Treaty of Versailles 19 19 After several months of bargaining, the main victors of World War I finally reached an agreement and finally drew up a peace treaty with Germany. On April 30th, the German delegation was called to Paris, and was only allowed to enter the Peace Conference on May 7th to accept the text of the peace treaty from clemenceau. The German delegation tried to modify the terms of the peace treaty in Germany's favor, but it was rejected and was finally forced to accept the peace treaty unconditionally. On June 28th, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the mirror hall of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles *** 15, including 440 clauses and a protocol, the first part is the Covenant of the League of Nations. For the United States, although the treaty embodies some specific contents of the "fourteen points", its plan to seize world hegemony has failed. Therefore, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. 1921On August 25th, the United States and Germany signed a separate peace treaty.

In August 1920, 10, the victorious country and the government of Turkey and Sudan signed the Sefer Treaty. The treaty deprived Turkey of its independence. Therefore, the Grand National Assembly led by Kemal, the leader of the Turkish bourgeois revolution, resolutely refused to recognize this treaty, which led to the failure to enter into force of the Treaty of Seve.

Treaty of Four Countries The United States, Britain, Japan and France signed the Treaty on Island Dependency and Territory in the Pacific on June+0921KLOC-0/February+13, 5438, with a validity period of ten years. The signing of the four-nation treaty is a victory of American diplomacy. It not only buried anglo-japanese alliance, but also cleared an obstacle for hegemony in the Far East, and successfully made the treaty only have the nature of diplomatic consultation rather than military alliance, so that the United States did not need to defend the interests of Britain and France in the Far East by force.

The five-nation naval treaty and the five-nation naval arms limitation treaty of the United States, Britain, France, Italy and Japan, that is, the five-nation naval treaty, were signed on February 6, 1922. The treaty is valid until193665438+February 3 1. The Treaty of Five Naval Powers made Britain formally recognize the principle of equal naval power between the United States and Britain, which marked the end of Britain's maritime superiority and restricted Japan's military expansion plan. In this sense, this is another victory of American diplomacy. The five-nation naval treaty is the first disarmament agreement signed between major powers in modern world history. But the treaty itself has not really eliminated competition, and competition will intensify again in the future.

Nine-nation Convention1922 On February 6th, nine participating countries signed the Treaty on the Applicable Principles and Policies of the Nine-nation Incident against China, namely the Nine-nation Convention. The core of the "Nine-Nation Convention" is that the great powers confirmed and agreed to take "open door" and "equal opportunity" as the basic principles of their aggression against China. Therefore, all the unequal treaties they imposed on China are still valid, and their privileges in China continue to exist. The signing of the Nine Nations Convention is an important achievement of American diplomacy. It makes the long-sought "open door" of the United States finally become a reality in China; It broke the Japanese monopoly on China and "brought China back to the same domination by several imperialist countries", which provided conditions for the United States to further expand to China and compete for hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region.

Treaty of Lausanne After the victory of the Turkish bourgeois revolution, the Allies and Kemal government signed the Treaty of Lausanne on July 24th, 1923 to replace the Treaty of Seve. The Treaty of Lausanne stipulated that all the territories of Asia Minor and East Thrace should be returned to Turkey. Recognize Turkey's territorial integrity and national independence; Abolish consular jurisdiction; Cancel compensation, finance is not subject to foreign supervision, and tariffs are independent. However, the demilitarization and international control of the Straits have been maintained, and the arrangements for the mandate in other regions have not changed. After the meeting, the multinational force withdrew from Istanbul. The Treaty of Lausanne is the only relatively equal treaty in the Versailles system, which made Turkey gain national independence and become the most stable country in the Far East after the war.

1On 5 October, representatives of Germany, Belgium, France, Britain, Italy, Poland and the Czech Republic held an international conference in the Swiss town of Locarno. 10, 16, the participating countries initialled the Final Protocol and seven other treaties, and the most important one is the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee between Germany, Belgium, France, Britain and Italy, namely the Rhine Security Convention. In addition, Germany signed arbitration treaties with Belgium, France, Poland and the Czech Republic respectively, and France signed mutual guarantee treaties with Poland and the Czech Republic respectively. These documents are collectively referred to as the Locarno Convention. The Locarno Convention document was formally signed in London. The signing of the Locarno Convention is another major adjustment of the Versailles system on European security issues on the premise that the Allies formally recognized Germany as a politically equal country. It temporarily solved the security problem, improved the relations between allies, especially France and Germany, and brought the international relations in Europe into a relatively stable period, creating conditions for the continued implementation of the "Dovis Plan" and the development of capitalist economy in the middle and late 1920s. Because of this, the word "Locarno spirit" once became synonymous with reconciliation and security.

