His works often use symbolic means to express his feelings, such as painting fish, ducks and birds, all of which are staring at the sky with white eyes and full of stubbornness. The characteristics of pen and ink are laissez-faire, vigorous and beautiful, elegant and smart. No matter big or small, there is a simple, clear and healthy spirit. The structure of rules is unconventional, seeking completeness in incompleteness. Existing works include Shui Mu Tsinghua Map and Lotus Waterbird Map.
Name explanation
Badashan people, common surname Zhu, real name, later name Party. He was the ninth grandson of Zhu Dianming, the king of Rongzhuang in Yiyang, Jiangxi Province in the Ming Dynasty. Born in the fourth year of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1624), he died in the forty-fourth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1705) at the age of eighty-one. Young and negative, absolutely wise, early years. Wu Ming, just a weak crown, pretends to be dumb. At the age of thirty-nine, I traveled to Gengxiang Hospital in Fengxin Mountain, Jiangxi Province. I studied under the master and became a monk. I explained my name and passed it on to Mao. I used to hide the classics of eight great men, so I named myself Badashanren, or Yu? In all corners, I am big, but there is nothing bigger than me? ; Also called his signature, he likes to use cursive Lian Bi. In fact, the eight characters are similar to crying and laughing, and the mountain people have similar words. When reading together, it is similar to crying and laughing, and it is a vague joke. Other nicknames include Snow Song, Geshan, Geshan Donkey, Donkey House, Donkey Han, Renwu, Blade Temple, Pickup, Heyuan, Luoyuan, Huangzhuyuan, Book Year, Book Disease, and Bagui, to name a few. Having lived in the mountains for 20 years, he is called a master, with more than 100 scholars. Later, the Qing court gave Hu a letter to listen to his name, welcomed him into the official residence, and pretended to be crazy and sold stupidly back to Nanchang. Naturally, I often wear a cloth hat and a drag robe. If I go shopping, I will put on my high heels and kiss my feet. After that, the children will laugh with me, and I won't care, and I won't talk to others. In his later years, he retired behind the scenes and built a song thatched cottage to live in. He was buried in Xinzhuang County after his death. Written by Shao Changyi in Jiangyin? Biography of Badashan people? . According to the Fine Arts Literature of Jun You Hui, mountain people are good at painting and calligraphy, and they are also good at poetry. Painting good landscapes, flowers, birds and bamboos can be produced without mud. There are not many strokes of mountains and rivers, and the artistic conception is quiet. Flowers, birds and bamboo are dyed with ink, and the image is strange. They all broke the ancient ink method, winning with simplicity, bold and unrestrained brushwork, full of ink interest, rich and round, and full of escape. Pine lotus stone is called a miracle product, and deer, swallow and diving fish are all extremely biological, which is beyond the reach of others; Calligraphy was a beginner in Dong Qichang. Later, it was elegant and dissipated inside and outside the Wei and Jin Dynasties, which was better than the charm of Zhong Wang and the weeds were particularly strange. The original poetry collection is very precious, but it has not been circulated. The surviving inscriptions, such as Ji Guang and Pian Yu, are simple and can be recited. Mountain people have lighter skin color, more moustaches and less alcohol consumption. Monks in poor mountains, people selling vegetables on the street, are invited to drink on them, drink on them, get drunk, shed tears, or prepare paper and pencil to catch pictures, then it will be dripping ink. Therefore, most people who ask for their paintings are drunk, and most of them are bought by mountain monks and painting sellers. If dignitaries exchange a few gold for a piece of wood and stone, they will not give it. This is their temperament. Besides, he is generous, boastful, outspoken and righteous. He was a descendant of the Ming nationality all his life and suffered from the destruction of the country and the decline of the land. He is generous, sad and restrained, and has nothing to vent. So he danced in seclusion, pretended to be deaf and dumb, talked and laughed, and played with pen and ink to kill the rest of his life. People are crazy and don't know it. Ink is no more than tears, and mountains and rivers are still old mountains and rivers. The flowing rocks and branches made Lin Wen think. ? It is a portrayal of the blending of his career and art.
