Introduction to Poetry

Autumn brings cool air, and crickets chirp on the bed curtains.

Feeling the things with deep sorrow, quietly makes the heart sad.

The gentle breeze blew through the sleeves, and the bright moon shone brightly.

In the morning, the rooster crows in the tall trees, and the horse flies back home.

The morning sun is no longer strong, and the sky is dark in the west.

Life is like dust and dew, but the way of heaven is long.

When Confucius came to Changchuan, he regretted his passing.

Those who leave will not be able to catch up, and those who come will not be left behind.

The scorching sun in the west illuminates my clothes.

The returning wind blows on the four walls, and the cold birds depend on each other.

How can it be a boastful name? Being haggard makes the heart sad.

I would rather fly with the sparrows than fly with the yellow swans.

The green water is full of waves, and the wilderness is vast.

Beasts gallop around, and birds fly with them.

1. Good at lyricism

As the first political lyrical poem in the history of Chinese literature, Ruan's poems were not written at one time or place. They are a record of his political sentiments throughout his life. Later generations paid much attention to and commented on it, such as:

Zhong Rong said: "The works of chanting can cultivate the soul and inspire deep thoughts. The words can be heard in the ears and eyes, and the feelings can be conveyed to the surface of the world. It is overwhelming. Being able to be elegant makes people forget their contempt for the near and far away, and they have many words of emotion" ("Poems" Part 1)" Wang Shizhen said: "In "Yong Huai", Mr. Ruan talks about the distance and the distance. In the meantime, when the circumstances arise, the prosperity comes to an end, and I can't sit down to discuss the good ears of the clan." (Volume 3 of "Yi Yuan Si Yan").

Lu Shiyong said: "Eighty-two poems are all worried about the chaos of Shi Min. " (Volume 7 of "Poetry Mirror", 4th of "Wei").

Zhang Xie said: "Chapter 82 of "Yong Huai", pulling Shouyang, photographing Xiang tired, sad for the prosperity, pity for death, He is deeply concerned about the windlass, but he pretends to ask for money and makes mixed words. He cannot save the world by covering himself up, and helping to escape is shocking to the world. Guangwu sighs, Sumen screams, mourns at the end of the road, and sings and cries from sorrow and joy. I have no choice but to do so" ("Preface to the Collection of Zengding Ruan Infantry").

Wang Fuzhi said: "Infantry "Yong Huai" is a masterpiece of its time...and the wonderful way it supports the body can either comfort oneself, mourn oneself, indicate an external purpose, or convey thoughts of illness and evil...it is not only the leader of the heroes at that time, but also a masterpiece. There is nothing to complain about, and the Qianqiu will return without finding the foothold" (Volume 4 of "Selection of Ancient Poems").

Shen Deqian said: "Ruan Gong's chants are repeated and messy, and his messages are unprovoked and harmonious. Joy, sadness, and sorrow are all mixed together in it" (Volume 6 of "Old Poems").

Wu Rulun said: "The eighty-one chapters are by no means a one-time creation. I doubt that they are a collection of poems written in a lifetime. , titled "Yong Huai" Er" (Volume 2 of "Ancient Poetry Notes").

As a metaphysician, Ruan Ji lived during the Wei, Jin, and Change of Dynasties. At that time, "there were many bad things in the world, and few celebrities were complete." ("The Book of Jin" "The Biography of Ruan Ji"), the poet "is an official in troubled times, and is often afraid of being slandered and misfortune" ("Selected Works" Li Shan's Notes, Volume 23), so he "originally has the ability to help the world" ("The Book of Jin") "The Biography of Ruan Ji"), in an era when his life was in danger, and forced by the dark rule of the Sima Group, his life ideal could not be realized at all. Therefore, he could only express his feelings for Lao and Zhuang and express the anger of an upright intellectual. It is a poem about chanting feelings, forming a unique lyrical style. Its lyrical meaning is very strong, and each poem is inspired by it. To illustrate, the following examples are given:

Part One of "Yong Huai":

I couldn't sleep at night, so I sat up and played the harp, watching the bright moon. The wind blows in my lap, and the soaring birds sing in the north forest.

