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2015-03-2511:32: 51Source: People's Daily Author: Wu Hao.

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The scene of the massacre was discovered. 1

The scene of the massacre was discovered. [Save to Album]

Katyn Forest, a sad place for Poles. A recent air crash once again awakened its tragic memory of sleeping for 70 years.

On April 10, the special plane of Polish President Lech Kaczynski crashed near Katyn Forest in Smolensk, Russia, killing 96 people, including Kaczynski and several senior officials. At this time 70 years ago, near this forest, more than 20,000 captured Polish officers were secretly massacred by the Soviet Union.

Katyn's gunfire and bones

1on April 3, 943, just as Nazi Germany was defeated in the Battle of Stalingrad, Berlin Radio of Germany broadcast a news that shocked the world. They dug a mass grave with the bodies of Polish officers in Katyn forest near Smolensk, Soviet Union. At that time, German engineers forcibly recruited workers from Romania, Czech Republic, Poland, France and other countries to repair the local bombed railways, highways and other projects, and drove them to work in Katyn Forest. Several workers dug a grave with a large number of bones when digging there. Germany claims that these Polish officers skillfully shot from the back of the head with pistols step by step, which is a typical "Jewish-Bolshevik bestiality" technique. The Nazi authorities organized an international committee composed of criminals and pathologists to inspect mass graves. In the investigation book of this Committee, we can see the horror at that time:

Seven mass graves have been opened, the largest of which is estimated to contain the bodies of 2000 Polish officers. At present, all the bodies dug up were shot in the head and died. In all cases, the bullet was shot from the back of the neck. In most cases, only one shot was shot in the body, and rarely two shots were shot in the body, only one body was shot three times in the back of the neck. All the bullets were fired from pistols with a caliber of less than 8 mm. According to the impact point, people made the assumption that all the bullets were fired with the muzzle against the back of the neck or hit in the nearest range. The unexpected regularity of the wound made people think that the shooting was done by experienced people. The hands of a large number of corpses were tied in this way, and some corpses and clothes were also found with bayonets on all sides. The method of binding is similar to that of Soviet citizens found in Katyn forest before. After killing an officer, a ricochet pierced the body in into the pit, confirming the following hypothesis-the shooting was obviously carried out in a trench, thus avoiding the trouble of transporting the body to the grave. Collective graves are located on newly reclaimed land in the forest. The grave has been completely leveled and planted with small pine trees. Without exception, the bodies face down, side by side, layer by layer. The bodies around the grave are obviously arranged neatly, while the bodies in the middle are in disorder. Wearing winter clothes, they can often find typical Polish officers' fur coats, fur coats, knitted vests and hats.

Although the international community is skeptical about this, Germany's accusation has seriously damaged the reputation of the Soviet Union among its allies. The Germans were trapped in the crossfire of the Soviet battlefield. Hitler seized the opportunity and ordered all the propaganda machines in Germany to hype up in order to provoke the relationship between the Soviet Union and its allies.

The Soviet Union planted a cover-up crime.

The Katyn incident was a complete accident for the Soviet government. When dealing with these poles in the spring of 1940, probably no one would have expected such a result. On April 16, after two days of silence, the Soviet government issued an announcement to counter the German propaganda: "The German fascist villains did not stop spreading the most absurd and despicable lies in their new absurd assumptions, and they tried to cover up their own heinous crimes with these lies, which is now very clear."

The Soviet government indicated that Polish prisoners of war were still engaged in construction work in the area west of Smolensk in 194 1. They were killed after the German army occupied the area in July of the same year, and their deaths had nothing to do with the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union's counterattack could not stand scrutiny, and the Soviet Union and Germany attacked and criticized each other.