Major achievements
There is a poem on the Eighth National Congress that says: There is no more ink than tears, and mountains and rivers are still old mountains and rivers. Gone with the world, the coconut grove whirled, leaving a beautiful description for Lin Wen. ? This first sentence? No more ink and tears? Confucius told us about the artistic features of his paintings and his thoughts and feelings. Only by following this clue can we truly understand and appreciate this painter's great works of art.
secret anguish
Because of his special life experience and background of the times, his paintings can't be shown directly like other painters, but through his obscure poems and strange deformation paintings. For example, his paintings of fish and birds are only a few strokes, either stretching or tightening, which is specious. Especially those eyes, sometimes oval, are not the eyes of fish and birds we see in our lives. In life, the eyes of fish and birds are round and don't move in the middle of the eyeball. Eight fish and eight birds can turn their eyes and sometimes roll their eyes and stare at people. The rocks he painted are not like those painted by ordinary painters. They are dirty and round, big and small, and top-heavy. He can put them anywhere he wants, whether they are stable or not. The tree he painted is old and withered, with only a few branches and leaves, and tens of thousands of trees in the forest can't pick such a tree. The scenery, mountains and bare trees he painted are staggering and desolate. If there is such a place, I don't think anyone will settle here.
Besides, his poems, signatures and seals are all very strange. Like he claims to be? Badashanren? There are many explanations, and scholars still have different opinions. He has a seal, which is carved in Hindi. Some people say what is it made of? Badashanren? Four words, some people are cautious, what is it called? A seal? Because it's shaped like a clogs. As for the poems he painted, many sentences are even more puzzling.
However, the Eighth National Congress clearly tells us: In troubled times, branches and coconut trees cross the river, leaving Lin Wen to ponder? . Say it again: Can you explain when you want to see the pictures? . He really wants people to understand the meaning of his paintings. Therefore, many scholars have found many real news from his paintings and words after careful study. For example, he has a calligraphy style, which has long been called turtle-shaped calligraphy style, because it is particularly shaped like a turtle. Later, I learned that it was originally made by? March 19? It happened to be the day when the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Chongzhen, committed suicide, marking the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Then this painting also means to commemorate the national mourning.
In the twenty-first year of Kangxi, he painted an ancient beauty, in which the trunk is hollow, the roots are bare, and a few bare coconut branches are dotted with flowers, like weather-beaten lightning survivors. There are three poems engraved on it. The first one says:? Give plum blossoms to Taoist Wu, and have a blind date. South of Nanshan, North Mountain, North Mountain, old enough to cook fish and sweep the dust. ? Meihua budokan? Refers to the Yuan Dynasty painter Zhenwu, using his own name? Plum blossom Taoist? . The words in the box were obviously deliberately dug out by collectors at that time or later to avoid the disaster of the literary inquisition. It's not hard to guess the word, is it? Hu? , that is? Hey? . Manchu in the Qing Dynasty was the founder of the Central Plains, and these two words were the most taboo. Want to join? South of Nanshan, Beishan, Beishan? Sweep? Chen Hu? Zhu Da expressed his thoughts of anti-Qing and rejuvenation very clearly. The second poem reads:? It doesn't take a day or two to get the money back. It's thin and fat. In plum blossom painting, thinking is very simple. How can a monk choose Wei? ? There are two allusions in this poem. First of all, Zheng Sixiao, a painter who lived in seclusion in Wuxia after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, painted orchids with bare roots instead of sloping soil. Asked why, he replied: Don't you know that all the land has been robbed? Second, the adherents of Yin, Boyi and Shu Qi, were ashamed not to eat after Zhou destroyed Yin, and lived in seclusion in shouyangshan, picking Wei and eating until they starved to death. It turns out that Gu Mei's eight paintings are all exposed, and they don't draw sloping soil. They imitate Zheng Sixiao's intention of painting orchids, suggesting that the land was plundered by the Qing Dynasty. As a descendant of the imperial clan of the Ming Dynasty, he became a monk and, like Boyi and Shu Qi Cai Weishou Yangshan, refused to submit to the new dynasty. The country is ruined and there is no hope of restoration, so he has to? Bitter tears earn a thousand points? Yes
