(Anglo-Saxon period) More than a thousand years ago, he appeared as a military aristocrat. Serving the king and performing military duties, the wealth is mainly real estate, and inheritance needs to be taxed. During the 600 years, wars continued, and the king rewarded soldiers with land according to their exploits, and the king himself was usually regarded as a "cow" aristocrat. First called "gossett", then called "Thain", the meaning is to serve others, and the status is determined by the object being served. At that time, many free peasants became serfs. Since the 6th century, religious elements have been injected into aristocratic groups.

Saxon, the legendary loser of King Arthur. In Wife and Daughter, Sir Hamley is very proud that he was the first Saxon to come to England. In fact, before England was a Celtic world, the Angles and Saxons were invaders from Germany. After three centuries of conquest and mixing, several ethnic groups merged into one nation, which formed the English people today. '

The basic difference between Kiel (a farmer) and gossett lies in the provision of living compensation in the famous Ini code, which is usually six times that of the former. Cher, who is hardworking and enterprising, may become gossett. About 10 century, the word Ealdorman began to refer to big noble, and gradually gained the meaning of Earl, Fangbo and Prince, meaning local ruler.

The full-time job of a church deacon may appear around 800 years. As early as the 6th-7th century, Britain formed a system of keeping secular nobles and religious nobles. Church aristocrats are closely related to the British monarch, and their affiliation is relatively certain. They can preach and wield swords. Witenagemot members can participate in major decisions and have judicial power. It was not until165438+at the beginning of the 20th century that the hierarchical differences between the ordinary middle and lower class aristocrats, such as Earl big noble and Thain, finally became clear. The establishment of feudal nobles (Norman period) showed the obvious differences between British and French feudal systems. English: My vassal's vassal is also my vassal-similar to China's "All over the world, is it the land of kings?" Is leading the land king? "Method: The vassal of my vassal is not my vassal.

Social languages began to divide-the upper class spoke French and the lower class spoke English. Important documents, mostly in Latin and French. It was not until 1259 that Henry III published documents in two languages at the same time that English gradually occupied a place in the upper political field. 1086, William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) made a land survey, and classified many free or semi-free farmers as Villans. Therefore, this list is called "The Book of Doomsday" by the British people.

/kloc-English knights in the 0/4th century

When a nobleman acquires territory through marriage, he must pay a considerable transfer fee to the king. The cells of constitutionalism began to appear one hundred years after Norman landed, represented by the opposition between kings and nobles. Knight education values martial arts more than literature. Tournament meetings are often held, and there are often casualties. The winning knight has the right to kiss a lovely lady. The so-called chivalry is the aristocratic spirit. Mass in the morning, drinking and making trouble at noon, looting churches in the afternoon and molesting women at night. Knights rarely kill knights on the battlefield, but all the dead are civilian infantry. On the way to the Crusades, there was no difference between knights and vikings. Chivalry became a battle of personal revenge. The by-product of chivalry is "heroes love beauty". Since 12 century, a woman should have a lover besides her husband, otherwise, it will be considered as unattractive. 1075, the general meeting stipulated that people who are related by blood within seven generations are prohibited from getting married, and those whose spouses are related by blood within four generations are prohibited from getting married. However, in 12 15, the Vatican changed this, and the seventh generation was changed to the fourth generation because it was not easy to integrate. Every dynasty change between prosperity and decline (12-65438+the end of the 5th century) 1399-1485 was initiated by big noble, with the corpse of a king as the cornerstone, and more nobles were implicated, endangering their lives and losing their titles and positions. The British monarch is actually elected, not hereditary. 1265438+In June 2005, 25 nobles in London forced King John of England to sign the famous "noble program" Magna Carta. There are 6 1 clauses in the Magna Carta, and most of them list some rights that are beneficial to the nobility. For example, the king must seek the opinions of the nobles and get their consent in all important affairs of the country, including taxation; In the past, the personal freedom of nobles was not allowed to be arbitrarily violated, and so on. The rule that "the law is supreme and the king is under the law" has been remembered ever since. 1265 "Simon Parliament" has become an important part of the future lower house and even the parliamentary system. 1325, the British parliament was finally formed after a hundred years. 1376, Peter mark, the representative of the Cavaliers, became the first spokesman. 65438+ In the sixties and seventies of last century, aristocratic houses were officially called the upper house, and civilian houses were officially called the lower house. /kloc-In the late 5th century, British aristocrats gradually formed and finally customized. There are men and women, as well as barons and knights. Lord is a rewarding title. From 130 1, the Prince of Wales became the name of the heir to the British Kingdom. The Black Death became the killer of feudal serfdom. Wars of the roses. During the period of 1455, house of lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and the York family, symbolized by the white rose, met many times. It lasted for 30 years until the Red Rose won and the Tudor Dynasty was established. Fading and change