On August 27th, representatives of Germany, the United States, Belgium, France, Britain, Italy, Japan, Poland and the Czech Republic 15 countries signed the General Treaty on Abandoning War as a National Policy Tool, also known as the Briant-Kellogg Convention. The Convention entered into force on July 25th, 1929. By the end of 1993, 63 countries (including Danzig Free City) had joined it. As an international treaty signed by most countries in the world at that time, the Convention on Non-War is still an important international document. For the first time, it officially renounced war as a tool to implement national policies in state relations and peacefully resolve international disputes, thus laying the legal foundation of the principle of non-aggression in international law and becoming an important legal basis for the international military court to try German and Japanese war criminals after World War II.

International counter-production agreement: an agreement of collusion between Germany, Italy and Japan before World War II. 1936, Germany and Italy secretly signed the Protocol between Germany and Italy, agreeing to strengthen cooperation in the process of foreign aggression and form the "Berlin-Rome Axis". 1936165438+1October, Germany and Japan signed an international anti-production agreement. A year later, Italy joined this agreement, and the axis of Germany, Italy and Japan was formally formed.

Munich Agreement1An international agreement signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy in Munich, Germany on September 30th, 938 to seek mutual compromise and collusion at the expense of Czechoslovakia. Munich Agreement grossly trampled on the basic norms of international law and international relations, was a transaction in which big countries dominated small countries at the expense of small countries' interests, and was the peak of appeasement policy. The Munich Agreement encouraged fascist countries to launch further wars of aggression and accelerated the outbreak of the Second World War.

Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany1Treaty signed by the Soviet Union and Germany in Moscow on August 23rd, 939. Validity 10 year. The signing of the treaty enabled the Soviet Union to temporarily stay out of the war. However, the reason why Hitchell signed the treaty was simply a stopgap measure to avoid war between the two sides. Less than two years after the signing of the treaty, Germany couldn't wait to tear up the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty, 194 1, and launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union, provoking the Soviet-German war.

The Atlantic Charter is also known as the Roosevelt Churchill Joint Declaration. 1941August 9 ~ 12, American President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill held their first meeting during World War II on a warship in the Argentine Gulf of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean to discuss the international situation and the policies of the two countries towards Germany and the Soviet Union. On June 3, 65438, the Declaration of Some Principles of Identity under the Condition of Two States was signed, and it was officially promulgated on June 4, 65438, which is known as the Atlantic Charter. In September, the Soviet Union and other anti-fascist countries successively expressed their support for the Atlantic Charter. The declaration clearly expressed the attitude of Britain and the United States towards the fascist war of aggression, announced the purpose of fighting against Germany and some important democratic principles, which played a positive role in inspiring the people of the world to fight against fascism and promoting the formation of an anti-fascist alliance, and became the basis of the later Charter of the United Nations.

The United Nations Declaration, the first programmatic document of the anti-fascist allies in the Second World War against the fascist countries of Germany, Italy and Japan. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, Britain and the United States proposed that countries fighting fascist countries sign a declaration. 1 942 65438+1October1day, representatives from 26 countries including Britain, France, the United States and China signed the United Nations Declaration in Washington. Later, 2 1 countries successively signed the declaration. The publication of the declaration marked the formation and growth of the international anti-fascist alliance and laid the foundation for the establishment of the United Nations organization. Cairo Declaration1943165438+1From 22 to 26 October, the heads of government of China, the United States and Britain held an international conference in Cairo. Attending the meeting were American President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek, chairman of the Kuomintang government in China. The meeting discussed the formulation of a joint operational plan against Japan and the solution to the Far East issue. The meeting signed the Cairo Declaration of China, the United States and Britain. The date of North Korea's independence is only vague. The status of China and Hongkong is not clearly defined. All these reflect the respective intentions of the United States and Britain.