Eight Poems on Paintings is the key to his painting, but they are obscure and puzzling, and many scholars have made great efforts to explain them. For example, in Jiazi Flower and Bird Atlas (now in Princeton University Museum) written in the 23rd year of Kangxi, the seventh page depicts a myna standing on a dead branch with a poem saying: Kingfisher calls her brother, but Brother Yuan has changed. Myna can speak three languages, and few partridges fly south. ? The meaning of this poem is summed up by Professor Tsung i Jao of the Chinese University of Hong Kong after classical textual research and interpretation. Is this poem a satire? Hey? After his death, it is rare for loyal ministers to yearn for the south like partridges. ? In other words, the works of the Eighth National Congress sometimes refer to some specific things besides the general emotional expression of national destruction and death. Hanging the Moon is also a meaningful work. After the poem was finished, he recorded:? Did you earn money by painting on the evening of August 15? . Facing the full moon in the sky and eating moon cakes with every family in the world, his heart was touched, so he? Income? What is this? Draw a poem:? Look at the cake, when the watermelon is on the full moon. Each refers to a moon cake, and the donkey is ripe for a period of time. ? Some people say that the custom of eating moon cakes comes from the folk story that the anti-Qing rebels sent the signal of uprising, saying that the Eighth National Congress is looking forward to this day. However, when will it be the year of the donkey? Year of the donkey? As the saying goes, there is no time limit. If this is the case, then the hearts of the Eighth National Congress will be more than just the pain of national destruction.
The peak of ink freehand brushwork
Eight figures who are good at freehand brushwork in ink and wash are groundbreaking. In ink freehand brushwork, there is a difference between being good at landscapes and flowers and birds, and the eight majors are good at both. His landscape painters studied under Dong Qichang and studied under Dong Yuan, Guo, Mi Fei, Huang and Ni Zan. For example, the Book of Books (collected by Shanghai Museum) written in the forty-first year of Kangxi drew six sketches of landscapes, which shows that it was deeply influenced by Dong Qichang, and its long pen was rounded with traces of Dong, Ju and Huang, and the ink method referred to Mao Yunshan, while some tree and stone combinations were obviously taken from Ni Zan. However, when we appreciate these works, we strongly feel Zhu Da's personality. The law of the ancients mentioned above is exactly what he chose to serve himself. Those mountains, stones, trees, grass, pavilions, houses and so on. It seems that you take it casually, but it is dry and wet, dense and false, far and near are outside the statutes, and the artistic conception is all in the statutes. This lawless state is a high combination of emotion and skill, which makes artistic creation enter a free kingdom.
Compared with landscape painting, the eight flower-and-bird paintings can better reflect his style and personality. Biography Sketch written in the 16th year of Shunzhi (collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei) and Ink Picture Scroll written in the 5th year of Kangxi (collected by the National Palace Museum in Beijing) are eight early works, from which we can see that his ink-and-wash freehand flower-and-bird paintings are deeply influenced by Shen Zhou, Chen Chun, Xu Wei and others, and their brushwork is tough, and the theme and layout have not deviated from the previous model.
What are the most prominent features of the eight flower-and-bird paintings? Less? In his words? Even? . Less, first, fewer objects are depicted; Second, use less pens when shaping objects. For example, the Book of Flowers, Birds and Insects, written in the thirty-first year of Kangxi, only drew a petal, but only seven or eight strokes made a painting. In the Eighth National University, every time you don't draw a fish, a bird, a chicken, a tree, a flower, a fruit or even a pen, only one seal can form a complete picture, which can be said to be indispensable. What did the seniors say? Cherish ink like gold? Say it again? A little is better than a little? Only the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China has really achieved this, which is unprecedented and unprecedented.