The Soviet Union took advantage of its advantageous position in the anti-fascist war and finally pushed the Holocaust to Hitler. In order to show the importance of the incident, the Soviet Union also organized a special committee to conduct on-the-spot counter-investigation after the German army withdrew from 1944. The Committee found that 1 1000 bodies in these graves were shot in September and February, and the Germans hired 500 Russians to do it and executed them afterwards. At that time, Britain and the United States did not raise any objection to the Soviet Union's statement, nor did they want to offend the Soviet Union in the "anti-fascist United front" against Germany. In addition, due to the notorious actions of Nazi Germany, especially the genocide of Jews, the international community lost its trust in them, and the truth of the Katyn tragedy was successfully covered up by the Soviet Union.

1945, German fascism perished, and the Soviet Union, as the winner and referee, sat high on the judgment seat in Nuremberg. During the trial, the Soviet authorities published an investigation report on more than 20,000 Polish dead, and all this dirty water was poured on the Germans. The image of the Soviet socialist country under Stalin will never be damaged again.

But the Poles knew very well who the real murderer was, although they could not produce strong evidence at that time. Even if there is evidence, they dare not publish it, because Poland after World War II is in the front line of the Warsaw Pact camp, and like other socialist countries in Eastern Europe, Poland's fate is in the hands of the Kremlin authorities. Polish leaders have been silent for a long time. They don't talk about Katyn tragedy themselves, and they don't allow others to talk about it. Ghosts hang over katyn.

Gorbachev bravely exposed the truth.

The evidence of "Katyn Incident" has been kept in the top secret archives of the Kremlin. In more than half a century after the incident, the leaders of the Soviet KGB repeatedly suggested destroying all the secret documents of Polish prisoners, but for various reasons, these documents were not destroyed. Finally, the first batch of Russian secret files, which have been dusty for more than 50 years, reached Gorbachev's hands.

19911On February 23rd, Gorbachev, together with Yeltsin and the director of the president's office, opened the seal of the first volume of the president's secret file when he handed over the presidential power. Gorbachev later recalled that "we were creepy" and "we had no right to hide the facts from Poland". The three of us immediately thought that no matter what the consequences, we should inform the Polish side. "

At the Russian-Polish briefing held on1June 1992+10/October 14, Polish President Walesa received a secret document and his voice was hoarse. In the face of these cold secret files 50 years ago, he still "feels whole body trembling".

Three documents in the secret archives are direct evidence of the Soviet Union's Katyn massacre. The first is1the decision of the United Central Committee signed by Stalin and others on March 5, 940; The second is1beria's report to Stalin on March 5th, 940. Beria's report described in detail the number, rank, occupation and political attitude of Polish officers captured and other personnel detained by the Soviet Union since the Soviet Union sent troops to Poland in September 1939. According to the report, they are "full of hatred for the Soviet system and evil enemies of the Soviet regime" and "each of them is waiting to be released so as to have the opportunity to actively participate in the struggle against the Soviet regime". Therefore, it is suggested that they should be tried in accordance with "special procedures" and sentenced to capital punishment-shooting. Stalin was the first to sign beria's letter and write "Agree". On this basis, the Political Bureau of the * * * (Bolshevik) League adopted a decision on the same day, suggesting that the Soviet Interior People's Committee:

1.( 1) Cases against14,700 former Polish officers, officials, landlords, police, spies, gendarmes, settlers and prison guards; (2) As well as cases in which 65,438+065,438+0,000 members of various counter-revolutionary spy organizations and sabotage groups, local owners, factory owners, former Polish officers, officials and cross-border elements were arrested and detained in state prisons in western Ukraine and western Belarus, they were tried by special procedures and shot.

2. When trying a case, you don't need to summon the defendant, nor do you need to file a public prosecution, nor do you need to produce the investigation conclusion and judgment, but take the following procedures; (1) The case of prisoners of war in the prison camp shall be tried according to the certification materials issued by the Bureau of Prisoners of War of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union and the People's Committee; (2) Prisoners in prisons in western Ukraine and western Belarus shall be tried according to the materials released by the Ministry of Interior of Ukraine and Belarus.