Before the end of World War II, the Allies announced their future policies to Europe, which was about to be completely liberated. 1945 was adopted by the heads of the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain at the Yalta Conference in February, and published as a part of the communiqué of the Crimean Conference of the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain. On the one hand, the policy of realizing democratic Europe expressed in the declaration inspired the people of European countries to fight against fascism, on the other hand, it also reflected the struggle between allies in the development direction of liberated countries in Europe. The declaration was put forward by the United States and published after being revised by the Soviet Union. The United States hopes to ensure that Europe is within the capitalist system with the help of the political system chosen by the people of European countries. The Potsdam Proclamation is collectively referred to as the Potsdam Proclamation that China, the United States and Britain urged Japan to surrender. Published during the Potsdam meeting on July 26th, 1945. The announcement was drafted by the United States. The announcement reflects the desire of the people and allies of the world to defeat Japan and end the war at an early date. However, the announcement also reflects the United States' attempt to retain the imperial system, win over the Japanese establishment, and achieve sole control over Japan. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan on August 8 and announced its participation in the Potsdam Proclamation.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, multilateral treaties and international economic organizations related to tariff and trade policies. 1946 and 1947, the Preparatory Committee for the International Trade and Employment Conference held meetings in London and Geneva, and adopted the Charter of the International Trade Organization. During the meeting, the United States negotiated tariff concessions with 22 other countries and signed 123 bilateral tariff concessions. These agreements, together with the provisions on trade policy in the Charter of the International Trade Organization, constitute a single agreement, namely the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 19471On October 30th, 23 countries including the United States, Britain and France signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 1948 65438+ 10/0/valid. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has greatly reduced tariff and non-tariff barriers mainly through multilateral trade negotiations. Since the entry into force of GATT in June 1 948+1October1,eight rounds of negotiations have been completed, which has played an important role in expanding world trade and promoting world economic prosperity. 1993 The Uruguay Round negotiations concluded decided to establish a new "multilateral trade organization" on the basis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 1995 1 10 In October, the World Trade Organization was established, merged into the United Nations and became a specialized agency of the United Nations.

North Atlantic Treaty1948 On July 6, the United States, Canada and Brussels Treaty Organization members held formal talks in Washington to discuss the conclusion of a security treaty. 1949 In March, the articles of the North Atlantic Treaty were drafted and published. On April 4th, 12 foreign ministers from the United States, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom gathered in Washington, D.C., and held a NATO signing ceremony in the the State Council conference hall. The contents of the North Atlantic Treaty include a brief preface and 14 clause. It declared that every State Party should consult with any State Party when its territorial integrity, political independence or security are threatened. On 24 August, all States parties completed the ratification procedures in accordance with their constitutional procedures. At this point, the convention came into effect and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formally established. This is the largest military alliance organized by the United States and the main pillar of its cold war policy.

Round Table Agreement1On August 27th, 949, the Netherlands held a round table meeting with representatives of Indonesia led by Indonesia's puppet country Hada and the United Nations Indonesia Committee. 165438+1On 2 October, the Netherlands and India signed a round-table agreement. The main content is that the * * * Republic of Indonesia and 15 puppet countries form the * * * Republic of Indonesia, and the Netherlands "handed over power" to it. Indonesian Federation was founded, with Su Jianuo as President and Hada as Prime Minister. On February 27th, 65438, the Dutch "handover of sovereignty" ceremony was held simultaneously in Amsterdam and Jakarta. Since then, the Dutch direct rule over Indonesia for 340 years has ended. 1956 April 2 1 Parliament unanimously passed the bill to abolish the Round Table Agreement, and the Netherlands no longer enjoys any privileges in Indonesia. Indonesia has completely appeared on the international stage as an independent sovereign country. On May 2, the Indonesian government once again raised the issue of recovering West Irian, and it was not until May 1963 that West Irian returned to Indonesia's embrace.

Japan-US Security Treaty A treaty signed by Japan and the United States to regulate military relations between the two countries. The full name is the Japan-US Security Treaty. 195 1 was signed at the San Francisco Peace Conference with Japan on September 8th, and 1952 came into effect on April 28th. The treaty maintained the semi-occupation of Japan by the United States through the unequal military alliance between Japan and the United States, thus establishing Japan's political and military dependence on the United States. The Brest Peace Treaty is the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. 1965438+The peace treaty signed by Soviet Russia with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey in Brest-Litovsk (now Brest) on March 3, 2008. The content of the peace treaty was very harsh, but it made Soviet Russia withdraw from the imperialist war and gained time to concentrate on consolidating the achievements of the October Revolution. Therefore, the signing of the peace treaty is a revolutionary compromise. 19 18, the German revolution broke out and overthrew the William II regime. 1918165438+10/3. The Soviet government announced the abolition of the Brest Peace Treaty.