Maybe few people can do it, but few are not thin, few are not poor, few are not monotonous, few are tasteful and few are interesting. It is difficult for some people to give readers unlimited ideological space by giving less, but the Eighth National Congress has the above requirements. There are many articles here. The first is his skill in using pen and ink. His pen has changed from square hard to round hard, and the combination of saturated ink and pen lifting gives people a rich feeling when he writes. He was the first painter to make full use of the characteristics of raw rice paper to strengthen artistic expression. Raw rice paper has strong water absorption and is easy to spread ink. This was originally a shortcoming, but the Eighth National Congress turned it into an advantage, which not only opened up a broad prospect for freehand brushwork in ink painting, but also created a new concept of freehand brushwork in ink painting, and its achievements were immortal.
Secondly, the shaping of image. The eight flower-and-bird shapes are not simple deformation, but the close combination of shape and interest, cleverness and meaning, so you won't feel thin and lonely when you appreciate them. Third, his layout pays special attention to the position of a few objects in two-dimensional space. The trick is to make full use of the blank, which is what the predecessors said? When white is black? . At the same time, the balance, symmetry, density and authenticity of the title, inscription and seal are fully mobilized. Unlike ordinary painters, he doesn't draw a good picture first, and then inscribe and print it in the right place. Instead, he has an overall planning idea, so that every point plays a decisive role in the layout, no more, no less, no extravagance and no economy. For example, in the 33rd year of Kangxi's Flowers and Birds Landscape Volume (collected by Shanghai Museum), the first picture only depicts a chick. The chicken is placed at the lower right of the picture, and the center of gravity in this position divides the picture into four large spaces, each of which is different in size and balanced. Because the chicken's head is facing left, the poem is in the second largest space on the right, which makes the empty background suddenly active and visually plays a role in breaking through the balance and enriching the content. The depiction of the chicken is vivid and vivid, dynamic like a toddler, stumbling and cute. Staring at the big eyes and being alert to the front, especially adding three curls behind the eyes, like radio waves, as if there was a voice coming from the front, which frightened the chicken. We can understand the surprise and vigilance of this chick to the world when it just came out of the eggshell. It can also be understood as losing the group, not finding the mother, feeling lonely and afraid. How to understand it, let people fly the wings of imagination, so sometimes they draw less, but they have more thinking capacity.
Less is not an end but a means, otherwise less is better, and art will go to another evil road. What's less is relative, such as "Birds on a Willow Bath" (collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing) written by Kangxi in the 42nd year, which is relative to the above works? how much is it? But compared with ordinary painters who deal with similar works, it is much less. For example, his treatment of willow branches, about twelve strokes, occupies the space in the upper part of the whole picture, which not only shows the quality of willow branches, but also shows the direction of branches facing the wind. In the cold spring breeze, myna is washing feathers and preparing to fly. This little life scene shows unlimited business opportunities. The Flower Map on the River (Tianjin Art Collection) written by Kangxi in the 16th year is a long masterpiece among the eight major works, and it is also the one with the most pen and ink and the most complicated layout, but it still embodies the principle of less. For example, a bunch of open-book lotus flowers can't have more than 30 strokes, so the number of strokes is reduced and the meaning is complicated. It's fascinating when you open it.
The Eighth National Congress made the past serve the present, and there were successors. Old man Baishi once wrote a poem:? Ivy (Xu Wei) Brother Xue (Badashanren) is far from being born, and Lao (Wu Changshuo) was a genius. I used to be a running dog of Jiuquan, and after three doors, I came to the wheel. ? Its dumping is like this. In today's cultural exchange between East and West, more and more people appreciate and understand his art.