The modern Olympic Games has experienced ups and downs for more than a hundred years, and has developed into the largest and most grand sports event in the world, and has also formed its own unique and systematic rules for organization and hosting.
selection of host city
according to Coubertin's ideal, the Olympic Games should be hosted by cities all over the world in turn, which is conducive to the spread of the Olympic spirit. The procedures currently adopted by the IOC to determine the host city of the Olympic Games are as follows: 1. The bidding city submits a written application to the IOC. Because the preparations for the modern Olympic Games need enough time to be completed, the International Olympic Committee started bidding eight years before the Olympic Games, and set a clear deadline. Cities wishing to host the Olympic Games must apply to the International Olympic Committee in formal written form before this date. The application report must be approved by the national Olympic Committee and signed by the government to express its support. If more than two cities in the same country intend to bid, the Olympic Committee of that country will decide one of them. That is to say, the IOC only allows one city in each country to bid for an Olympic Games.
2. The Executive Committee of the International Olympic Committee conducts a preliminary screening of the cities that submitted the bid. The Executive Committee of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) examines the qualifications of the bidding cities, and according to their own statements and their understanding of the basic situation of isolated cities, several cities are screened out and entered the formal bidding procedure.
3. The IOC Evaluation Committee conducts field visits to the bidding cities. The International Olympic Committee and the International Federation of Individual Sports in charge of the Olympic Games issued relevant forms and questionnaires to investigate the conditions of the bidding city. These questions are very specific and detailed, involving all aspects of hosting the Olympic Games. The bidding city will summarize its own answers to these questions, and bind up hundreds of pages of bidding reports, which is actually a very detailed plan for hosting the Olympic Games. Submit it to the IOC six months before the IOC plenary session votes. Then, the IOC formed an evaluation committee, which was composed of representatives from the following parties: IOC members, representatives of international individual sports federations, representatives of the National Olympic Committee, representatives of the former Olympic Organizing Committee, representatives of athletes, experts in environmental protection and finance, etc. The evaluation committee will personally go to the bidding cities for on-the-spot investigation, and submit the results of the investigation to the IOC in the form of a written report, which will be distributed to each member as one of the reference bases for the members to vote at the final plenary session.
4. The IOC plenary session votes to determine the host city. The final determination of the host city of the Olympic Games is entirely in the hands of the IOC plenary session. The specific form is that at the plenary session of the International Olympic Committee held seven years before the Olympic Games, all members voted in secret. In the voting, as long as a bidding city gets more than half of the votes, it is determined as the host city. In the case of competition among several cities, the method of multiple rounds of voting is adopted, and the city with the least number of votes is eliminated in each round. If two cities have the same number of votes, an additional vote will be held for these two cities, and one will be eliminated. The President of the International Olympic Committee does not take part in the voting. If the votes of the two cities are equal in the final round, the President will cast a vote to decide the organizer.
5. IOC signs a contract with the host city. Once the host city is determined, the city will sign a formal agreement with the International Olympic Committee-"Host City Contract", which will assume legally binding responsibilities and ensure that the Organizing Committee will faithfully implement all the terms in the agreement in accordance with the Olympic Charter and the instructions of the International Olympic Committee.
Olympic Organizing Committee
A temporary organization established under the auspices of the National Olympic Committee of the host country of the Olympic Games, which is responsible for organizing the Olympic Games.
the organizing Committee is responsible for the reception, finance, competition, safety, medical care, foreign affairs, television broadcasting, artistic performances, construction projects, activity plans, Olympic equipment and insurance. The work of the organizing committee is very complicated, including fund raising, venue construction, schedule, security, accommodation for athletes and officials, etc. The members of the organizing Committee are mainly composed of people from all relevant parties in the host country of the Olympic Games. The chairman of the Organizing Committee is the mayor of the host city or the president of the Olympic Committee of the host country, and the members must include members of the International Olympic Committee in that country.
Since its establishment, the Organizing Committee has directly contacted the International Olympic Committee and accepted its instructions. At the same time, he is also responsible for keeping in touch with the liaison officers appointed by the national Olympic committees on all matters related to the Olympic Games. The organizing committee has the status of a legal person and can independently enjoy legal rights and undertake legal obligations. From the establishment to the end, all activities carried out by the Organizing Committee shall conform to the Olympic Charter, the agreements signed by the International Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committee and the host city, and the instructions of the IOC Executive Committee. In case of violation of the above rules or failure to perform the obligations under the agreement, the IOC has the right to cancel (take it at any time and take immediate effect) the task of hosting the Olympic Games by the host city, the Olympic Organizing Committee and the National Olympic Committee.
opening ceremony
The opening ceremony has always been the highlight of the Olympic Games. At the opening ceremony, we should not only reflect the Olympic spirit with the aim of peace, unity and friendship, but also show the national culture, local customs and organizational level of the host country, and at the same time express our warm welcome to guests from all over the world. At the opening ceremony, in addition to a series of basic ceremonies, there are generally wonderful group calisthenics with national characteristics and performances of literature and art or military sports.
