No. It originated very early, but it didn't catch on until the Six Dynasties. Ge Hong and Tao Qian have figures, but most people don't. It was particularly popular between the Tang and Song Dynasties for two reasons:

1, strengthen ethics,

2. Literature is developed, and literati pay attention to elegance. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it became more popular because of the expansion of the scope of scholars and the advocacy of emperors. Looking at the characteristics of ancient people's names, they can also be summarized into several types.

Self-numbering

Generally speaking, it is meaningful.

1, or self-numbering according to the living environment: for example, Tao Qian, self-numbering Mr. Wu Liu. Li Bai lived in Qinglian Township, Sichuan since childhood, so he named himself Qinglian layman. Su Shi, a self-styled Dongpo layman. Lu you, turtle hall. Xin Qiji is known as a layman in Jiaxuan. Zhu Houzun of Ming Wuzong claimed to be an old man in Jintang, Zhu Houzong of Ming Shizong claimed to be Diao Sou of Tianchi, and Zhu Yijun of Ming Shenzong claimed to be Yu Zhai. In his later years, Qianlong called himself an old man and an ancient emperor. Xianfeng (Yi) calls himself a Taoist.

2. Or call yourself Du Fu by ambition: Du Fu, whose real name is Shaoling Yelao, "a thousands of books, thousands of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a chess game, a pot of wine, an old man"-"Liu Yiju" was Ouyang Xiu's name in his later years. He called himself a fanatic; Both Jin's becoming a monk and becoming a monk reflect his personal interests.

3. Some people name themselves by their birth years, literary artistic conception, morphological characteristics and even amazing words.

Xin Qiji was born in Jiayin, Zhao Mengfu. In the Ming Dynasty, Zuo Sheng, Zhu Yunming, Zhu and Sheng became mountains among the people. Zhu Zun, who claimed to be Cao Fangcun in Sunset and Tang Yin, claimed to be the first romantic genius in Jiangnan, and was the master of the marriage case of Pujiu Temple. Buddhist nun buried Taoist Xu Shupi alive. Gift number

There are three main situations:

1, marked by its anecdotal features. Li Bai, for example, is called the fallen fairy. In Song Dynasty, He Zhu was called why he wrote the good word "One River, Smoke and Willow, Huang Meiyu". Zhang Xian is called "Zhang Sanying" because he wrote three good poems with the word "shadow": "Clouds break through the moon", "Duckweed breaks through the mountains" and "Swing shadows send across the wall". Similar examples are as follows:

The Mountain Erases Wei Yun and Qin Xueshi —— The word "Mountain Erases Wei Yun, the sky fades even the grass" in Qin Guan's ManFang Ting.

Liu Yong has a "flower reflection" in the word "broken array"

Zhang Guyan-Gu Yan from Jie Lianhuan, Zhang Yan.

History of Red Apricot-Song Qi (History of Ministry of Industry) Yulan "The poplar is cold outside, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring".

The pen names and stage names of modern and contemporary writers can also be classified into the category of numbers, some of which are self-given names and some are given names.

Guo Moruo (pen name) was originally Kaizhen, while Ba Jin, Xia Yan and Bing Xin were all pen names, not original names.

ArtNo. (GiftNo.): Zhang Yingjie-Gai Jiaotian, Niu Guo Jun-Niu Cao De, Xun Huisheng-Bai Mudan, Li Huimin-Bai Yu Shuang, Mao Zhishuang-Mao Sanshou.

2. Take the official position, official position or place of birth as the number. Wang Anshi called Wang Lin Chuan; Du Gongbu (Du Fu), Jia Changsha (Jia Yi); Wang Youjun (Wang Xizhi); Tang Xianzu called Tang Linchuan; Kang Youwei, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, is called Kang Nanhai; Kong Rong, a former magistrate of Beihai, was called Kong Beihai; Gu, a native of Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, was originally named Gu. In the Qing Dynasty, the ballad "Prime Minister Hefei is thinner than the world" refers to Li Hongzhang (a native of Hefei), and "Si Nong Changshu is in the world" refers to Weng Tonghe, a native of Changshu at that time.