I am so sad. Fang Dongshu said: "This is the beginning of eighty-one poems, but in general, the reason for chanting cannot be expressed in words" ("Zhao Mei Zhan Yan"). This poem is the prelude to all his chanting poems, and it is the prelude to all his chanting poems. It sets a rich and complex emotional tone. Looking at the whole poem, the protagonist of the poem has been sleeping in the night, playing the piano in his clothes, seeing the moon reflecting on the thin curtain, feeling the wind blowing in his clothes, and then hearing or imagining a lonely bird flying. The poet views the scenery with emotion and uses the scenery to set off his emotion. , just as Wang Guowei said: "All scenery words are words of love" (Human Poems, Vol. 2), "The words of everyone's works must also refresh people's hearts and minds; their descriptions of scenery must also open up people's ears and eyes" (Human Ci Hua, Vol. 1) ). The poet vividly expresses the unspeakable sorrow and resentment through bold imagination and layer-by-layer changes, which cannot but be said to be a major feature of his lyricism.

She is pregnant with pearls and jade, and Yan Min looks forward to it. Open a pavilion and look around the fields, climb high and look at what you are thinking about. The tombs on the hills cover the hills, and they remain the same for all generations. After a long life, will the honor be in a safe place? It was the disciple of Wu Xian who became the disciple of Chi.

It can be seen from the poem that although the author admires poetry and books and imitates Yan Min, due to social turmoil, the Sima Group brutally framed the world's knowledgeable people, so he could only be in an extremely depressed mental state. "Climb high and look at what you are thinking about". As for what you are "thinking about"? Let future generations comment. Contact the place where he wrote about "thinking about people" in his "Poetry of Praise of Love", such as:

Wandering about missing relatives and friends, and suddenly returning to the dead. (Part 2)

Looking at what you are thinking on the way, the sun will never come back. (Third)

Climb high and look at what you are thinking, and raise your arms to the rising sun. (Part 15)

Walking along the three thoroughfares, melancholy and thinking. (Twenty-nine)

Sitting alone in the rocks, feeling sad and thinking. (Part 37)

At dusk, I miss my relatives and friends, and I write my words when I meet them. (Forty-Six)

The desolate and lonely place is so sad and pitiful. (The Fifty-Eight)

I feel so sad when I come to the table, thinking about my old people. (Sixty-Four)

The person he is "thinking about" above is probably the person he admired at the time. From his "thoughts" he uttered the deep question "After thousands of generations, my honor will be in a safe place", which shows how painful he is in his heart. There was nowhere to vent his anguish, so he uttered the tragic cry of "噭噭Now I am dead". "The Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin" says: "When driving alone, he can't follow the path, and he often breaks down in tears." The writer's complex emotions are obviously melted into these "thinking" and "噭噭" In the shouts, emotions are moved and expressed in words. Therefore, the writer expresses his feelings in the various contradictory moods of reason and emotion, love and hate, positivity and negativity, worldliness and transcendence. Therefore, he expresses his emotions in poetry. Venting is the most intense.

"Yong Huai" No. 33:

Day after day, night after day, the color changes from normal to normal, and the spirit of the heart disappears. Fire, change, everything is infinite, but I may not be able to survive for a while, but my soul will be wandering on thin ice for the rest of my life.

Chen Hang's "Poetry" "Xing Jian" said: "Though a lifetime of thin ice thoughts, this is a person who is crude, arrogant, shallow and has an ugly appearance!" "The whole poem is lyrical and candid, and the sentences are like weeping and complaining. "The color changes from normal, and the spirit is lost." It describes the embarrassing experience of the lyrical protagonist with a haggard face and a weakened spirit. "Walking on thin ice all my life, who knows that I am anxious" cleverly It clearly expresses the inner fear that makes people anxious all day long, the writer's worries about living in troubled times but not being able to control his whole body, his deep attachment to individual consciousness of life, and his lament for the impermanence of life, which are vividly expressed in the lines of poems. Master Sima said: "Ruan Sizong was very cautious, and every time he spoke, he always spoke far-fetched. He cannot speak of a person" ("Shishuo Xinyu "Ren Dan"). Precisely because of this, when the writer was unable to confide to the Sima Group and it was inconvenient to do so, he "used his energy to dictate his poems" (Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" Cai Lue), so his words were intense when expressed in his poems. Emotions, resentment, and a lot of emotion.

