The following is a brief introduction of him and his works.

Jean-Paul Sartre (65438+June 2 1 0905-June 65438+April15,0980) is a French thinker, writer and a great propagandist of existentialism.

1929, Sartre served in a weather station for 1.5 years. 193 1 in April, Sartre went to le havre, a port city in northern France, where he taught philosophy in high school and wrote novels and philosophical papers at the same time.

Sartre went to Berlin to study Husserl's phenomenology from 65438 to 0933. 1934, Sartre wrote "On Self-transcendence" in Berlin. 1936 published "The Theory of Imagery" (or translated "Imagination", L'Imagination), which is Sartre's paper after studying phenomenology.

1936 Sartre completed the third draft of a literary work about contingency. Sartre named it Melancholy. At first, the manuscript was rejected by the publishing house. After many twists and turns, with the help of friends, the publishing house finally accepted this work again. But the name is suggested to be disgusting. 1April, 938, Nausea was published by Galima Publishing House. Although it was not particularly popular, the critics responded well.

Before the novel Nausea was published, Sartre got several short manuscripts from the publishing house, so The Wall, Elos Chute and Uncomfortable were published one after another. And "Room" and "Intimacy" are also nearing completion. Kalima Publishing House combined several other published novels, such as Childhood of a Factory Owner, Elos Chute and The Wall, and published them as a collection of novels. This collection of novels is very popular. Sartre really began to become famous.

1943 Sartre completed and published his philosophical monograph Being and Nothingness (L? Tre et le Néant). Still published by Kalima Publishing House. Sartre hopes to write his thoughts on the relationship between man and the world into this philosophical monograph for many years. Writing is done in a difficult environment. Due to the shortage of coal and electricity, Sartre came to a cafe called Flo near his residence and wrote with acetylene lighting. After the book came out, it caused great repercussions in the intellectual circles. Many professional philosophers are paying attention to this book. However, Being and nothingness was difficult to be accepted by the orthodox authority of academic circles from the very beginning. They think this book is too deviant to enter the hall of philosophy. This book attracted a large number of readers after the 1945 war, making existentialism the most influential ideological trend in the 1950s. And this book is also regarded as the cornerstone of the French existentialist movement.

During the war, Sartre also completed the first and second volumes of his multi-volume novel The Road to Freedom. The title of the book was originally called "The Devil", and the preface was: "We are suffering because we are free!" Later, the title was changed to Road to Freedom. And before the end of World War II, it became the first volume of the book "The Age of Reason" (also translated as "The Age of Sensibility" or "L'Age de Raison" and the second volume "Procrastination" (also translated as "Probation"). The novel reflects the mental state of France on the eve of World War II, but the focus is on how the heroine's mistress controls their freedom: whether she should have an abortion and whether he should marry her. The first two novels were published in September 1945. The third "Death of the Mind" (also translated as "Broken Heart") (La Mort dans L'? I) posted on 1949. The third part, the obvious political and philosophical color becomes heavy. Make the sequel of this novel less successful. Sorrow was written and published by Sartre after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory. During this period, Sartre had differences in ideology, politics, ethics and Soviet Union and France. After his efforts to establish the third political force (Revolutionary Democratic Alliance) failed, he had to unite and struggle with France, full of contradictions in his thoughts and ambiguous political stance. His novel was originally conceived that Bruni and Mathieu, who were seriously injured and demobilized, led the prisoners of war to liberate Paris and played the song of freedom, so the original title was "Last Chance". However, the Ni Zan incident made him extremely disappointed with Fa * * *, and the novel could not continue and came to an abrupt end. He had to change the name of Last Chance to My Heart ached, which showed an endless "road to freedom" in front of readers.