3. Take the title and posthumous title as the number.

Zhuge Liang named tachileik as marquis Wu; Sima Guang, Feng Guogong, Yue Fei, posthumous title Wu Mu.

After the Song Dynasty, most of the literati were commensurate with their numbers, which led to the situation that their names were ignored. Su Shi had 38 names in the category of 14 in his life.

Mr. Lu Xun was 57 years old (1881-1936), and * * * used more than 40 names (mainly pen names). Lu Xun was originally named Zhou Zhangshu and later renamed Shu Ren. 1898, using aliases for the first time, Jia Jiansheng and Shu Ren. 18 18 Diary of a Madman was published under the pseudonym of Lu Xun. After 1930s, there were more, with 26 1933 and 4 1934. These two years are also the peak of his creation and the period with the most works.

Because the number can be picked up and given away, it is free and changeable. As a result, many literati have many nicknames, as many as dozens and hundreds. "Too many nicknames will confuse them" (Zheng Banqiao's paintings. Qiu Jin's Four Paintings), so after modern times, especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the trend of literati using numbers has been greatly reduced, and many people publish their works under their real names instead of pen names. A few scholars have nicknames, and most of them are celebrities before the 1930s and 40s. For example, Lu Xun once claimed to be a study room, a greenwood study room and a pavilion. Wang Li named himself a dragon worm and carved it; Yao Yinxue, Endless Zhai; Ye Shengtao is not tired of life, but Yu's Guhuai Bookstore is a legacy. another name

No, a title rather than a person's name is usually artistic. Celebrities have their own names, called "elegant names". Number, usually a person, calls another name, but not necessarily; Numbers generally use two words, and other numbers use more than three words. But sometimes it is difficult to distinguish different numbers from numbers, so there are quite a few numbers with more than three words.

A nickname is a self-declaration, not a name. According to Wu Lai's "Discrimination of Three Graves", "Biography of Han Poetry" and other ancient books, posthumous title originated in ancient times, but Zhao Yi, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, thought it was probably invented by later generations. Judging from the credit record, Fan Li belongs to at least the "first batch", if not the first one to take his own nickname. Gan Mao, for example, lived in Weinan, and Su Qin and Zhang Yi, famous militarists in the Warring States period, all studied under Guiguzi, hence the name "Guiguzi". Between Qin and Han dynasties, there were "river husbands" and "river husbands", which can roughly explain the origin time, about the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Therefore, the intention of changing the name to another name seems to have explained the hermit status of the number taker-just to hide his real name.

This practice of taking nicknames because it is not for Wenda has lasted from Qin and Han dynasties to Wei and Jin dynasties, and it has been more than 700 years. The so-called "four aristocrats who are good" that Liu Bangdun failed to recruit, such as "Qiliji" and "Mr. Li Jiao", were all given names by numbers, and their surnames are still unknown. Tao Qian, a native of A Jin, was named "Mr. May 6th" after singing "Return to Xi": Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties hid in the mountains to manipulate the political situation, calling himself "Huayang Yin Jun" and pretending to be "Yin Jun" for fear of revealing his identity. However, after entering the Tang Dynasty, the atmosphere changed, and many scholars did not sign the number one scholar as a sign of climbing the mountain, such as Siming, Yanlang Fishing by Zhang, Wandering in the Jianghu by Lu Guimeng and so on. But on the whole, the identity of the number taker is still roughly within the scope of the seclusion or resignation of pillow stone Shu-quan.

Since the Song Dynasty, choosing one's nickname has become a social fashion. At that time, Buddhism and Taoism were parallel, and there were many "laity" and "Taoist" tendencies in nicknames, so it was also named Daohao. The number takers are not only grotesque, strange and self-contradictory, but also scholars and gentry, even vendors.

From self-taboo to self-labeling and borrowing numbers, the use of numbers is finally condensed into an elegant mark.

