When Western oil painting mainly pursues form resemblance, its so-called "pen and ink" are just physical tools and materials. For example, for the works of Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, they usually make sketches first, and then Transparent cover dyeing still cannot achieve the pursuit of expressiveness and vitality of composition, color, lines and brush strokes. However, it was not until the emergence of Impressionism that the aesthetic value of brush strokes was gradually recognized by people and began to be favored by painters. , exploring the expressive power of brushstrokes from various aspects such as the strength, speed, and direction of the brushstrokes. Only then did Western oil paintings discuss the issue of "brushwork". Of course, brushwork is not only a matter of strokes and brush usage, but also color, The comprehensive expression of lines, etc. However, in the early stages of the development of Western oil painting, the premise of "writing" in oil painting started from the emphasis on brushstrokes and the exploration of brushwork, which can be traced back to the Western Renaissance. Venetian School. The main idea of ??the Renaissance was to use individuality to oppose theocratic restraint, use reason to oppose obscurantism, and promote the humanistic spirit. Although he mainly uses realistic techniques in painting, he still does not forget the expression of subjective ideals and interests, especially the representative of the Venetian School - Titian.

Venice in the 16th century when Titian lived was a city with developed trade. Its unique geographical location, prosperous trade, and stable politics and society formed a very favorable environment for the development of art. and conditions. After the death of Giorgione, Titian became the leader of the Venetian painting world. Although he lived a long and wealthy life and was the "favorite of God", he always maintained the tradition of humanism and the artist's inner freedom. He pushed the innovation of oil painting materials, techniques and color expression to the peak of artistic development. Therefore, Titian is called the founder of modern oil painting and an early master of the writing brush and language of oil painting.

Titian changed the fine-grained canvas to a coarse-grained canvas that was not used by early painters, because with such a coarse-grained canvas, even if he painted on it many times, the cloth grain would not be completely obscured. This kind of canvas increases the layering of the picture and is conducive to the exposure of brushstrokes. The painter can use obvious brushstrokes and thick colors to write roughly and freely on the picture, and shape the body with unfettered "free and agile" painting techniques. Titian's innovation in materials led him to develop a brushing technique of impasto and semi-impasto for oil painting. "It is to use a brush to dip a thick color and rub it on the color surface that has been colored and dried. Complete the transition from light color blocks to dark color blocks and bright parts, highlights or mid-tones." This technique is similar to the "" in Chinese landscape painting The "dry brush rubbing" technique is similar. This "dry brush rubbing" technique is a method of expressing mountains and rocks developed by the Chinese based on the widespread use of paper materials. It requires the use of calligraphy brushes and the control of It is realized by using the moisture in the pen, that is, "writing". Likewise, the way of using the brush, such as the rubbing technique, is free, flexible and eclectic. It can not only express realistic techniques such as the highlights of the character's face, the texture of the hair, and the rough feeling on the clothes, but also is suitable for "writing" the emotional meaning and mental state of the subject.