(Four Words) "Yong Huai" No. 13:

The morning wind sweeps away the dust, and the flying dragons soar in the morning rain, whining outside. Holding the bridle and following the plan, I am happy to be sad, and my heart is full of sadness. I care about the sun and the moon, and the young people are stubborn and stubborn. It's hard to admire. My destiny is not gold and stone, my body is light and exposed. I know that my soul is too plain. I am in my year.

The wording of this poem is gentle and peaceful. "Jinshi" to "Dengmei Nianzuo" not only express feelings about the short life, but also express admiration for seclusion. At the same time, the unrestrained, "outside the free zone" pursuit of the spiritual world is obviously in the same vein as Lao and Zhuang's thoughts. The poems The combination of emotion and metaphysics is another characteristic of Ruan's poetry.

Another example is Chapter 34 of "Yong Huai" (Day after Day): The poet realizes that everything is temporary, right and wrong. There is no difference between right and wrong. This is obviously a philosophy of nothingness. This philosophy is not only a relief from the sorrow of life, but it also permeates the sorrow of life at its foundation; Fifty-two of "Yong Huai" (Leaving Yanggu on the Tenth Day): The poet uttered: "If you know how to plan and profit, your skills will be poor, but your sorrow can be stopped suddenly!" Huang Jie commented on this poem: "Although planning is good, it is not endless." "Thinking of sorrow like this can stop the sorrow" ("Annotation of Ruan Bingping's Poems on Praise of Praise"); "Praise of Praise" No. 54 (Talking about Joy, Anger and Anger): I don't understand what this poem means when I first read it, but if I study it deeply, I can see that the poet The deep intention of the poem is to express the poet's painful state of mind that is not understood by the world; "Yong Huai" No. 71 (Mu Jinrongqiu Tomb): This poem expresses the short life and the profound feelings of the past and the present. The language is generous and the mood is sad. , has an exciting and upward vitality.

?The above examples show that Ruan’s poems are good at lyricism. Their emotions may be passionate, gentle, or profound, which are incompatible with the sinister environment of the times in which the writer lives and the national characteristics of Chinese aesthetics that value lyricism. It doesn't matter, coupled with the writer's heavy mental load, admiration for Laozi and Zhuangzi philosophy, and his unrestrained character of drinking and pretending to be crazy, the lyrical flavor in his "Yong Huai" series of poems can be seen.

2. Work on Bixing and Symbols

Regarding Bixing and Symbols, Yuan Xingpei said: "Chinese classical poetry does have a tradition of placing symbols, and beauty, vanilla, spring orchids and autumn chrysanthemums each have their own The meaning of habit. Sometimes poets are afraid or unwilling to express their political opinions clearly, so they use obscure and tortuous methods to reveal their political opinions to readers. Sometimes, in order to make the poems implicit, they also deliberately conceal the true meaning and use other things to express it. Those works titled "Ode to Huai, Ode to History, Feelings of Encounters, and Feelings of Feelings" especially use this technique. From Yuan's interpretation, we can see that Ruan Shi's work is based on metaphor and symbolism. In addition to the poet's pursuit of the artistic realm, it is more about the poet's ulterior motives. Ruan's poem "The purpose is far away, but the return pleasure is hard to find" (Zhong Rong's "Poems" Part 1), which is also related to the era he lived in. He was dissatisfied with the Sima family, but he was an official in the dynasty and was often afraid of disaster, so he lived in the world He is extremely cautious and does not speak directly when writing poems. He often uses Bixing symbolism to express his feelings and express his feelings. This is probably reasonable. Wang Euzhi commented on Ruan's poems: "Yuan Shao's "Guo Feng" is from "Nineteen Poems". "" (Volume 4 of "Selected Ancient Poems"), Chen Zuoming commented: "Gong Shi learned "Li Sao" by himself, and then thought it was similar to "Nineteen Poems"" (Volume 8 of "Selected Ancient Poems of Caishutang"), Yan Yu said: "Huang After the early period, only Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai" is extremely ancient and has the essence of Jian'an style" ("Canglang Poetry Talk" Poetry Commentary). Huang Jie said: "If Ruan Gong's poems are like Xiaoya's style" ("Ruan Gong's Poetry Review") Preface to Notes on Infantryman's Poems). The above examples show that Ruan Shi's work on Bixing symbolism also stems from his bold inheritance and promotion of the Chinese classical literary tradition. This is a bold attempt in literary creation by a knowledgeable man. The following is a detailed discussion based on Ruan's poems:

"Yong Huai" No. 14:

Autumn is a sign of cool air, and crickets are chirping on the bed curtains. Feeling things with deep sorrow, quietly making my heart sad. Many words will tell you, and many words will tell who. The gentle breeze blows through the sleeves, and the bright moon shines brightly. In the morning, the rooster crows in the tall trees, and the destiny driver rises to return home.