Sartre is also interested in creating plays. Before that, he only wrote about Barrionona in a prison camp. 1943, Kalima Publishing House published a play called Les Mouches. This play is to arouse the French people's freedom consciousness, and also to commemorate Sartre's lover Olga. Olga was studying acting, hoping that Sartre could write a play for her. The Fly is based on an old legend, but Sartre modified it. The play was first staged in June after passing the German review. The performance was very popular and Olga became famous. But Germany soon realized the significance of the play and soon stopped performing. This success inspired Sartre and began to conceive new plays. 1944, Sartre's new play House-Close was released. There are only three actors in this play, and they have been on the stage all the time. The general plot is: three people, a man and two women, were arranged in a room after their death. Everyone needs another, and each prevents the other two from being interdependent. In the end, no one can realize his wish. The performance was a great success. The line in the play "Everyone else is hell!" Become Sartre's most widely known sentence. Sartre was even invited to give a speech about the intermission. Later, Sartre wrote some plays. Including 1946 "Come to a Bad End" (Sartre's first play after the war), 1946 "The Courteous Prostitute" (or the translation of "The Respectable Prostitute" was adapted and made into a movie of the same name),1948 "Lesmains Sales" and195.

Among biographical novels, Sartre completed Baudelaire in 1944 (published in 1947) and Jean-Genet: Actor and Martyr in 1949 (published in 1952), which was originally. Become the longest preface in the history of books.

After World War II, Sartre edited the review magazine Les Temps modernes. Members of the editorial department include Beauvoir, raymond aron, Michel Lelise, Meloponti, Albert Olivier and Jean Polan. Then Sartre began to be called an existentialist (Sartre didn't like the name, and later began to accept it). And began to become more and more famous. 1945, 10 In June, Sartre gave a speech on "Existentialism is Humanism" in Modern Club. Sartre expounded some basic views to the public in his speech. Point out that existence precedes essence. "The atheistic existentialism I represent holds that if there is no God in the world, there is at least one existence, one that precedes the essence and one that existed before being defined by any concept. This existence is human, or, as Heidegger said, human reality. Sartre quoted the Russian writer Dostoevsky as saying, "If God doesn't exist, anything can happen." That this is the starting point of existentialism. During this period, Sartre's literary thought changed. He put forward the idea of "intervention" and advocated that writers express their views on contemporary social and political events through their works, so as to defend their freedom in daily life. And put forward the slogan: we must write for our times. In order to clarify his point of view more systematically, Sartre wrote a book "What is Literature", which was serialized for 6 issues in Modern magazine from 65438 to 0947. Sartre tried to demonstrate that prose is superior to poetry and advocated a practical literature that is free for both authors and readers. It is stated that the writer's responsibility lies in shaping the world. 1948 February, Sartre accepted the invitation of the Executive Committee of the Democratic Revolutionary Union. Start "dabbling" in political activities. However, the differences with its leader Hussein soon became more and more serious. In April of the following year, Sartre personally held a meeting of the Revolutionary Democratic Alliance, at which he announced his opposition to Hussein. At this time, Sartre's political position is the third way between the left and the right. So it was attacked from both sides.

In the early 1950s, Sartre gradually inclined to the * * * production party politically. Become a fellow traveler of the party. /kloc-the arrest of jacques duclos, the producer of * * * in the summer of 0/952, and the failure of the strike on June 4th caused great stimulation to Sartre. He wrote and published Producers and Peace, trying to explain the relationship between producers and workers and analyze the root causes of the failure of strikes. The article is divided into three parts, and finally it becomes an article praising the producer of * * *. Sartre's new political stance was endorsed by most people in the editorial department. But it still leads some people to leave modern magazines, including Meloponti.

1952, albert camus's book The Rebel advocated "pure resistance", that is, opposing revolutionary violence, which led to his break with Sartre. On the other hand, a comment about rebels written by a man named Shang Song in Modern magazine angered Camus. Camus blamed Sartre for this article. )

1954 In May, Sartre visited the Soviet Union at the invitation of Soviet writers and delivered a speech that he later admitted was "lying". 1955 September, Sartre and Beauvoir were invited to visit China. China is a strange country for him, but in China, people know almost nothing about Sartre except a few French literature experts. 10.2, 165438+, China People's Daily published Sartre's article "My feelings about new China", and Sartre also published an article "China in my eyes" in The French Observer, talking about his feelings about China.

