a brown brush. (2) Pinto method, which is used to draw hearts that are easy to disperse or fade. Its method is to brush the pulp on the paper and cover it with a heart. There are two kinds: flying and covering. Re-embedding, including: ① Embedding, that is, cutting off redundant strips from the supported painting center, then embedding various materials around the painting center, such as rings, upper and lower waterproof, heaven and earth heads, startled swallows, small silk edges or small sky edges, and then brushing pulp on the back of the painting center and pasting back the paper. (2) Grinding and polishing, that is, polishing the mounted parts behind the cover with polishing stones to make them smooth and soft. Installation refers to the assembly of heaven and earth poles, shaft heads, drilling holes in the poles, hanging through ropes, etc. On the framed painting, so the mounting work is all over. Form is also called product type. Mainly include: ① banners, vertical suspension, also known as hanging shafts, or shafts. From top to bottom, it includes sky pole, sky head, startled swallow, water barrier, fence, painting heart, water barrier, field, ground pole, shaft head and so on. Generally, it is a long scroll, with a big sky and a field style. It is also called a hand scroll, or scroll for short. It consists of a ceiling, an auxiliary water baffle, a front water baffle, a silk edge, a leading part, a painting center, a rear water baffle, an inscription paper center and a trailing part. (3) Album, end to end, folded in half, its form is similar to album, one picture per page, or a postscript to a picture, with hard bread brocade at the end and end, with edges, painting heart, walking heart and so on. There are many styles of album pages, among which the left and right folding, the right opening is called butterfly skirt, and the up and down folding, and the upper opening is called push-up skirt. In addition, there are screen strips, couplets and horizontal curtains.