Nicknames are invented by users themselves, unlike names, which are not restricted by family and peers, and are not often played or influenced by parents, so users can freely express or entrust their temporary feelings or even lifelong interests. For example, Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, burst into tears when he was worried about the country and the people. He had no way to serve the country, his thoughts were depressed, and his behavior was inevitably abnormal. He was ridiculed as an indulgent who didn't obey etiquette, so he simply called himself "laissez-faire" to show his contempt for power and etiquette. Besides, nicknames don't look like names. Once registered in the household registration (people should register on their resumes), they cannot be easily changed, but they can be invented and used at any time, which is very flexible. Therefore, many people often have more than one nickname, and it is also possible for people to peek at the changes of their ideological interests at various stages through the changes of nicknames in life.

For example, Wen Tianxiang, a national hero at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, is an example: when he took the imperial examination, his nickname was "doing good", which meant nothing more than worshiping the sages and learning to do good. Li Zong boasted during the entrance examination: "The auspicious day of the ecliptic is Song Zhirui!" The nickname was changed to "Song Rui". However, Wen Tianxiang himself was even more frustrated in the Song Dynasty. When he learned of the five years in Ruizhou (1264), he was slandered and almost lost his job for a thing about how to mourn his remarried grandmother with ritual system. In a rage, he had the idea of giving up his career, so he built a "savage house" and named it "savage". Since then, it has been built into a villa in Wenshan, my hometown, and renamed it "Wenshan". It's a day to abandon your official position and retire. More than two years later, the mountains and rivers were swaying, and Qingxing, who lived in seclusion in Wenshan, could not stand the wind and waves of the Yuan Dynasty's southward invasion, and was called out to serve the country until he resisted the failure of the Yuan Dynasty and was captured. At this time, he also had nicknames such as "Floating Taoist" and "Three Taoist" to show his attitude towards life, and sang "Song Zhengqi" which has been told for generations.

The use of numbers shows respect for others, such as Du Fu's number "Shaoling Night Old" and Huang Tingjian's number "Taoist in the Valley". When people call Du Shaoling and Huang Gu, they show respect. Lu Xun was Zhang's protege. Later, he wrote an article in memory of his teacher, entitled "Two or Three Events of Mr. Taiyan". In my case, it is a leisure institution. All official documents and stamps are not numbered, and the most commonly used places are poems, paintings and other works. A "celebrity" surnamed Mei once said in "Strange Land Seen in Twenty Years": "Can a poet have no other name? Without another name, the title of the poem will be gone. " It also tells the original intention of many people betting on numbers.

Judging from the words used in other names, it is also a turning point in more than a dozen specific nouns. In Song Dynasty, Xu Guangfu compiled the Record of Self-numbering, which was classified according to the last one or two words of posthumous title, a figure in Song Dynasty, but only 36 categories were obtained. However, laymen, gentlemen, old people, old people, and old people picked up Daniel, or relied on the old to sell them, or indulged in self-labeling, or were self-beautiful and elegant. And superficial interpretation, the rate is mostly focused on despising fortune, extraordinary and free from vulgarity, which is why there are so many laity, Taoist, Yuqiao and Ye Fu. There are thousands of troops, and if they all run on the same road, the effect will be bad. Take the layman as an example. It was originally Sanskrit, which literally means "housemaster". Buddhism is used to address people who have been subjected to "three times" and "five precepts". Outside the party, of course, it's a little ethereal, so Li Bai called it "Qinglian layman", Bai Juyi called it "Xiangshan layman", Si Kongtu called it "Hou Nai layman" and Su Shi called it "Dongpo"

In addition to their names, the emperors in ancient China often included posthumous title, temple number, year number, honorific number and mausoleum number. These titles are common in history books. posthumous title

