read

First article

Paragraph 1: A satellite of Jupiter, named lo, is different from other satellites of Jupiter. There are many volcanoes on it, so there are few potholes (because it is filled with magma, this one has not been tested).

The second paragraph: Then Jupiter's gravity makes it produce a lot of iron, forming a ring that interferes with Jupiter.

The third and fourth paragraphs: Jupiter's gravity and its rotation, as well as the influence of a satellite called Europa (which makes its orbit slightly elliptical-this is problematic), distort lo and generate energy, so there are many volcanoes.

The second article

It is animals that regulate body temperature. The first paragraph says that animals can regulate their body temperature. The second paragraph introduces how cold-blooded animals and warm-blooded animals regulate respectively. In the third paragraph, how animals cope with the temperature below the lower limit of their temperature range is discussed, and several examples of Arctic animals are given. The fourth paragraph describes how animals cope with temperatures higher than their upper body temperature. Some animals in the Arizona desert are examples. There is nothing in the last paragraph.

The third article

It is related to the development of the definition of visual art.

(1) In ancient Greece and Rome, handicraft art was in the workshop, separated from liberal arts, and was not respected.

(2) During the Renaissance, some things such as geometry and arithmetic were added to handicraft art, so it was close to free art..

(3) In the18th century, artists had to learn both practical things and theoretical things, so their status improved a lot. /kloc-At the end of 0/8th century, three classifications were formed, namely, art (including literature and dance), utilitarian art and what kind (forgotten and problematic).

(4) Avant-garde art appeared in19th century.

listen attentively to

Listening 1

Dialogue 1: A guy wants to promote their new club, asks the woman in charge for the form and sets up a booth on campus. Exploring that guy purposefully, the conversation was a bit circuitous. The man first said that he would hold a dinner party, but first, more people should know about the existence of their club, so he had to print some leaflets, but first, he had to set up a stall to publicize it. Their club meets the discount of printing service because they have just been established. "

Listening 2

Enzymes in jeans production. First, make an analogy with enzymes in human body, and then introduce them. At first, stones were used to wash jeans, but there were two disadvantages. First of all, jeans will be washed, but the environment will be polluted. Later, acid was used, but it was not good for workers and polluted the environment. Then I used something, and the problem was solved.

Listening 3

Kelp, a kind of seaweed, is first compared with the tropical rain forest on land, saying that it is very important to the marine ecosystem.

. Recently, affected by El Nino, a fish named shiphead was overfished along the coast of California because of the warm current and the decrease of nutrients. This fish eats another kind of small fish, and this small fish eats this kelp seaweed. Overfishing causes small fish to multiply and eat a lot of seaweed. Algae have been wiped out.

Listening 4

Dialogue 2: A guy used to study politics and took a history class. This class is concerned with the cause (how) of historical problems, not just the content (what), but the bottom people, so this guy suddenly became interested in history. The professor suggested that he take a double degree. Guy said that he was worried about writing two graduation papers and the time, but he was most worried about the time. The professor said that the guy did well in class last semester, so time should not be a problem. Then you can write two professional graduation thesis, as long as the application is good enough.

Listening 5

About animal behavior. This is about teaching ants. Firstly, the definition of teaching is given: firstly, the animals to be taught should change their behavior in front of the animals to be taught; Second, the animals to be taught should learn new skills. When ants are foraging, an ant leads the way and an ant follows, and the ant in front will adjust its speed according to the speed of the ant behind (in line with the first point of teaching). Ants will try other ways in the process of foraging, and may find a shorter way (in line with the second point). However, the professor said that whether ants are teaching is still controversial.

Listening 6

About marketing. I use the postal code as an example. Later, a very detailed database was used to determine the scope of potential customers.

speak (of)

Task 1 task 1

Which technology has had the greatest impact on the lives of people in your country? Plane, computer or TV. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Computer, plane, TV (thank you for your supplement) Choose the one that is most useful in your country.