3. A three-member team composed of Comrade Merkulov, Comrade Kobrov and Comrade basta Kokov (Director of the First Special Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union) is responsible for hearing cases and making judgments.

The third document is the report of KGB leader shelepin to Soviet General Secretary Khrushchev on March 3, 1959. The report verified that the total number of people killed in Katyn massacre was 2 1857. The report emphasizes that if the archives continue to keep these files, "once leaked, it will definitely endanger the country", so it is suggested to continue to use the conclusions of the 1944 special Committee and destroy all other relevant documents. But for some reason, Khrushchev and the leaders of the former Soviet Union did not destroy these documents, and the truth finally came to light.

Polish newspapers praised the "repentance gesture" made by Russian President Yeltsin at that time. "Its greatness can be compared with that of German Chancellor Brandt kneeling in front of the Jewish Uprising Monument in Warsaw in February."

The Soviet Union stabbed Poland in the back.

The origin of Katyn tragedy can be traced back to the partition of Poland by the Soviet Union and Germany. As early as 1939, when the Soviet Union and Germany signed a non-aggression treaty, they stipulated in the attached secret agreement a treaty dividing Poland into east and west. On September 1939, 1, the German blitzkrieg fought Poland, watching Poland lose ground under the sweeping of rammstein. Stalin knew it was time to fish in troubled waters. On September 17, he ordered Soviet troops to cross the border between Poland and the Soviet Union. However, the Polish army, which is struggling with the Germans, can't stand the attack from both east and west. Marshal Ritz Slagery ordered that Soviet troops should not be regarded as warring parties and would not resist Soviet invasion. Poles believe that the socialist Soviet Union will give them humane treatment. Soviet troops quickly occupied eastern Poland, crossed curzon line, occupied Bialystok and other areas, and captured 130242 Polish soldiers, of whom 125803 were escorted to the Soviet Union and put into eight newly established prison camps.

In order to finally determine the partition of Poland, Molotov and ribbentrop held talks in Moscow on September 27-28, and Stalin and Schulenburg also participated in the talks. The negotiation between the two sides resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Friendship between the Soviet Union and Germany and three secret supplementary protocols. The treaty pointed out that "after the disintegration of the former Polish state, the Soviet Union and the German government believed that it was their task to restore peace and order in this territory and ensure that people of all ethnic groups living there could live in peace according to their own national characteristics". To this end, they will determine a "national border in line with the national interests of both sides", and both sides will recognize this national border as the final border and exclude any interference from third countries; In the determined "the necessary national transformation in the territory west of the border is carried out by the German government, and the transformation in the territory east of the border is carried out by the Soviet government"; The two sides believe that "the above changes are a reliable basis for the further development of friendly relations between the Soviet people and the German people." The Secret Supplementary Protocol signed at the same time involves the relocation of residents, the reconstruction of administrative institutions and the obligations of both sides in their respective occupied areas. From then on, the Soviet Union and Germany bordered on the territory of Poland.

1939 10 3. Due to the large number of prisoners of war camps, the Soviet Union was overwhelmed in management and supply. Beria, after consulting with Stalin, dismissed most Polish soldiers in batches, leaving a group of military and political dignitaries to be held in Old Biersk Camp and Causel Sk Camp, while spies, gendarmes and prison guards were sent to OsTashkov Camp. Most of these people are elites of Polish society, including officers, scientists, professors, officials, nobles and so on. Together with the 4 18 19 people who were later handed over to Germany, about 43,000 people remained in Soviet prison camps. According to the information disclosed later, the Soviet Union did not want to slaughter these prisoners of war before March 1940. Why did you change your mind later?