This poem opens with a feeling of excitement. Huang Jie quoted Wu Qi and said: "In ancient times, laborers relied on crickets for their happiness. Crickets sometimes chirp when they feel them, and people feel sad when they feel the chirping of crickets." (Chen Bojun "Ruan Ji Ji Collection" P265.? Zhonghua Book Company. 1987.), from "Many words can tell, who can be told by complicated words", it can be seen that he felt that there was nothing to say in the world, so he "touched things to arouse emotion" ( Ming Dynasty "Li Zhongmeng's "Fei Ran Ji" Volume 18), intended to show that his ambitions and conduct are inconsistent with the world.

"Yong Huai" No. 32:

The rising sun is no longer strong, It's dark in the west. It's like looking down in autumn. Life is like dust and dew, and the sky is so long. Confucius is coming to Changchuan River, and those who are gone are not as good as those who come. I won't stay. I would like to climb Taihua Mountain and swim with pine trees. The fisherman knows the troubles of the world and takes a boat on the river.

The first line of this poem starts with "rising sun" and "white day", lamenting the shortness of life. "How is it like Jiuqiu", "Life is like dust and dew", "Cherishing the passing of things is like dust", and more vivid metaphors describe the impermanence of worldly affairs. Huang Kan said: "The only thing that has been complained about since ancient times is the rapidity of human nature. From Chisong, to follow the fisherman, we will be able to escape the troubles of the world forever" (Chen Bojun's "Ruan Ji Collection" p312). This poem uses Bixing to make its poetic meaning far-reaching, and uses cold talk to express fiery emotions, which is in line with the poet's maturity It is inseparable from the use of metaphorical techniques. This is just like what Ouyang Xiu said in "Sixty-One Poetry Talks": "Scenes that are difficult to describe, such as the present, contain endless meanings." Sometimes poets directly use dusk as a metaphor. Life is like chapters 80 and 81 of "Yong Huai", which I won't repeat here.

The second part of the four-character "Yong Huai":

The moon and stars are sparse, and the sky is high and cold. The laurel flag is green, the jade is blooming, the spring is brewed, and the cymbidium is worn. The two girls are in Yuanxiang. , Cherish the prosperity.

Wang Euzhi commented on this poem: "The composition is unique, the opening and closing are more dynamic, and it is always done in one color, so it feels seamless" ("Selection of Ancient Poems" Volume 2, p89). Huang Jieyun: "Song Yu's poem "Nine Bian" of Bei Qiu and Missing the King said: 'Look up to the bright moon and it will be too quiet, and the steps will be full of stars and it will be extremely bright'.

He also said: "But it is mixed and about to fall, and I hate that it was lost at the right time and was out of place. Si Zong felt the same way in this article." (Huang Jie's "Notes on Ruan Bingyu's Poems about Huai" p101). A large number of metaphors in the poem are euphemistic. It implicitly expresses the purpose of the poem. "The beauty of painting is mostly contained in this, which is closely related to the poet." (Xuanhe Painting Book "Flower and Bird Narrative" "Painting History Series" Volume 2 P163) The artistic skill of Bixing is undeniable.

The value of Chinese poetry is implicit. Looking back at the Bixing of Ruan's poems, we obviously cannot regard it as just an artistic technique. The vivid images in the poem are highly expressive. The summary description shows that it is inseparable from its profound ideological content and rich practical significance. Yuan Mei said: "Poems without implicit meaning are just chewing wax" ("Suiyuan Poetry Talk" Volume 2, Shikan Collated Edition P41). It can be seen that, The poet uses "Bixing" to express his feelings. In addition to the political reasons of "inconvenience to speak directly" mentioned above, the more important reason is that the poet wants to write the poem implicitly. This is the best expression of image thinking, which is consistent with the poet. It is related to the persistent pursuit of art. From an aesthetic point of view, it can be seen that once the poet's artistic realm is put into poetry, it is obviously pleasing to the ears and eyes and beautiful. This is why Ruan's poetry "can cultivate the soul" (Zhong Rong's "Poems") """) one of the reasons.