Some people think it is better for children to grow up in big cities. Others think it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. What's your opinion and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Is it better for children to grow up in the countryside or in the city?

Task 3 Task 3

School notice: the school is considering moving the student drama center from the campus to the nearby city center. Benefits 1, the downtown theater has more space and can accommodate more audiences. Benefit 2. The new theater will have better technical facilities, so that students can get better lighting and sound when enjoying the performance.

Student's attitude: Boys are against the plan. Reason 1. The audience in the downtown theater is mainly students. It is inconvenient for them to drive there for 20 minutes to see the performance, so few of them are willing to go to the new theater. Reason 2: The facilities of the school theater are quiet and basic, and the operation is simple. However, the students are not professional and well trained, and the facilities of the downtown theater are too complicated for the students to operate. Therefore, students may end up with worse lights and sounds than they are now. Therefore, better facilities are unnecessary.

The phenomenon is that the university is considering moving the student performance theater from the campus to the urban area in order to have more audiences and better facilities.

Attitude: Men don't support this idea. The reason is: He gave two reasons. The first reason is that the audience of IR is mainly students. This is a considerable income. Let the students go to the city to watch the performance. Secondly, male students are not professionals and are well trained. The facilities of the downtown theater are too complicated for them to operate. The facilities of the school theatre are very simple. So he was worried that the performance was not even as good as the school theater.

Task 4 Noun Explanation: Adaptive Reuse: Architects can rebuild the legacy historical buildings and adapt them to some new uses.

Example of a professor: The professor used to work in an art company. He and his cole ag once turned an abandoned chocolate factory into a concert hall. Chocolate factory has several characteristics: 1st, its beautiful appearance can attract the audience. Secondly, it has an ultra-high ceiling, so it can hear music. Thirdly, it is spacious, so it can accommodate a big stage and a large number of seats and spectators. Fourth, the audience can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the whole city through the big window while listening to music. [North America August 2, 2008/September 2009 12]

Reading is about adaptive reuse, that is, the proposal of new uses for old buildings. I heard an example of successfully transforming a chocolate factory into a concert hall. Externally, the original chocolate factory is gorgeous and has historical value. Inside, there are super-high ceilings, spacious floors and big windows. Perfect for concert halls.

Task 5: Difficulties for students: The girl took six classes, and she was selected for the women's basketball team. Usually basketball training takes up too much of her study time.

Solution: The girls themselves said the solution 1: Quit the basketball team, since it takes too much time. The boy said that she joined the team after many severe applications and gave up shamefully. Boys say plan 2: give up some less important courses. It's not a compulsory course anyway. But the girls said that good grades in extra courses might make her more competitive to go to graduate school.

The lady was selected for the women's basketball team and took six courses this semester, so she was very tired. She wants to quit the team, and the man said, you only came in three years, and it's not good to quit. The man suggested that he drop out of a course, which is not a requirement for graduation credits anyway. The woman said that she wanted to go to graduate school, so it would be nice to take more courses. Note: I ask to describe the problem they are discussing and give your opinion. I don't want to ask "what is the woman's problem and what advice did the man give" as usual.

Task 6 Lecture Highlights: There are two stages of children's social development in the game: stage 1: Associative game: If some children aged three to four play the same material together, they will think and behave in different ways. For example, when some children aged 3-4 play with building blocks together, Little Johnny can build a car with building blocks, and Little Mary can build a plane with building blocks. The second stage: cooperative games: If some children aged four to six play the same thing together, they will start to cooperate. For example, when some children aged 4-6 play with building blocks together, they may build houses together. They may discuss what the house should look like, how many rooms there should be and what the roof should look like.

On the relationship between children's play and social development. (1) 1st stage: 3-4 years old, playing together on the surface, actually doing their own thing. For example, everyone is playing with building blocks, but they are building different things. (2) Stage 2: 5-6 years old, playing together and communicating with each other. It's like building a house with building blocks. Learn teamwork at this stage.

writing

Comprehensive Writing (1) Reading Theory has been recorded by many ancient Greek historians. The lecture retorted: Babylon has many detailed records about other buildings, but nothing about hanging gardens; None of the recorded Greek historians have been to Babylon, and they all appeared hundreds of years after the completion of the Hanging Gardens, so these records are not based on personal experience.

