Author: Luo Guanzhong
Luo Guanzhong, whose real name is Ben, is also known as "scattered people and lakes". He used to be the counselor of Zhang Shicheng, the leader of the rebel army at the end of Yuan Dynasty. His date of birth and death is unknown. Taiyuan Qingyuan (now Qingxu County, Taiyuan City) was born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and Luo Zhongxiang was an official in Qingzhou (now Qingxu) in the later Tang Dynasty. Later, due to the flood that originated and the long journey. He settled in Qingyuan, Taiyuan, and then moved to Sigou Village, baimashan (now Baishigou) in the west of the city. His father Luo Jinsheng has six sons, ranking second in Guanxing.
Luo Guanzhong was an outstanding classical novelist in China at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. It was he who pushed the literary form of chapter-back novel to a mature stage. Later, many scholars and writers spoke highly of him and compared him with Ma and Guan Hanqing. His great achievements in literary creation have become a valuable asset in the treasure house of China literature and world literature. The well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by him is not only a household name in China, but also translated into the languages of more than ten countries, which is popular all over the world and deeply loved by people all over the world. Abroad, his Romance of the Three Kingdoms is called "a masterpiece rich in people's nature", while the Encyclopedia Britannica calls him "the first master of art".
Probably because Roche's ancestors were born as officials. The descendants of the Roche family attached great importance to the family history education of "woody water source" for their descendants, and always maintained the family style of "farming and reading, passing on the family tradition, and teaching children by poetry and courtesy". Under the influence of this family heirloom, Guan Zhong loved reading, classics and history since childhood, which laid a good foundation for his later creation. However, the era of Guan Zhong's life is an extremely sharp and complicated era of ethnic contradictions and class contradictions. The cruel rule and oppression of Mongolian aristocrats by the Yuan Dynasty aroused the resistance of the people of the whole country, and the struggle to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was in full swing. Zhu Yuanzhang, Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng and other rebels fought against the Yuan Army and merged with each other. It is said that Luo Guanzhong, who stepped into youth, wandered the Jianghu under the influence of this historical turmoil, joined the uprising army led by Zhang Shicheng, merged into its shogunate and acted as a screen guest. In addition, Chen Shi collected by Wang Qi said that he was "interested in seeking the king" and was a man with political ambitions. This can be seen from his later Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms was very popular in ancient China. Song and Yuan dynasties came to the stage, and Jin and Yuan dynasties performed more than 30 kinds of Three Kingdoms operas. From Yuan Dynasty to Zhinian, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu's family in Xin 'an came out. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, drama and scripts, combined with historical materials such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi's notes, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with a total of 24 volumes. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang, the father and son of Maureen, collated historical events, added or deleted words, and revised them into "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" 120, which has been passed down to this day.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty. The book reflects the political and military struggle, the infiltration and transformation of various social contradictions in the Three Kingdoms period, summarizes the historical changes of this era and shapes a group of heroes. In grasping the history of the Three Kingdoms, the author showed an obvious tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao, focusing on the description of Liu Bei Group, praising the main figures of Liu Bei Group and trying to expose and lash Cao Cao. Today, we should dialectically understand the author's tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao. Respecting Liu and opposing Cao is the main tendency of folklore in Luo Guanzhong era, which implies people's hope for the rejuvenation of the Han nationality.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is based on the history of Wei, Shu and Wu in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. On the basis of folklore, scripts and operas created by folk artists, the author wrote the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms by using Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms and official historical materials annotated by Pei Songzhi, and combining his rich life experience. There are many versions of this book, and the earliest existing version is Ming Jiajing. The book has 24 volumes and 240 articles, and it is called "The Biography of Pingyang Hou", which was edited by Robben after Jin Dynasty. It concentrates on the wonderful parts of the scripts and operas of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and rewrites all the stories of the Three Kingdoms in the Yuan Dynasty (deleting absurd stories, adding historical facts and expanding the length) into a long masterpiece. Since then, a large number of new periodicals have appeared, but only some additions, deletions and rearrangements have been made on the basis of Jiajing edition, and there has been no big change. The most popular book is Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which was added or deleted by Mao Lun and Mao Zonggang in the early Qing Dynasty. The book was written in the early years of Kangxi, which is more compact and complete than Jiajing. Now People's Literature Publishing House has deleted comments according to the second edition of this book.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has created nearly 200 characters, among which Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and others are the most successful. Zhuge Liang is the incarnation of the "saint" in the author's mind. He has the lofty spirit of "devoting all his efforts to death" and the ambition of helping people rebuild a peaceful and prosperous world in modern times. In addition, the author endowed him with the peculiar ability of giving orders and calculating skillfully. Cao Cao is a treacherous man. His life creed is "Better teach the world to betray me than to teach the world to betray me". He is a political careerist and schemer, so don't confuse him with the real Cao Cao in history. Guan Yu is "brave and resolute" and "righteous as a mountain". But his loyalty is based on personal grudges, not the national justice. Liu Bei was portrayed by the author as a model of benevolence and righteousness, a corporal who valued virtue, and a man who knew people well and did his duty well.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes wars, big and small, with grand ideas and various techniques, which let us clearly see the bloody war scenes. Among them, the description of the battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs is ups and downs, ups and downs, and it is thrilling to read.