The Soviet prisoner-of-war camp set up a special section at the time of its establishment. Its main task was to "find out the situation of counter-revolutionary organizations among prisoners of war and master their emotions." Stalin can keep abreast of every move of prisoners of war. According to the report submitted by 1939, some officers carried out anti-Soviet propaganda among soldiers, saying that "the Soviet Union colluded with fascism. If Britain and France oppose the Soviet Union, Poland will exist, and we should provide help from the rear. " The report also lists suicides, escapes, hunger strikes, sabotage and protests in prison camps. 1940 in February, there was a saying among the prisoners of war: "We will return to Poland, drive away the Germans and Jews, and then defeat the Bolsheviks."

With more and more such reports, Stalin became more and more uneasy. He finally realized that these prisoners of war are a group of potential enemies, and if they are released, they will certainly hold high the anti-Soviet banner. However, if these prisoners of war are held in concentration camps, it will not only consume a lot of manpower and material resources, but also be in danger of riots.

After the founding of the Soviet Union, it has been surrounded by capitalist countries, and western powers have repeatedly intervened in it, and Poland is precisely the frontier of these countries' armed intervention in the Soviet Union. Stalin was worried that these pesky Polish officers in the hands of the Soviet Union might control the Polish regime after the war, which was unacceptable to the Soviet Union. Since the "October Revolution", Soviet leaders have gradually formed a mindset, that is, the Polish ruling class has always hated Soviet countries, and the officers of the Polish army, the police, the judicial system and the officials of state organs all belong to the ruling class, and their danger is much greater than that of ordinary people. If they are released together with ordinary soldiers, it will only add trouble and resistance to the ongoing Soviet socialist transformation in the Soviet area, including the nationalization of industry and agriculture there.

1940 in March, beria submitted a top secret report on the execution of prisoners of war to the Soviet Central Committee, and Stalin, voroshilov, Molotov and mikoyan all signed the report. Later, this report was revised by Stalin and finally became a resolution of the Politburo. The fate of Polish elites in the three camps was decided from the moment they were captured, and they became the most difficult elements to trust and accept under the Soviet system.

The massacre was carried out in accordance with the requirements of planning, high speed, high efficiency and high confidentiality. Blokhin, director of the Security Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, was responsible for the specific slaughter process, and the design and implementation of the plan were quite thorough. These Poles didn't know that the Soviet leader ordered the slaughter of them. They were escorted to a special interrogation room in batches and executed. The cabin is soundproof, so there will be no gunshots.

De tokarev, former director of the Kalinin State Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and director of the People's Committee, later talked about the scene at that time: "Take the Poles one by one to the' red corner', that is, Lenin's room here, check the information there-name, father's name, date of birth ... and then handcuff him, take him into the prepared cell and shoot him in the back of the head with a pistol. This is the end ... This gun is a "Wald" pistol made in Germany. Execute 200-350 people in one night? The body was carried out of the cell through another back door and thrown on a covered truck. " Subsequently, the staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs transported the body to the Black Forest in Katyn for burial, covered it with soil and planted trees.

In the Smolensk region, some of the prisoners who were sent were executed in prison, and some were directly transported to the Katyn forest about 15 km west of Smolensk and shot. In this way, prisoners held in three special prison camps, as well as prisoners in prisons in western Ukraine and Belarus, "disappeared without a trace" within a month. It should be said that the Soviet authorities made careful preparations and no major accidents occurred during the operation. The relevant personnel responsible for organizing and leading this operation were also commended by the Ministry of the Interior.

Russia-Poland hatred has a long history.

The Katyn tragedy sowed new hatred between Poland and Russia. Historically, the feud between the two nations has a long history.

Poland and Russia belong to Slavs in race and language, but Russians believe in Orthodox Christianity and Poles believe in Catholicism, and conflicts began in the late Middle Ages. In the past 500 years, ambitious Polish troops entered Moscow twice, while greedy Russians participated in the division of Poland three times. By the eve of World War I, Poland had actually become a vassal state of Russia.

In the First World War, Poland became the battlefield of Russian army, German army and Austro-Hungarian army, and was finally occupied by German army. According to the Brest Peace Treaty of 19 18, the newly born Soviet Russia gave up all the territory of Poland, and Poland's independence was confirmed at the Paris Peace Conference.