(2) At that time, the only building material available in Babylon was clay, and the hanging gardens used a lot of water, which was easily eroded and broken by clay. So other materials were needed to build the hanging garden, but Babylon didn't have these materials at that time.

(3) Reading said that some historical sites were discovered by archaeologists, but the professor retorted that the sites of these sites were far from the water source at that time, but the hanging gardens needed a lot of water, so it was almost impossible to transport water specially.

Independent Writing Independent: A or da: Children should not be asked to help write family poems.

Some people think that children should study and play, while others think that they should help their parents with housework. What's your opinion?

June 2009 10 Continental Machine Warp 10

read

It is difficult to classify animals and plants in the first article. It used to be very simple, that is, it was classified according to differences in appearance and physiology. But then this method fell behind and was useless. There will be more scientific classification methods in the future. Classified from four aspects. This is the hardest part. I'm confused and can't remember clearly. I'm sorry. )

The first one is more difficult to read, about a little more than two screens, and it is about the classification of organisms. Some talk about categories and varieties, and then some theories (I can't remember). The penultimate paragraph mentions Darwin's explanation of evolution, but the author's attitude is to question Darwin's explanation and put forward a question to refute his theory. Finally, the author mentioned that varieties should be beneficial to species within the same species, but they are defective within the same genus.

The sound effects of the second movie. Many people know that the sound in the movie is recorded synchronously, in fact, the sound is specially made. Sound can play an important role. 1 can explain the picture, 2 can guide the audience's attention, and there is a word title "ambiguous". In order to strengthen these effects, sounds can be used to improve pitch, different rhythms, and so on.

The technology of film development is a vocabulary problem. Remember that the answer should be diverted and the audience's attention should be diverted. The exact words have been forgotten. Welcome students to supplement and correct ambiguity and undercover in many ways.

For a long time, the audience has always had a misunderstanding that the picture and sound of the film are recorded at the same time (there are questions). However, this is not the case. Pictures and sounds are recorded separately.

Sound can attract the attention of the audience, such as some dancers dancing. Why do audiences in movies pay attention to dancers instead of audiences? Because the sound is the sound of dancers kicking. (There are exam questions)

Another function of the film is to make the audience have different expectations for the same picture. For example, if the door is closed, it should be related to the sound of the door, but the door does not move, but it is related to the sound of the door, so the audience thinks, is this a door? Is there any other sound? (There are exam questions) (something like this)

The voice also has a function called XXX. For example, in a movie, the same picture appears three times, but it is accompanied by three different sounds, so each picture has a different meaning (problematic).

The appearance of sound in silent movies, like the appearance of color in black and white movies, is not necessary, but the artist's. ...

In order to enhance the sound effect, different rhythms of tones can be improved, and so on. (There are exam questions)

Theory of continental plate drift. Previous scientists assumed that there was a layer of liquid magma under the continental shelf, so they thought that the continent would move vertically. But one person put forward the theory of continental drift very early. That is, the mainland can move not only vertically, but also horizontally. He gave two examples: on two independent continents, animal fossils showed that they were similar animals before. Archaeological findings in the Alps show that there is evidence that the mountain has moved laterally. However, this man's theory has begun to be unacceptable. Although some scientists in remote areas support this view, mainstream science does not accept it. Some famous scholars here refuted his theory. Some people use mathematical calculation methods, while others use fossil methods to refute them. It was not until the 1960s that this theory was widely accepted with the appearance of new evidence and new technology.

Non-scientists have noticed the similarities between Africa and Australia, but this has always been a problem. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the theory of continental drift. At that time, everyone agreed that the movement of the mainland was vertical and up and down, but W thought that the movement of the mainland was horizontal. He also explained it with fossil theory.