The book is not vulgar, concise and lively, full of momentum and lively.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms has brought the upsurge of China's historical novel creation, and its series of characters are well-known in China.
summary
Romance of the Three Kingdoms focuses on the political and military struggle between ruling groups. With the contradiction between Shu Han and Wei as the main clue, the plot of the book is unfolded, and a large number of princes and heroes in politics, military affairs and diplomacy are created. The main figures are Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao and Guan Yu.
Zhuge Liang is an extremely important figure in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He is the embodiment of wisdom. It is a household name among the people, and it is well known to women and children. There is a saying: "Three cobblers make a Zhuge Liang", which shows his far-reaching influence. Since Zhuge Liang was a rookie, he immediately became the core figure in the Shuhan-Liubei Group. Liu Bei once said that getting Zhuge Liang "like a duck to water" not only obeyed him, but also paid almost all military events. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang actually became the highest decision-maker of Shu. In order to repay Liu Bei's kindness in taking care of the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang really did his best to die. . In Zhuge Liang, there are many politicians' virtues and superhuman wisdom. His wisdom and resourcefulness are even more talked about by people. Like Bowangpo fighting, grass boats borrow arrows. Not only that, he can improvise, for example, Zhuge Liang is China people's favorite figure by using the phrase "empty city plan".
Through complicated primary struggles, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms reveals the political struggles within the palace relocation, between groups, and between different forces within the same group, as well as the military struggles aimed at greed and hegemony, and reproduces the turbulent reality in the Three Kingdoms period. The book describes hundreds of wars, large and small, which is characterized by paying attention to expressing people's subjective initiative and the use of strategies and tactics. Battle of Red Cliffs is a wonderful war described in this book.
In Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu, Zhuge Liang and others correctly analyzed the situation of the enemy and ourselves, and through a series of step-by-step and planned actions, they gave full play to their own advantages, and at the same time skillfully and correctly determined and applied tactics such as fire attack, and finally defeated the strong enemy with the weak. On Cao Cao's side, relying on strength, he was supercilious, arrogant, representative, blindly underestimating the enemy, making repeated mistakes in decision-making and command, gradually losing his advantages and finally failing miserably.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also describes different groups and factions within the feudal ruling class. In order to realize their own self-interest, they tried their best to engage in intrigue and intrigue, extensively used their strategic forces, and carried out fierce and complicated political and military struggles. This point runs through the book.
In order to recapture Jingzhou from Liu Bei, Sun Quan did not hesitate to use his sister as bait, and used the trick of "pulling relations" in an attempt to make Liu Bei "earn South Xu" ... imprisoned in prison, but made people beg Jingzhou to smoke Liu Bei ". After this plan was discovered, he lied that "the country was too sick" and tricked Mrs. Sun into taking Liu Bei's youngest son, Adou, back to Soochow in an attempt to exchange Adou for Jingzhou. After Guan Yu died in Jingzhou, the alliance between Sun and Liu broke down. Sun Quan was afraid of Liu Bei's revenge, so he sent envoys to send a letter to Cao Cao. In the letter, Sun Quan flattered Cao Cao and said, "I knew that my destiny had come to you, and I gained the upper hand. I sent my general to destroy Liu Bei and the two rivers, and I immediately led a group to surrender. " Sun Quan's attempt to persuade Cao Cao to abolish the Han Dynasty and call himself emperor was twofold: first, he could arouse Liu Bei and other forces supporting the Han Dynasty to rise up against Cao Cao; The second is to divert Liu Bei's attention from Soochow's capture of Jingzhou and the killing of Guan Yu, with very sinister intentions. No wonder Cao Cao said, "Does this boy want to roast me on the stove?" However, Liu Bei, who takes the world by benevolence and righteousness, is also good at playing tricks. When Lu Bu was captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao asked Liu Bei what to do with it. Liu Bei helped to meditate, and then reminded Cao Cao, "Have you seen Ding Jianyang and Dong Zhuo?" Lu Bu was defeated by Liu and was immediately killed. Cao Cao pretended to hear thunder when he was cooking wine about heroes, lost his virginity to cover up his gaffes, and even fooled a generation of treacherous Cao Cao. Zhao Zilong attacked Changbanpo, struggling to save the young master Adou. Liu Bei threw Adou to the ground in front of Zhao Zilong, just as the folk fable said: "Liu Bei threw Adou-bought people's hearts."