/gonggong/doc/IBM/

In 1888, the first dial recorder was born. It was invented by Dr. Alexander Dey. Dey's company was later (1907) acquired by a company that was the predecessor of IBM.

In 1896, Herman Hollerith established the Tabulating Machine Company in Washington, D.C., which was the world's first electronic tabulation and financial auditing machine company.

In 1901, George W. Fairchild established the International Time Recording Company (Inter-national Time Recording Company), which was a joint venture between the Bundy Manufacturing Company, the Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company, and the Standard Time Stamping Company. A sales company for the three companies, which also produces card recorders.

In 1905, the Tabulating Machine Company was incorporated in New Jersey. In addition to owning and controlling the Hollerith Tabulating patents and systems, the Tabulating Machine Company is the majority owner of the Auditing Machine Company, which now operates as a division.

In 1906, the first tabulating machine with automatic paper feeding came out, which could process 150 cards per minute.

After building a second factory in Birmingham in 1906, the International Time Recording Company built a modern, cement-reinforced factory in Endicott, New York, where the IBM Corporation is now located. The original site of the factory.

In 1907, the International Time Recording Company acquired the Day Time Recorder Company (the Day Patent Company established in 1883), which produced dials, cards, and time recorders. All operations of the International Time Recording Company were transferred to Endicott, York.

In 1908, the Syracuse Time Recording Company, which manufactured dial recorders, was acquired by the International Time Recording Company.

In 1911, Charles R. Flint planned the merger of the International Time Recording Company, the Slide Rule Company, and the Tabulating Machine Company to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. , i.e. C-T-R Company). George Fairchild becomes chairman of the company's board of directors. (C-T-R later changed its name to International Business Machines, or IBM, in 1924)

In 1914, Thomas J. Watson, Sr. joined C-T-R and became the company's general manager. At this time, C-T-R’s total revenue in the United States through sales, services, and rentals reached US$4 million. One hundred shares of C-T-R stock are worth less than $3,000. At the end of the year, the company had 770 shareholders and 1,346 employees.

In 1914, the use of financial processing machines began to spread. Financial processing products include mechanized key punches, hand-operated re-punch machines, vertical sorters and tabulating machines. Customers for these products include railroads, chemical companies, utility companies and life insurance companies.

In 1915, T. J. Watson, Sr. was elected president and general manager of C-T-R Company. The first sales conference was held, which later became the One Hundred Percent Club Convention. Sales forces were restructured and strengthened.

In 1915, the famous "Think" logo, a slogan proposed by Watson Sr., began to be used within the company.

In 1916, C-T-R's total revenue reached $6 million, with net income of $1 million. The number of employees reached 2,529. At the same time, the company took the first steps toward a sales force training program.

In 1917, C-T-R entered the Canadian market under the name of International Business Machines Co., Limited (IBM).

In 1919, C-T-R Company entered the European market. The first issue of the company's internal magazine, The T. M. Business Record, is published.

In the same year, the electronic synchronous timing clock system was launched.

In 1920, the Lock Autograph Recorder was successfully developed and introduced to the market. In 1921, the Tabulating Machine Company obtained patents and equipment from the Pierce Accounting Machine Company and the Ticketograph Company of Chicago.

In 1924, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R Company) was renamed International Business Machines Company (IBM Company). The Quarter Century Club is established, which only recognizes employees who have worked for the company for more than 25 years. The first issue of IBM's internal publication "Business Machines" is released.

In 1933, the IBM Schoolhouse and Engineering Laboratory Building was completed in Endicott, New York.

In 1935, the first issue of Think, a magazine for employees and customers, was published. IBM held its first systems training class for women in service industries in Endicott, New York.

In 1940, due to the outbreak of World War II, IBM produced large quantities of military supplies and its production lines were increasingly expanded.

During the war years, IBM took the first step into the field of computing. In 1944, IBM presented its first large-scale computer to Harvard University, the Automatic Sequence Control Computer, also known as the Mark. I.

In 1951, IBM began to decide to develop commercial computers and hired von Neumann as the company's scientific consultant. In December 1952, IBM developed IBM's first stored program computer, which was also a computer in the usual sense. It's called the IBM 701. This is an important milestone in the history of IT.