Regarding symbolism, Wu Gongzheng said in his article "An Overview of Chinese Classical Style Theory": "Western aesthetics emphasizes the natural attributes of natural objects, while Chinese aesthetics emphasizes the symbolic meaning of natural objects. This nation Aesthetic influence affects creation, such as the so-called Beauty Herb in Chu Ci" (Page 59 of the ninth volume of "Research on Ancient Literary Theory". Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. 1984). Ruan Ji failed to help the world and was unable to help the world. In order to escape political persecution, he studied "Li Sao" to vent his anger and sorrow. Fang Dongshu said in "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan": "It is probably not enough to read Ruan Ji without a deep understanding of "Li Sao" "Poetry". The images of herbs, clouds, birds, beauties, etc. in the poem are deeply symbolic. In addition, he "takes Zhuang Zhou as a model" ("The Biography of Wang Can" in the "Book of Wei" in the "Three Kingdoms"), advocates nature, and is romantic in poetry and wine, so the poems written by him are The sounds and colors of the landscape all reflect a broad-minded and timeless sentiment, just as Liu Xie said: "The successor is suave, so the sound is elegance and the tune is far away" ("Wen Xin Diao Long" Ti Xing Chapter).

Part 8 of "Yong Huai":

The sun is shining brightly in the west, and the remaining light shines on my clothes. The returning wind blows on the four walls, and the cold birds depend on each other. Zhou Zhou still has his feathers in his mouth, and the crickets also feel hungry. How to be the road, the chime breaks and forgets where to go. How can I praise my reputation? Being haggard makes my heart sad. I would rather fly with the sparrows than fly with the yellow swans. The yellow swan travels all over the world, and will return home safely in the middle.

"Yong Huai" No. 19:

?There is a beautiful woman in the West, as bright as the white sun. Wearing a silk robe and wearing a pair of huangs on the left and right, the figure looks beautiful and the wind blows her fragrance. Climb high and look at what you are thinking about, holding up your arm to the rising sun. Send your face to the sky, wave your sleeves to Ling Xuxiang. The floating harrier is in a trance, looking forward to my side. Yue Yi didn't say anything to her, but her words were sentimental.

"Yong Huai" No. 79:

There is a strange bird in the forest, which claims to be a phoenix. In the Qing Dynasty, people drank from Niangquan and lived on hills at night. The high-pitched sound spreads across the nine states, and I stretch my neck to look at the eight wastelands. When the business wind rises, the wings will be destroyed and hidden. Once I go to the west of Kunlun, when will I return to flying? But the hatred is out of place, and the melancholy makes the heart sad.

The eighth chapter of "Ode to Memories" uses many objects at dusk, such as "returning wind", "cold birds", "farrows", "yellow swans", etc., to symbolize the poet's inner depression and pain in a chaotic society; The nineteenth chapter uses a beautiful woman to symbolize the depression of being unable to fulfill his ambition to help the world and the poet's eager desire for ideals in the dark night; the seventy-nine chapters describe the tragedy of the phoenix, using the phoenix to symbolize the poet's noble stance and lofty ambitions, but he was forced by the miserable winds and rains of the times. , Lingyun's ambition could not be realized in the end.

Ruan’s poems are full of depression and loneliness. The poet expresses the depression from the real society into poetry. Just as the Japanese literary theorist Kukawa Hakumura’s “symbol of depression” theory believes that there is a “seeking” in the poet’s life. The conflict between the "vitality of freedom and liberation" and the "power of compulsion and repression" makes life full of pain. Only literature and art can transcend this kind of life to observe and express the depression of life, so the "symbol of depression" has been produced.