From the geopolitical point of view, Germany and Russia have complicated grievances with Poland in history. However, in the face of two powerful neighbors who are also hostile to themselves, Poles are particularly angry with the Soviet Union. Prizel, an expert on Eastern Europe, once pointed out that Poles may be afraid of Germans, but they always feel that they share the same civilization with their western neighbors. Polish Marshal Smigley Renault once had an incisive exposition: "With the Germans, we are in danger of losing our freedom;" With the Soviets, we are in danger of losing our souls. "

Poland, which has just returned to the motherland, has no clear borders around it. The Treaty of Versailles only stipulated its western border. As for the eastern border, the Allies proposed to draw a temporary dividing line between Poland and Soviet Russia, that is, along Grodno, Brest, Khrushchev and Purzendale, until the Carpathian Mountain Line (later Kurzon Line), but the Polish government represented by Pierre Suskie tried to restore the "historical border" before the first partition in 1772, that is, to divide Lithuania. As a result, the border issue between Poland and the Soviet Union was excluded from the Paris Peace Conference because of the Soviet Union and Russia, but it was not clearly defined. In fact, the allies encouraged Poland to rely on military force to solve the border problem in the east, and Polish strongman Pilsudski also planned to do the same.

1920, during the civil war between Russia and Soviet Union, Pierre Suskie began to solve the "historical border" in the east by force. On April 25, a large-scale Soviet-Polish war broke out, and the main attack direction of the Polish army was Kiev. Due to Pierre Suskie's misjudgment of the main position of the Red Army, the Polish army was defeated all the way under the attack of the Red Army. This situation is not what the allies want to see. On July 12, British Foreign Secretary Cousin called the Soviet government and suggested a truce between the two sides. The red army retreated 50 kilometers from the demarcation line determined by the allied forces that year. Lenin thought Cousson's proposal was "a hoax" and suggested that Stalin "quickly ordered a fierce offensive" and marched into China, hoping to turn Poland into a Soviet country in order to disintegrate the international system established by the Treaty of Versailles. On the other hand, Stalin opposed further attacks on Poland. As early as June 1920, he told the Rasta news agency in Ukraine that "the arrogance and complacency shown by some comrades are unrealistic." Stalin's judgment was confirmed in the subsequent wars between Poland and the Soviet Union. When the Red Army arrived in Poland, the Polish people did not regard the Red Army as their liberator as Lenin expected, but regarded the Red Army as the enemy who subverted Poland. The Red Army, which is on an expedition, can't get supplies from the rear in time. August 15, defeated in the final battle of Rajmin in the suburb of Warsaw. In the case that the Red Army had to continue to retreat, the Soviet Union and Poland, which urgently needed to recuperate in a peaceful environment, signed the Riga Treaty, and Ukraine and Belarus were placed under Poland.

The Soviet-Polish War ended, but the Soviet-Russian border issue was not really solved. In the war, the Red Army lost more than 300,000 people, and the Polish army also lost more than 65,438+10,000 people. This war sowed the seeds of hatred in Moscow's heart, which laid the groundwork for the Soviet Union to attack Poland again in 1939 and the Katyn tragedy in 1940.

Katyn massacre, a heinous massacre, is the result of long-term hatred between Russia and Poland. Regardless of humanitarian and international influence, Stalin brazenly ordered the slaughter of more than 20,000 unarmed Polish elites, which shows his arrogance. The ultra-left ideology blinded the Soviet leaders, and the cruel rule of the state machine deprived the people of their free will. They are Stalin's accomplices. In the Katyn tragedy, we can clearly see the method and logic of the Soviet Union's great purge era: "Destroy all class enemies mercilessly physically". Obviously, they thought it was unfair, so they didn't dare to admit it and told one big lie after another. Polish military and political officials who were killed innocently never expected that they would fall victim to a dogmatic political thought under the Soviet political system.