W found that the animal fossils of the two continents before the X century are very similar, and the older they get, the more similar they are (inference: what happened to the animals of the two continents after the X century, I choose the similarity is getting smaller and smaller). He pointed out that the two continents were connected at first and then separated.

In addition to fossils, w proved it in other ways. At that time, this theory was very shocking in Germany, but it was quickly shelved. This theory received great support in Africa and Australia, and then published in mainstream academic journals in Europe, but European scientists were not supported (with doubts). In the end, this theory was not accepted by the public.

Some scientists believe that the similarity of fossils is caused by the connection of two continents and the sinking of plates. At that time, an authoritative mathematician strongly opposed it So everyone doesn't take advantage of W theory, although W tries to prove it.

There are also some scientists who refute W, thinking that he only noticed the fossils, but did not notice that the fossils were not similar in age. Some scientists also believe that the similarity of fossils is due to some animals drifting to another continent through the ocean at an accidental time.

At that time, almost everyone opposed W's theory, and it was not until the strong new evidence appeared in the 1960s that the theory of continental drift became an important part of plate tectonics.

listen attentively to

Listen to 1 the history of biofuels,

There are two directions, one is to use crops as fuel and the other is biodiesel. Because diesel is more common in Europe than in the United States, biodiesel may develop better there. Then it compares several crops in the United States, such as seeds, palm oil and algae. There are still some questions about the benefits of palm oil to seeds and algae. 1 contains more than 2 oils. The disadvantage is that it is expensive.

Listening 2 Students and teachers discuss papers. He felt that there were many conflicting views on the material. The teacher said it was normal, because the information on the internet was not credible, so we should look for it from magazines, textbooks and so on. The student said that his materials are various, and the network is necessary. The teacher said that we should read those materials carefully and selectively, and comments on these materials can also be written in the article.

Female students and professors discuss papers. Some say they are looking for information online, while others say they don't know who is right or wrong. The professor said that it is not good to find information online, and you can't believe everything in business. You should find more formal academic channels. But it is necessary to write a paper that contains both positive and negative views.

Dialogue: A lady asked a professor about a person in American history and forgot her name. (I'm a little dizzy, I really can't remember), saying that there is too much information on the Internet, which is right and which is wrong. The teacher replied that online is like this, so don't be surprised (there is an attitude problem here). The teacher said that you should read more textbooks and critical materials. He also said that you can discuss this issue and discuss different views.

Listening 3 evolution theory, the evolution of things on sharks, students say that natural selection is good, you can see that sharks have more powerful things. The teacher said that not all were good, but most were bad. Good is just a coincidence, it takes a long time and is based on ancestors. Later, it was said that the old shark had the same composition as the current shark, and there was no bone connection, so it could not be said to be perfect, but it could be said to be successful. There is another thing that can make their skin stronger, such as teeth.

Listen to dialogue 4. A buddy wants to set up a literary club and publish a periodical. Ask the dean, and the dean told him that he must get the signature of 15 people, and he must have a consultant and must be a teacher. This guy found one, but the teacher didn't want to. This guy doesn't know why. The dean said it might be because a community visited the teacher last time. The teacher was so happy that he found someone to give us a lecture. As a result, he went to two people. The teacher is very upset and doesn't want to be a consultant anymore. There is also the need to register, so there are funds and the school logo can be used, but the money given by the school is not enough. There is an attitude problem. There is also a question about four quarters of the benefits of registration. The answer is free use of the conference room and logo.

Students and teachers discuss the establishment of a literature club. The teacher said that at least 15 of the students' signatures and the support of a teacher were needed, and the application for registration was submitted. The school didn't have enough money to make money by advertising in magazines, and the teacher the students were looking for was not very supportive, because he had done it before, but he didn't make a plan at that time, so only two students were present at that time, and the teacher was hurt, so the students were prepared. Also, by setting up a club, you can use the conference room for free, which is also good for your resume.