The opening ceremony mainly includes the following ceremonies: The chairman of the Olympic Organizing Committee announced the opening ceremony. The President of the International Olympic Committee and the President of the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games greeted the head of state of the host country at the entrance of the stadium and guided him to the special seat. The delegations lined up in alphabetical order of the host country's language, with the exception of Greece and the host country, where the Greek delegation entered first and the host country last.
The President of the Olympic Organizing Committee speaks, and the President of the International Olympic Committee speaks. The head of state of the host country declared the Olympic Games open. Play "Olympic hymn", at the same time, the Olympic flag enters the sports venue in the form of horizontal expansion and rises from the flagpole of the stadium.
The Olympic torch relay runs and enters the sports ground. After the last relay runner completes a circuit along the runway, he lights the Olympic flame and then releases the pigeons. The flags of the delegations formed a semicircle around the podium, and an athlete from the host country boarded the podium. Holding a corner of the Olympic flag in his left hand, he raised his right hand and read the following oath: "In the name of all athletes, I promise to participate in this Olympic Games with true sportsmanship and respect and abide by the rules guiding the Games."
Then, a referee from the host country stepped onto the podium and read the following oath in the same way: "In the name of all referees and officials, I promise to perform my duties in this Olympic Games completely and openly with true sportsmanship, and to respect and abide by the rules guiding the Games."
when the national anthem of the host country is played or sung, all delegations leave. After these ceremonies, it is group gymnastics or other cultural performances. This is the biggest workload, the longest preparation time and the most expensive project for the opening ceremony of previous Olympic Games. The host country often starts to prepare one or two years in advance, and makes every effort to attract guests with great momentum and unique national spirit. The success or failure of the opening ceremony depends largely on the effect of group gymnastics and performance.
closing ceremony
The opening ceremony highlights solemnity and grandeur, while the closing ceremony has more joyful atmosphere. The essential procedure is that the flag-bearers of delegations enter the stadium in a single column in the order of the opening ceremony, followed by teams of athletes of all nationalities, and the flag-bearers form a semicircle behind the podium.
The President of the International Olympic Committee and the President of the Organizing Committee of the current Olympic Games boarded the podium, and the Greek flag rose from the right flagpole of the central flagpole where the champion's flag was raised, the flag of the host country rose from the central flagpole, and the flag of the host country of the next Olympic Games rose from the left flagpole. The mayor of the host city boarded the podium and handed the flag to the president of the International Olympic Committee, who handed it to the mayor of the host city of the next Olympic Games.
The President of the Olympic Organizing Committee made a speech and the President of the International Olympic Committee made a closing speech. Then, the Olympic flame was extinguished in the bugle, while the Olympic anthem was played, the Olympic flag was slowly lowered and sent out of the stadium in the form of horizontal expansion, followed by the flag bearer. At the same time, playing farewell music. The delegations withdrew.
finally, give a wonderful performance.
lighting and transmission of the flame
Before each Olympic Games in ancient Greece, people held high the torch lit in front of the Temple of Hera and went to various city-states to convey the Oracle of the armistice and the news of the Olympic Games. After the modern Olympic Movement was founded, it did not inherit this tradition at first. Until the 7th Olympic Games in Antwerp in 192, in order to mourn the people who died in the First World War, the organizers lit the torch symbolizing peace in the main venue, but there was no torch relay and the fire was not collected from Olympia. In 1934, the International Olympic Committee made a formal decision in Athens that during the Olympic Games, the Olympic flame should be burned at the main venue from the opening to the closing, and the flame must be collected from Olympia and transmitted to the host city of the Olympic Games in the form of torch relay. Since then, the torch relay has become an essential ceremony for every Olympic Games.
Since the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936, before each Olympic Games, a solemn lighting ceremony has been held in front of the ruins of the Temple of Hera in Olympia, attended by the IOC, the host city of the Olympic Games and local officials. Greek girls dressed in ancient costumes collected fire with a condenser, and then spread it to Athens with a torch, and then from Athens to the host city. The whole process of the torch relay is very grand, and often politicians and famous athletes personally participate. During the torch relay, in case of mountains, rivers, lakes and seas, it can be transported by plane or ship. The flame must arrive in the host city one day before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. During the opening ceremony, one person holds the torch and lights the "Olympic Flame" in the eye-catching position of the main stadium with cheers from people. Most of the people who have the honor to undertake this mission are famous athletes.