Ruan's poems were produced in troubled times when human life was at risk. They may describe the fleeting time and the impermanence of life (Q18, Q32), or the withering of trees and flowers (Q3, Q12, Q50), or It describes the helplessness of birds, beasts, insects and fish towards their own fate, such as lonely birds, cold birds, lonely birds, separated beasts and other symbolic images, especially the crickets and crickets that are born in spring and die in autumn, which have become the objects of repeated chanting by poets (the ten of them are 4. Item 24, Item 71), or about the deep trauma and pain in life (Item 4, Item 5, Item 65), or about the difficulty of protecting fame and wealth (Item 13, Item 50) 3. No. 59), all of which made him sigh deeply about everything from nature to human affairs. The hard-to-dispel anguish in his heart had to be pinned on poetry. Facing the dirty society and short life, the poet "set up images to express his thoughts." , using symbolic techniques to express feelings and express feelings, it is worthy of being a magical stroke in poetry. Therefore, its emotions are impassioned and thunderous, achieving an artistic effect that shocks people's hearts.

?3. Be good at using allusions

As we all know, allusions are the perception, experience, imagination, understanding, and discussion of current events, situations or environments under the suggestion of myths or historical events. psychological, linguistic and cultural behavior. Under the high-pressure policies of the Sima family, Ruan Jihuai was not able to find talents. Although he said that "the voices of troubled times are resentful and angry" ("Book of Rites" and "Yue Ji"), as a cultural person, he had to rely on ancient people and events to express his thoughts and feelings covertly. Therefore, it is inevitable to use many allusions. This is just like Zhao Yi said in the Qing Dynasty: "Poetry does not rely exclusively on several allusions to write about temperament. However, ancient events have become allusions, and each allusion has its own meaning, and poems are all borrowed from them." My feelings are naturally more profound when I write about them. From now on, poets of later generations have no choice but to use scrolls." (Volume 10 of "Oubei Poetry Talk").

The second part of the five-character "Yong Huai":

The two concubines were swimming along the riverside, flying happily in the wind. The husband is surrounded by flowers, and his love is fragrant. The love is so overwhelming that we will never forget each other for a thousand years. The charming city is fascinated by Cai, and the beauty is good. Gratitude breeds sorrow, and the daylily tree orchid house. For whom is the anointing given? The rain resents the rising sun. How to exchange gold and stone, once it is more severe, it will hurt.

This poem uses a lot of allusions: the first four sentences use the mythical love story of the two daughters of Jiang Concubine and Zheng Jiaofu, who first fell in love and then abandoned it, and "Yi is in love with each other for a thousand years" is used by Song Zihou: The poem "When the prime of life has passed, the joy and love will never be forgotten", "The charming city falls in love with Cai" is an allusion from Song Yu's "Dengtuzi Lustful Ode", "The son of the master smiles charmingly, or Yangcheng, falls in love with Cai", The following three sentences of "Hemerocallis" all use the poetic meaning of "Wei Feng Bo Xi" in the Book of Songs. The "Jin Shi Jiao" in the last two sentences comes from the "Han Xin Biography" in the Han Dynasty: "The King of Chu sent Wu She to tell Han Xin: "With one step, I will I thought I was a close friend of the King of Han, but in the end I was the prey of the King of Han." The allusion of this poem is slightly revealed, but not clearly stated, so its purpose is vague and confusing, which has caused controversy among many poetry commentators. Shen Yue believes that it is a satire on love. Not exclusively, He Zhuo's words were meant to describe the misfortunes of the emperor and his ministers, but Liu Lu of the Yuan Dynasty believed that Emperor Si Zong euphemized his words to satirize the Sima family's betrayal of the Cao Wei regime. This is the so-called "words are in the ears and eyes, and feelings are conveyed to the outside" (Zhong Zhong) Rong's "Poems" (Part 1)) reflects the poet's meticulous use of allusions and his special reasons. Later generations' speculation on the purpose of his allusions just proves the charm of his poetic art.

The villain thinks about his merits, but the gentleman follows the rules. What a pity that he ended up haggard and chanting this chapter.

Chapter 16 of "Yong Huai":

?Wandering on the Pengchi, looking at the beams. The green water is full of waves, and the wilderness is vast. Beasts gallop around, and birds fly with them. At that time, in the quail fire, the sun and the moon were facing each other. The wind is strong and cold, and there is a slight frost under the yin energy. There is no husband in the Ji clan, and I look up to him in sorrow.