In ancient China, people who held a certain position, such as emperors, governors and ministers, were evaluated according to their life stories and moral cultivation after their death, and they were given the title by good-will evaluation and judgment, which gradually became a system. This system is called funeral ceremony, and the title given is called posthumous title. "Yi Zhou Shu's Interpretation of the Law": "The giver, the trace of the line is not the same, and the merit of the table is also; Car clothes, job badge. So the big line is famous, and the small line gets its name. Do it for yourself, and you will be born in the world. "

Posthumous title has an emperor's obituary, which was discussed by the ministers of the Ministry of Rites; There was a minister's obituary, which was given by the court; There are also private affairs, such as disciples or villagers, relatives and friends going to posthumous title as teachers and friends. The death of the emperor appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Qin dynasty was abolished and the Han dynasty was restored until the late Qing dynasty. Personal grudges may have started in the Eastern Han Dynasty, or in the Spring and Autumn Period. After the Republic of China, the name stone still existed for some time.

The choice of posthumous title should be based on the Law of the Dead, which stipulates some words with fixed meanings for selection when determining posthumous title. These words can be roughly divided into the following categories: Shang's, that is, praising posthumous title, such as "Wen", indicating that he has the talent of "latitude and longitude" or the character of "erudition" and "attentive inquiry"; "Kang" means "helping the people"; "Ping" means "stressing discipline". Posthumous title is a critic, such as "Yi" refers to "reciprocity in courtesy" and is good at offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, "Li" refers to "cruelty and ruthlessness" and "killing innocent people" and "barren land" refers to "joy without politics" and "external chaos". Posthumous title always sympathizes with someone. For example, "caring" means "having worries at home", "having troubles at home" and "being pregnant" means "being kind and caring".

According to the study of inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty, before and after Zhou Muwang, there were many ways to posthumous title the deceased with higher status or higher status. At the beginning of funeral etiquette, there was only beauty and peace, not evil. Posthumous title has the distinction between good and evil, the Western Zhou Dynasty and beyond. Zhou Liwang was a greedy king, and "China people" started a riot. He fled to Bi (now northeast of Huo County, Shanxi Province) and later died there. "Li" reprimanded him viciously.

In pre-Qin posthumous title, one word was often used, but two or three words were also useful. Use one word, such as: Qin Mugong, Jin Wengong; Use two or three words, such as Wei, Zhao and Zhao (Huiwen). After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he agreed to take the title of "Emperor" as the supreme ruler of the feudal country. At the same time, because posthumous title's decision will form a situation that "the son discusses the father and the minister discusses the monarch", he abolished the funeral law. He claimed to be the first emperor, and there were many descendants, such as II and III. In the Han dynasty, the funeral rites were resumed, and the funeral rites system in this period became more and more strict. The imperial court formally established the post of Da Honglian to manage the legacy of princes. After the Han Dynasty, posthumous title was divided into two houses: the full name of the emperor, posthumous title as Emperor Xiaowen, and filial piety as the last emperor.

The Tang and Song Dynasties witnessed the great development of funeral etiquette. On the one hand, funeral ceremony became a tool for feudal emperors' glory and vanity, and at the same time, it also became a means to control ministers' praise and criticism. Wu Zetian set a precedent for the emperor to pay homage to four generations of ancestors, breaking the old example of Emperor posthumous title. Posthumous title, the Song Emperor, was more beautiful than the Tang Dynasty, and he also wrote the word "posthumous title" for ministers. It is worth mentioning that Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu attached importance to literature and suppressed martial arts, so posthumous title, the minister of Song Dynasty, was proud of the word "literature". At the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 40 people in posthumous title who were/kloc-0, and only 20 people were "martial".

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contents of funeral ceremonies were basically fixed. First of all, the number of posthumous title words for staff at all levels is fixed. For example, posthumous title, Emperor of Ming Dynasty 17, Prince 1, Minister 2; Emperor of Qing Dynasty: 2 1, Prince Shuo: 1, Minister: 2. Secondly, the power of entrustment to the deceased is highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor, which depends on "sacred rule". According to statistics, from the Western Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were *** 10473 imperial families and officials, and there were 5935 in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, accounting for about 57% of the total. The emperor's posthumous title was generally announced by the succeeding emperor with the consent of the etiquette officer, and the courtiers' posthumous title was given by the court.