When the Soviet army invaded Hungary in 1956, Sartre condemned the Soviet army and the French leaders who supported the intervention. And break with * * * producers. But he is still left in political inclination. 1957, in the special issue of Modern magazine about Hungary, Sartre wrote the article "The Ghost of Stalin" to oppose Soviet interference. But he also believes that the Soviet Union is still a flesh-and-blood socialism. 1954 Sartre openly opposed the war between France and Algeria. Support the secret publication "For Truth", and in the Declaration of the Right to Disobey Orders in the Algerian War (the main content is that French soldiers have the right to disobey orders and refuse to participate in the Algerian War. Because the signer * * * has 12 1 person, it is also called "statement of 12 1 person"). At the same time, he made a speech that "the left should unite with the Algerian National Liberation Front". Therefore, it was accused by the authorities of "endangering national security." 1960 In late February, Sartre and Beauvoir visited Cuba at the invitation of the editor-in-chief of Revolution, Cuba's largest newspaper, praising Cuba as a "direct democratic country" and lamenting that "this is the honeymoon of the revolution". 1960 in August, Sartre and Paulve were invited to visit Brazil, and they directly attacked Charles de Gaulle and malraux at the University of Rio de Janeiro, which was very popular. But at the same time, Sartre was regarded as a traitor and an enemy of France. Veterans marched on the Champs Elysé es, shouting "Kill Sartre"; Sartre was sued shortly after he returned to France. But because of its influence, it went away. Sartre was constantly threatened with assassination, but he still stood his ground and personally participated in demonstrations and sit-ins.

1960, Sartre completed the first part of his second important philosophical work, Critique of Dialectical Reason-Practical Holism. The second part was never finished. Sartre thought that the philosophy discussed in this book was abandoned after Marxism came into being. Some people think that this is Sartre's attempt to analyze Marxist dialectics with existentialism and psychoanalysis to illustrate its feasibility. Therefore, Sartre is regarded as a representative of Marxist school. But in his later years, Sartre denied that his book belonged to Marxism, thinking that it was only close to Marxism in some fields. 1963, Modern magazine published Sartre's autobiographical novel Les mots. Many people think that this book marks Sartre's return to literature. Sartre described the time in this book, until his mother 12-year-old childhood before remarriage. Sartre wrote this book because he owed money to the publishing house. 1964, Sartre was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature for Ci, and finally won the prize. But Sartre refused to accept the prize on the grounds that he always refused to give up the official honor. However, in his later years, he refused to accept the prize because it divided writers and literature into grades.

In the 1960s, the United States intervened in the Vietnam War, and Sartre resolutely opposed it. As executive chairman, he participated in a court that tried American war crimes in Vietnam. The honorary president of the court is Bertrand Russell.

1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. Sartre made a speech, calling the Soviet Union a war criminal and renouncing relations with the Soviet Union. His original scripts "Fly" and "Dirty Hands", which meant opposing the German fascist occupation, were staged in the Czech Republic, becoming the spokesmen against the Soviet occupation and were warmly cheered by the Czechs. 1968 in may, riots broke out in French universities, opposing the Vietnam war and school rules. Sartre, Beauvoir and others issued statements in support of students' actions. Then I went to the university to give a speech. After the May storm, Sartre continued to keep in touch with leftists, participated in newspapers run by proletarian leftists and distributed them in the streets. From 65438 to 0973, Sartre was the editor-in-chief of another leftist newspaper, Libération, which was the largest leftist newspaper in France and the third largest national daily newspaper.