Noble castle

(1485- 1688) big noble made ends meet, and the gentry class began to rise. Gray and black are gradually regarded as "coloring". It has long influenced the people of the whole country and has not changed so far. The eldest son, as the priority heir of surname, family property and title, has a particularly important position. If the eldest son dies young, it will be inherited by the eldest son. If not, the second son and the younger son will be handed over gradually. Property is generally passed to only one person, and other property can be inherited by the daughter. Pay attention to family etiquette and patriarchy, but aristocratic women have more freedom. Because it involves property or titles, marriage and love are not free, and basically the king or his parents have the final say. Religious beliefs can also affect love and marriage. The son of a nobleman who is not the eldest son is not easy to get married, and under the special property inheritance system, he is likely to become poor. The Elizabeth sisters in Pride and Prejudice are those who have no property inheritance rights. Secular aristocrats with low cultural quality. However, the second and youngest sons were sent to Cambridge and Oxford; Upper class, and a group of cultural celebrities. Eton College was founded in13rd century. Tuition is very high. Study tours became popular, and aristocratic children went to Italy to study language, literature, art and etiquette. After more than 200 years of subtle influence, the former knight with sword has finally become a gentleman who is familiar with literature and ink. Hey hey. Several well-known female writers all lived in the era after gentlemen. The aristocratic era (1688-1mid-9th century) is characterized by political independence, democratic consciousness and gentlemanly demeanor. Conservative Party, a political party in Britain. /kloc-produced at the end of 0/7. /kloc-evolved into the British Conservative Party in the middle of 0/9th century. The word "Tory" comes from Irish, which means outlaw. 1679, when the parliament discussed whether Duke James had the right to inherit the throne, those who agreed were called "Tories" by political opponents. Tories took part in the "glorious revolution" of 1688. 1760, gradually becoming the ruling party. By the middle of19th century, it had developed into a Conservative Party. Whig party, the antonym of Whig party, may be the abbreviation of the word Whiggamores (meaning "aggressive Scottish Presbyterian Church"). Whigs benefited from the political changes brought about by 1688 "glorious revolution".

noble family

The Glorious Revolution was a non-violent palace coup related to religion in Britain from 1688 to 1689. At that time, the Whigs who supported Parliament and some Tories abandoned James II to prevent him from being transferred to his newborn son. After abolishing the king, they passed the throne to the original heirs, James II's daughter Mary and Dutch Orange's son-in-law William. William led his troops into England without firing a shot, which made James II run away. Parliament returned to power and William succeeded to the throne as William III. Because this revolution did not shed blood, it was called a glorious revolution in history. So far, the struggle between the British parliament and the king for nearly half a century ended in the victory of the parliament. The meaning of nobility has changed. There are always the least British aristocrats in the true sense, but its stability is second to none in Europe, and it is the oldest and most stable aristocratic system in the world. 1707, Scotland merged into Britain, 1800, Ireland merged into Britain. After the bourgeois revolution, there were almost no poor nobles in Britain. Look at the statistics, Darcy in Pride and Prejudice is the one among the big real estate developers. Almost all the big estates were preserved by the old inheritance system. The bourgeois revolution in Britain began with the agricultural revolution. The nobles developed agriculture, mining and transportation. Thomas Kirk is famous for breeding high-quality sheep. He was made count in 1837.

The right of the upper house is not manifested in the upper house, but in the lower house. Byron is a member of the House of Lords and Shelley comes from a baron's family. British aristocrats don't like parties and salons like French aristocrats, but like manors. "Everyone's house is their castle." Family history of the Duke of Westminster (now the richest man in Britain). 1703, his ancestors became barons, 1874, he climbed to the position of duke. 1722, George iii proposed that parliament pass the royal marriage law. From the end of 18 to the beginning of 19, the divorce rate of aristocrats was 4% and that of civilians was one in ten thousand. Therefore, the married life of the nobility is still quite unstable. The real decline (1since the end of the 9th century) 1872, secret ballot came into being. 1876, The English Noble was published, and it was republished soon, renamed Real Estate Owners in Great Britain and Ireland. It is the first special book to explain the unreasonable situation of land occupation since 1000. 1894 levy inheritance tax, which makes the big landlords worse. When the bourgeoisie enters the nobility, titles are exchanged for wealth, and wealth is exchanged for titles. Since the 1920s, the nouveau riche middle class has emerged. During World War I and World War II, many nobles were killed or injured, and even the old nobles were cut off. This is related to their patriotism, nationalism and imperialist education. Big noble's real estate has plummeted. Winston Churchill did not want his great name to be replaced by a strange title, but only accepted the Guardian Medal. Harold Macmillan also refused to accept knighthood. Of course, in the end, he still wants the title of hereditary earl. The British aristocracy existed for more than 10 centuries, but it was not until 1998 that the British Parliament reformed that the hereditary aristocracy died out. They are "a rare class in the history of the world that can make an appropriate retreat at an appropriate time." "Britain's success in the transformation of modern society has avoided the impact of the revolution and won the steady development of society. The foresight, courage and spirit of compromise of the British nobility are indelible.