There is also a private matter in posthumous title, which was agreed upon by a famous scholar and scholar-bureaucrat after his death. Privatization began at the weekend and didn't become popular until the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, besides calling the emperor an obituary, posthumous title, a high court minister and scholar, was also a kind of honorific title. Some people's posthumous title has almost become their alias because it is often called by later generations. Such as Yue Wumu (Yue Fei) and Tao Jingjie (Tao Yuanming). The Emperor's posthumous title

The name of the temple began in the Western Han Dynasty and ended in the Qing Dynasty. That is the name enshrined in the ancestral temple after the death of the feudal emperor. "ask? 6? 1 Book of Rites 9: "There are seven temples from heaven, five temples from relatives, and two temples ... Sixteen bedrooms, one with a temple, and the name of the temple." "Used to be"? 6? Ming Emperor Ji (1): "A certain teacher played Zun Temple as the ancestor. "Since the Han Dynasty, the first emperor of each dynasty was generally called Taizong, Gaozu or Sejong, and later successors were called Taizong and Sejong. Generally, the founding emperor is called Zu, and the successor is called Zong. For example, Zhao Kuangyin in the Song Dynasty was called Taizong, and later Zhao Guangyi was called Taizong. There are also some emperors who called their ancestors. For example, Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty called himself an ancestor, and his son Judy called himself an ancestor. In the Qing Dynasty, Fu Lin (Shunzhi) was called an ancestor, and Michelle Ye (Kangxi) was called a saint. But before the Sui Dynasty, not every emperor had a temple name, because according to the canon system, only people with outstanding literary talent and virtue could worship in the temple. After the Tang Dynasty, every emperor had a temple name.

It is generally believed that the temple name began in Shang Dynasty and was inherited by Han Dynasty. The Han dynasty was extremely cautious about chasing temple names, so many emperors didn't have temple names. However, this system was not very strict when it developed to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been more "sects without emperors" except some "monarchs who perished" and short-lived emperors.

The name of the temple offering sacrifices is usually "Zu" or "Zong". Since the Han Dynasty, the founding emperors were generally called "Taizu" or "Gaozu", such as Emperor Gaozu, Tang Gaozu, Song Taizu and Ming Taizu. The heirs after the founding emperor are generally called "Zong", such as Emperor Taizong, Emperor Taizong, Emperor Taizong and Emperor Taizong. However, there are exceptions. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Judy replaced Wen Jian as the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He is not the founding emperor, but his temple name is Ming Chengzu. The emperor shunzhi, the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty, was still regarded as the "ancestor" although he was not the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty.

When addressing, the temple number is often placed before posthumous title, which together with posthumous title constitutes the full name of the deceased emperor. For example, the full name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is Emperor Taizong Xiaowu, and the full name of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty is Gao Wenzu. Planning steering Committee

The title of the year is the name of feudal emperors over the years, which was initiated by Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. His first year number was "Jianyuan". In the future, every new monarch in every dynasty will change the title of the year, which is called Yuan Reform. Before the Ming Dynasty, feudal emperors often changed their positions whenever they encountered military events or major auspicious disasters. For example, in the fifty-fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, eleven titles such as Jianyuan, Yuanguang, Yuanshuo, Yuanshou, Ding Yuan, Yuanfeng, Taichu, Tianhan, Taishi, Zhenghe and Hou Yuan were used successively. In thirty-three years, Tang Gaozong used fourteen titles successively, namely Yonghui, Xianqing, Longshuo, Linde, Ganfeng, Zhang Zong, Xianheng, Shangyuan, Yifeng, Diaolu, Yonglong, Yao Kai, Yongchun and Hongdao. From Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, including the Ming and Qing Dynasties, every emperor used only one title, regardless of the length of his reign. For example, Ming Taizu only used Hongwu, and the Qing Dynasty only used Qianlong. I hope it helps you.