The allusion in this poem is quite precise. At the beginning of the poem, the poet transfers time and space to the distant Daliang of the Warring States Period, giving people the illusion of longing for the ancient times. Although the two sentences "Quail Fire" are dark clues of time, they cleverly borrow from "Zuo Zhuan" (the fifth year of Duke Xi) by the Marquis of Jin. The allusions of defeating Guo were used to cover it up, but the praise and criticism of "gentlemen" and "villains" seemed too explicit, so the poet boldly used the sentence from "Xunzi's Theory of Heaven": "A gentleman's way is normal, and a villain's merits are calculated." , Such painstaking efforts, at least in the eyes of the brutal Sima Group, will not easily arouse too much suspicion, which shows how miserable the poet is.

The third part of "Yong Huai" (Cheng Qi under the Jiashu), the first two. The sentence "The peaches and plums in the east garden are like peach trees and plum blossoms under a beautiful tree" is adapted from the allusion of "Li Guangzhuan Praise" in the Han Dynasty that "the peaches and plums are silent, and they are like vines under the trees". Zhang Yugu's "Appreciation of Ancient Poems": "This poem talks about the prosperity and decline of things in the world. It is better to avoid chaos early." This allusion just describes the situation in the prosperous times of the world. The seven or eight sentences "Drive the horses away from the stable and go to the toes of the Western Mountains" use the allusion of Boyi and Shuqi's seclusion, saying that they must quickly leave the troubled times. Following his uncle and uncle, he went to Xishan to live in seclusion.

The poet seeks immortality and asks questions, and his broad-minded and refined mentality is hidden in the allusions; Chapter 11 of "Yong Huai" (Zhan Zhan Yangtze River Water), the whole text uses Chu Ci to describe Chu scenery, satirize Chu events, and use profound metaphors. It is tasteful; Chapter 32 of "Yong Huai" (the morning sun is no longer strong), borrows "Qi Jinggong's visit to Niushan", Confucius' lament that "the dead are like this", as well as "Shangshu", "Zhuangzi", "Chu Ci", "Historical Records" The allusions in "" express serious themes in an absurd tone, just as Wang Kaiyun said: "If you don't say it, you will die for Wei, and it will be shameful for Jin." (Quoted from "Notes on Ruan Bingyu's Poems about Huai", p42). The use of allusions makes the poetry implicit, euphemistic and thought-provoking.

Sometimes, in order to express his pursuit of the immortal realm that is transcendent, far away from the world, wonderful and ethereal (see his "Qingsi Fu"), the poet uses "Deng Lin" in many places in his poems. Code. "Yong Huai" No. 10: "I met Prince Qiao, riding on the clouds to travel to Deng Lin", "Yong Huai" No. 22: "Xia Hou rides on the spiritual carriage, and the father is Deng Lin." Fifty-four of "Yong Huai": "I talk about happiness and anger, and feel annoyed. I don't climb to the northwest, and I look to Denglin in the southeast." "Yong Huai" No. 10, the main theme of the whole poem is to oppose the indulgence of the world, and to be indifferent to maintain health. , the "tour in Denglin" here is undoubtedly related to the ideal of life. Chapter 22 of "Yong Huai" uses the "Deng Lin" code to say that life has changed forever, life is short, everything will eventually pass away, and only the prince's advancement to immortality has been pursued by many poets and poets throughout the ages. Fifty-four of "Yong Huai", the poet laments the vast universe and the short life. He uses the "Deng Lin" allusion to directly follow the first two sentences: The world is filthy and makes people angry. Talking can only temporarily relieve the depression. If you want to completely get rid of pain, Only leaving the world to travel far away, "Looking at Denglin" here should point to a realm beyond the world. "Deng Lin" is in the heart of the poet and is the sustenance of his ideal realm of life. We must pay attention to it.

To sum up, the reason why Ruan’s poems are so subtle and so expressive that they can “transcend beyond the realm of images and capture the surroundings” (Sikong Tu’s “Twenty-Four Poems”) is due to the tragic wind of the times. The bitter rain beats the poet's strings, just as Shen Deqian said: "When encountering Ruan Gong, there should be Ruan Gong's poems" ("Speaking of Poems"), and the poet added: "Although he does not adhere to etiquette, his speech is far-reaching, and his words are not personal. ", "He has read a lot of books, especially "Zhuang," and "Lao" ("Book of Jin, "Ruan Ji Biography"), so his poems can receive endless artistic effects and produce never-ending artistic vitality.