Dialogue 2: A student wants to build a club. The teacher teaches him how to do it, and asks him to find 15 students to sign it and make a suggestion. Then the boy said that he had found a professor before, and now the professor is a little reluctant. The teacher said it was because some students had looked for him before, but later, for personal reasons, the professor changed the time of an activity, and only two people attended. The topic asked the professor why he didn't want to, and also asked the steps to build a club. The teacher in the construction group said that the school would provide funds, and the teacher told the students not to worry about the money.

Listening 5 Archaeologists say that it is very expensive to salvage sunken ships underwater. Take the Spanish ship Vasa as an example. I talked a lot, and now I almost forgot. Finally, I talked about a preservative for PEG. There are two problems in this place, pay attention.

Architecture, mainly submerged structure. Sweden is a sunken ship somewhere. I found it gorgeous when I fished it out, but this is a warship. It is very powerful, but why does it sink? Especially near the coast, the weather is particularly good. One of the reasons before was that the ship itself was very high and had cannons, which made the ship unstable, but later it was found that there was not enough ballast, which made the ship unstable. Underwater buildings are difficult to preserve on land because the cost of underwater is higher. Soon after the ship was salvaged, the water evaporated, and then there seemed to be something wrong with the wood. Scientists have invented an outer plastic film to prevent water evaporation, but this kind of thing can't last long.

Listening 6

speak (of)

Describe a person you respect as a role model. Explain how this person has affected your life. Include details and examples to support your answer.

Task 2 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should learn to draw. Support your answer with specific reasons.

One student wrote that the school canteen should stop selling junk food/should cancel the junk food service. Reason 1, junk food is unhealthy and healthy. Reason two: junk food wastes money. Boys object. Reason 1. Some foods are healthy. It's okay to eat junk food once in a while. Last time they wrote a paper and ate ice cream, everyone was happy and healthy enough. Reason 2: If the school doesn't provide junk food, if the university doesn't provide junk food, students will also buy junk food off campus. Students may go to off-campus stores. Off-campus is more expensive than on-campus and does not save money.

Task 4 Animal Altruism, animals sometimes do altruistic behaviors, although doing so may endanger their lives. Professor: There is a squirrel in California. They live in groups on the mountain. Their natural enemy is the puma. There is a female squirrel in the group, and she has a strong impulse to protect her members. When the enemy comes, they will scream to warn other squirrels. Then let the other squirrels run away, run away. But they exposed their position themselves, attracted the attention of mountain lions, and fell into a dangerous situation. They are twice as risky as other pine trees.

Task 5 The boy will move to a new furnished apartment for one year. There is no room for his own old furniture. The girl gave him two suggestions: suggestion 1, store the furniture in the self-storage, which can be used when moving a year later, but it will be too expensive. Recommendation 2, you can get a sum of money by selling the furniture. But the boy said he was not short of money, and he only lived there for a year. A year later, he will buy some furniture, which may be expensive.

Task 6 Two advantages of Shangwang Trading Company: Advantage 1. Members with different skills in the club can help each other. For example, if a restaurant owner wants to keep track of all his financial records, he can hire a very trustworthy accountant from the members of this group who can manage the records. Advantage 2. Members in business networks often recommend non-members to their customers. For example, a restaurant owner can introduce this accountant to his other restaurant owner friends.

writing

Comprehensive writing comprehensive writing:

The reading material thinks that pollution leads to the decrease of sea otter population.

Reason:

1, there are a lot of toxic substances in the nearby environment.

2. The number of sea lions and other animals is also decreasing, and their main natural enemy killer whales usually feed on large animals.

3. The uneven decline is due to the uneven distribution of toxic substances.

Refutation of listening materials:

1, toxic substances have no effect, otherwise you will often see the bodies of sea otters.

2. Humans culled large animals, causing killer whales to start eating sea otters.

3. Uneven because the environment is uneven, killer whales can only prey in deep water, so the number of sea otters diving will not decrease.

Agree or disagree with independent writing: It was easier to succeed in the past than it is now. Success was easier in the past than it is now.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Success was easier in the past than it is now.