In 1952, Watson Jr. became CEO, and a new generation of IBM leadership was born.

On April 7, 1964, IBM Chairman Tom Watson, Jr. personally launched System 360.

In 1969, under the reform of Watson Jr., IBM adopted a new marketing policy and charged separately for most system engineering activities, future computer programs and customer training courses. That same year, the government filed a lawsuit accusing IBM of "attempting to monopolize, and to have monopolized... digital computers for general purposes." The government sued and IBM controlled 76% of the market in 1967. In addition, the government alleges that IBM used a number of methods to prevent competition from other companies, including price restraints, which lowered prices to prevent entry into the industry, and the introduction of new products that made other companies' products less attractive. IBM fought the government lawsuit (and many private lawsuits) tenaciously and vigorously. The case lasted for 13 years.

The 1970s seemed to be the end of the Watson family's leadership of IBM. In 1971, Thomas J. Watson, Jr. retired and became Chairman of the Executive Committee. Frank T. Cary took over as CEO in 1973.

Under Cary's leadership, IBM has played an increasingly important role in people's daily lives. In 1971, computers produced by IBM guided the "Apollo 14" and "Apollo 15" spacecrafts to successfully land on the moon.

In 1981, John R. Opel became CEO, ushering in a new era in IBM's history. Thanks to IBM-PC, the IBM trademark began to enter homes, schools, and small and medium-sized enterprises. The hegemony of Intel and Microsoft sprouted here.

In 1985, John F. Akers took over as CEO. The scientific research projects invested by IBM have produced four Nobel Prize winners.

In 1993, IBM's annual revenue dropped to $62.71 billion, a decrease of 2.8% from 1992. Net income fell to negative $8.1 billion, down $63.1 from the previous year. The company's organizational restructuring cost $8.9 billion (pre-tax) to improve the company's production efficiency and reduce resource waste.

In 1993, Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. became CEO.

After entering the 21st century, IBM's leadership changed again. Samuel J. Palmisano became the president of IBM in 2000 and took over as CEO two years later.

/idea/50itcorp/apple/

In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Woznaik founded Apple and the company and developed the Apple I motherboard

1977 In 1999, the Apple II came out and brought in sales of 1 million. In the same year, the Apple trademark was born.

In 1979, the enhanced Apple II came out, with a monitor and a hard drive

In 1980, a school order of 10,000 Apple units was obtained in California, and the Apple III came out.

In 1981, Apple began developing the Macintosh.

On January 24, 1984, the Macintosh was officially launched. Pioneering the graphical interface!

In 1987, the Mac II came out and became an important member of the Apple family.

On October 15, 1990, MacLC & Macintosh Classic came out. The simultaneous release of System 7 and QuickTime also meant the arrival of the multimedia era.

On October 2, 1991, Apple, Motorola and IBM formed an alliance and began to jointly develop Power PC products. In the same year, Apple launched the first generation Power Book.

In 1994, Apple launched the first-generation Power Macintosh. This was the first product based on the PowerPC ultra-fast chip and entered the commercial market from Apple.

In July 1997, founder Steve Jobs returned to Apple, reformed the product line, and formed an alliance with Microsoft, bringing the company back to life.

On August 15, 1998, Apple launched the iMac, and personal computers entered a colorful era.

In 1999, Apple launched the PowerMac G3 and iBook.

In 2000, Apple launched the powerful PowerMac G4, the innovative design PowerMac G4 Cube and new professional mice and keyboards.

In 2000, the same year, Apple launched four new iMacs,

iMovie and the Internet-based iTools.

On March 24, 2001, Apple launched the revolutionary system OSX, announcing that the Apple system had entered a new era.

In May 2001, Apple launched the new iBook and announced that Apple products would become the core of digital life. In October, Apple launched its first MP3 player (iPod).

In 2002, Apple launched several very beautiful models, and iPhoto was launched

On June 23, 2003, Apple released the Power G5, the most powerful PowerMac in history , and one of the most powerful PCs.