Korean Armistice Agreement 195 1 10 In July, Korean Armistice negotiations started in Kaesong, and on June 8, 65438/KLOC-0, the negotiations were moved to Panmunjom. The war has entered a new stage of talking and fighting. The negotiations went on and off for two years. 1On July 27th, 953, the United States signed an armistice agreement. The Korean Armistice Agreement determined that the actual contact line between the two sides near 38 degrees north latitude was the military demarcation line, and both sides retreated two kilometers from this line to establish a demilitarized zone; The two sides will hold a high-level political meeting within three months after the agreement takes effect to discuss the withdrawal of all foreign troops from North Korea and the peaceful settlement of the North Korean issue.

Geneva Agreement1954 On April 26th, 2004, the Geneva Conference was held to seek a peaceful solution to the Korean issue and the Indian-zhina issue. China, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, France and 23 countries including North Korea, Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia attended the meeting. On July 2 1, the participating countries reached an agreement, signed the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities among India and zhina, and adopted the final declaration of the meeting.

Warsaw Treaty1May 1955 14, eight countries including the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and the German Democratic Republic concluded the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (commonly known as the Warsaw Treaty) in Warsaw. According to this treaty, the Warsaw Treaty Organization was established with its headquarters in Moscow. Huayue is one of the two European military groups that compete with NATO. Its establishment was the Soviet Union's public response to the Federal Republic of Germany's entry into NATO. The establishment of the Warsaw Pact finally formed two opposing military blocs, East and West. The full name of the new Japan-US security treaty is the Japan-US Cooperation and Security Treaty. 1960 1 10 was signed in Washington in October and came into effect in June. Used to replace the old security treaty 195 1. It consists of preface and 10 text. The signing of this treaty ended the semi-occupation of Japan, made Japan truly independent and greatly improved its international status. With the improvement of Japan's economic strength and international status, the significance of the treaty has also changed, and the two sides have placed more emphasis on alliance. Before and after the signing of the treaty, the Japanese people and democratic forces fought extensively and persistently. The treaty has continued to this day, because the two sides have never proposed that the treaty is invalid. 1996 in April, US President Bill Clinton and Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto issued the "Japan-US Joint Declaration on Security Assurance" to amend the Japan-US security treaty.

The full name of the Lomé Agreement is the Lomé Agreement between the European Economic Community and African, Caribbean and Pacific regions (countries). 1975 In February, the European Economic Community signed this agreement with 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in Lomé, Togo. 1979, 10 and 1984 and 12, the eu signed the second and third lomé agreements with 57 and 66 African, Canadian and Pacific countries, respectively, and provided assistance amounting to 7.5 billion and 8.3 billion dollars respectively. The signing of this agreement is the result of the joint efforts of European economic entities and developing countries, and it is the most important agreement in North-South cooperation.

Treaty conclusion procedure refers to the whole process of signing treaties between countries. Generally, it includes negotiation, signing, approval and exchange of approval documents.

(1) negotiation. The process of negotiation between countries on the content and conclusion of a treaty. Except for heads of state, heads of government and foreign ministers, it is usually necessary to examine whether the representatives have full powers to participate in treaty negotiations at the beginning.

(2) signature. The official text of the treaty shall be signed by the authorized signing representative. Some treaties stipulate the signing date as the effective date.

(3) approval. The state has the final decision on the treaties signed by its representatives. Important treaties need to be ratified by the relevant authorities of the contracting States before they can enter into force. States are not obliged to ratify treaties signed by their representatives.

(4) Exchange of instruments of ratification.

Legal basis:

People's Republic of China (PRC)'s Treaty Concluding Procedure Law

Article 2 This Law shall apply to the bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements concluded between People's Republic of China (PRC) and foreign countries and other documents with the nature of treaties and agreements.

Article 3 People's Republic of China (PRC), the State Council and the Central People's Government shall conclude treaties and agreements with foreign countries. People's Republic of China (PRC) and the NPC Standing Committee decided to ratify and abrogate treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign countries. According to the decision of the NPC Standing Committee, President People's Republic of China (PRC) ratified and abrogated treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign countries. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China (PRC), under the leadership of the State Council, manages the specific affairs of concluding treaties and agreements with foreign countries.