At the opening ceremony of the p>1936 Berlin Olympic Games, German track and field athlete Hilgen lit the flame. Because this is the first time for the modern Olympic Games to hold the torch relay, Coubertin personally lit the ceremony and delivered a speech. The torch relay passed through seven countries, namely Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Germany, with a total length of 3,75 kilometers. Each of the 3,75 athletes from various countries ran 1 kilometer with the torch, and the flame was sent to the Olympic Stadium in Berlin after 11 days and nights. At the Helsinki Olympic Games in 1952, two Finnish long-distance runners, nurmi and Kohlerkhmainen, shared the glory of lighting the flame. Nurmi ran into the stadium with the torch in his hand, first lit the cauldron on the site, and then handed the torch to Kohler Khmainen, 64. When he boarded the 83-meter-high torch platform with vigorous steps to light the flame, the whole stadium applauded. In 1964, the Japanese were ingenious. The flame was lit by a 19-year-old boy, Sakai Yoshinori. He was born on August 6, 1945, the day when the United States bombed Hiroshima with an atomic bomb. At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, a woman undertook this mission for the first time. She was only 2-year-old track and field athlete Desort. In 1976, Canadians introduced a new trick, in which two teenagers lit the flame together. They are Sandra Henderson, a 16-year-old girl, and Stephane Prefontaine, a 15-year-old boy. This time, there is another difference. The flame was not relayed by torch, but transmitted to Montreal by satellite and laser technology. This kind of laziness has been criticized, thinking that it will lose the original meaning of this activity. As a result, the traditional relay method was restored in the 198 Olympic Games.
In p>1984, the Olympic Games was held in Los Angeles, and Ueberroth boldly applied the method of commercial operation to the torch relay. The torch relay spans 5 states in the United States, covering 15, kilometers. Different from the past, any individual, region, group or company that sponsors $3, can designate a person to run a mile with the torch. The torch relay began in the United States on may 8, and the first stick was made by Jim? Thorpe's grandson, Bill Thorpe, completed it, and when the Olympic Games opened on July 28th, Jesse? Owens' granddaughter Gina? Hemphill ran into the main venue with the torch, and then handed it to Johnson, the decathlon champion of Rome Olympic Games, who lit the flame of Rose Bowl Stadium. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, Ali, the champion with Parkinson's disease, lit the torch with his trembling hands, which also ignited the enthusiasm of the audience. They used cheers to express their reverence for the legendary figure and their love for the Olympic movement. In the 2 Sydney Olympic Games, Fleman, an indigenous female athlete, lit the flame in the main venue.
Award Ceremony
The award ceremony is one of the most exciting moments in the Olympic Games, both for the winning athletes and the spectators.
It must be held in accordance with the etiquette stipulated by the IOC: during the Olympic Games, medals should be awarded by the IOC President (or a member selected by him) accompanied by the president of the relevant IF (or his representative). If possible, after each competition, prizes will be awarded in the following ways at the venue where the competition is held: the athletes who won the top three will be put on the podium in formal clothes or sportswear, facing the official seats. The champions stand a little higher and announce their names. The flag of the champion delegation should be raised from the central flagpole, and the flags of the second and third delegations should be raised from the flagpoles close to the right and left of the central flagpole respectively. When playing the national anthem of the champion delegation, the medal winner should face the flag. The ceremony was solemn, grand and exciting, and many athletes couldn't help crying when they watched the national flag Ran Ran rise.
medals and certificates
medals and certificates of the Olympic Games are provided by the organizing committee of each Olympic Games, but they belong to the International Olympic Committee and are awarded to the winning athletes by the International Olympic Committee. The medals awarded by the Olympic Games have an evolutionary process. At the first Olympic Games in 1896, only the top two medals were awarded, and the champion won the silver medal and the runner-up won the bronze medal. The medal at that time was designed by French artist Elder Shaphron, and its diameter was 5 mm.. At the same time, according to the ancient tradition, the organizing committee also presented wreaths to the winning athletes. The wreath for the first place was made of olive branches and the wreath for the second place was made of laurel leaves. In addition, the winners also received trophies, vases and other prizes issued by the conference. The winners of the shooting competition are the most affordable. They get short guns and rifles as prizes.
At the 3rd Olympic Games in 194, the first place was won.