In the early 1970s, Sartre's body began to show some obvious symptoms. At this time, he is writing "The Idiot in the Family-Gustav Flaubert". 1973 Sartre's eyes are almost completely blind. His life is taken care of by simone de beauvoir and his adopted daughter. 1980 Sartre died in April. After Sartre's death, his "lifelong companion" Beauvoir (an important figure in the French ideological circle, a feminist, and the author of The Second Sex) wrote the Farewell Ceremony and Letters to Beaver and others according to Sartre's last 10 years of life. (Beaver is Sartre's nickname for Beauvoir. )

Sartre likes watching movies and listening to jazz in his daily life, and he often writes in cafes on the streets of Paris. He has kept this habit all his life. His usual life is bohemian. Tried hallucinogens and amphetamines. He often lived in a friend's house and had an affair with many women, many of whom received his support in life until Sartre died. However, at the same time, Sartre never broke off the relationship with his lover simone de beauvoir, and their famous "two-year contract" was often extended, although Egelin, an American writer whom simone de beauvoir met during his trip to the United States in 1947, kept more than 300 "Nelson Ahlgreen letters" between the two sides. Beauvoir died, and Sartre was buried in panas cemetery. Sartre is a famous core figure among "Left Bank" intellectuals. But later, he argued with many of his old friends, such as Raymond Allen, Albert Camus, Arthur Kessler and Maurice Melo-Ponty. Active political activities in 1950s earned him the reputation of "world conscience". At the same time, Sartre was not recognized by the academic school in the end. He is the first and only philosopher in France who is so famous that he has never formally taught in an institution of higher learning except in a middle school.

Sartre's works are the representative of "existentialism" philosophy (however, he himself is not very happy to get this "label"). Other existentialist philosophers include soren kierkegaard (also translated Qi Guo Ke, S? Ren Kierkegaard, 18 13-55), Friedrich Nietzsche, Heidegger (but Heidegger himself hates being called an existentialist by others, making it clear that they are completely different) and Albert Camus. Although Kierkegaard is a theist and theologian, while Nietzsche and Sartre are atheists, existentialists have basically the same views on personal freedom, the importance of choice, the obligation to exist as a real human being, and the fact that human life has no other meaning except what human beings have endowed.

works

Imagination (1936)

Self-transcendence (1937)

Nausea (1938)

Lemur (1939)

A theory of motion (1939)

L'imaginaire( 1940)

Baronia (1940)

Les mouches( 1943)

Trees and Ants: Natural Ontology (1943)

Huiclos (1944)

The road to freedom (1945)

Me? ge de raison

Lesourd sith

Where is death? I

Existentialism is a kind of humanitarianism (1945)

Motz Sansra (1946)

Reflections on juive (1946)

Lapstein region (1946)

Baudelaire (1946)

Case 1 (1947)

The children will be back soon (1947)

Les Mains sales (1948)

L' engagement (1948)

Case 2 (1948)

Situation 3 (1949)

Political Center (1949)

Le Diable et le Bondieu (1951year)

Saint-Genet, Count Dean and Marty (1952)

The Henry Martin Incident (1953)

Keane (1954)

Necrasov (1955)

Request of Altona (1959)

Criticism of Dialectics, Volume I, Soustitre 'thé orie des ensembles pratique, Summary of Methodological Problems (1960).

Les Mots( 1963)

Situation 4 (1964)

Situation 5 (1964)

Situation 6 (1964)

Le Troyennes (1965)

Situation 7 (1965)

Family idiot (197 1 year-1972)

Situation 8 (1972)

Situation 9 (1972)

Un thé？ Situation report (1973)

Reasons for existence (1974)

Situation X( 1976)

literary review

You mean literature?

[editor] posthumous work

Roman Style Works (198 1 year)

Doctor's pass? Le de guerre( 1983)

A morale-boosting manual (1983)

Volume I and Volume II (1983)

Mr Freud (1984)

Criticism of Larson's Dialectics, tomeii, soustitre: "The Wisdom of History" (1985)