Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 July1-1716 June11), a German philosopher and mathematician, is a rare generalist in history and is known as.
In mathematics, he and Newton independently invented calculus. Some people think that Leibniz's greatest contribution is not to invent calculus, but to invent mathematical symbols used in calculus, because it is generally believed that Newton's symbols are worse than Leibniz's symbols. Leibniz also contributed to the development of binary system.
Philosophically, Leibniz's Optimism (or optimism) is the most famous. He believes that, in a sense, our universe is the best universe created by God. He, Descartes and baruch Spinoza are considered as the three greatest rationalist philosophers in17th century.
Leibniz also made great contributions to the development of physics and technology, and put forward some concepts that later involved biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, linguistics and information science. Leibniz has left his works in many fields, such as politics, law, ethics, theology, philosophy, history and linguistics.
Leibniz's contribution to so many disciplines can be found in various academic journals, thousands of letters and unpublished manuscripts. As of 20 10, all Leibniz's works have not been collected completely. In 2007, the Leibniz manuscript collections of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library and Lower Saxony Library were included in the Memory of the World Project compiled by UNESCO.
Since Leibniz lived and worked in Hanover for nearly forty years and died in Hanover, in order to commemorate him and his academic achievements, on July 1 day, 2006, the 360th anniversary of Leibniz's birth, Hanover University was officially renamed as Leibniz University in Hanover.
Early life
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician. About four of his books are in Latin, three in French and fifteen in German. Leibniz is a rare generalist in history and is known as Aristotle in17th century. He is a lawyer himself and often travels to and from big cities. Many of his formulas were completed in a bumpy carriage, and he called himself a baron. Since Leibniz lived and worked in Hanover for nearly forty years and died in Hanover, in order to commemorate him and his academic achievements, on July 1 day, 2006, the 360th anniversary of Leibniz's birth, Hanover University was officially renamed as Leibniz University in Hanover.
Leibniz was born in July 1646 in Leipzig, the Holy Roman Empire. His grandfather worked in the Saxon government for three generations. His father is Friedrich Le Boots and his mother is catherina Schmuck. When I grew up, the spelling of Leibniz's name was changed to Leibniz, but most people used to write Leibniz. In his later years, his signature was usually written as von Leibniz to show his aristocratic status. After Leibniz's death, his works were made public. The author's name is usually Freiherr [Baron] G. W. von Leibniz, but no one is sure whether he really has the title of Baron.
Leibniz's father, an ethics professor at Leipzig University, died when Leibniz was 6 years old, leaving a private library. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, he taught himself Latin and began to learn Greek. /kloc-He entered the University of Leipzig at the age of 0/4 and finished his studies at the age of 20, majoring in law and general university courses. 1666, he published the first book about philosophy, entitled de arte combinatoria.
Serve in the court
1666 After receiving his Ph.D. in Ortdorf, Leibniz refused the appointment of a teaching post, and was introduced by Baron Boineburg, a politician at that time, to serve in the High Court of Johann Philipp von Schnborn, Archbishop of Mainz.
167 1 year, he published two papers, "Theoria motus abstracti" and "Hypothesis physica nova", which were dedicated to the Academy of Sciences in Paris and the Royal Society in London respectively, which increased the popularity of European academic circles at that time.
1672, Leibniz was sent to Paris by john philip to shake Louis XIV's interest in invading Holland and other Germanic neighbors in western Europe, and turned his attention to Egypt. The political plan didn't succeed, but Leibniz entered the intelligentsia in Paris and met Mahleblanc and mathematician Huygens. During this period, Leibniz specialized in mathematics and invented calculus.
Boynburg and john philip died in 1672 and 1673 respectively, forcing Leibniz to leave Paris in 1676 to work for Johann Friedrich, Duke of Hanover. After taking office, he stopped by The Hague to visit Spinoza and discussed philosophy with him for a few days. Leibniz then went to the Hanover Management Library and served as the Duke's legal adviser.
1680 to 1685 as mining engineer of Hatoyama silver mine. During this period, Leibniz devoted himself to designing windmills to extract groundwater from mines. However, the plan failed because of technical problems and the resistance of miners' traditional ideas.
Starting from 1685, he began to study his own noble genealogy of Brunswick-Luneberg, entrusted by his successor, Duke Ernst August. The plan was not completed until Leibniz died.
1686, completed the exposition of mtaphysique.
From 65438 to 0689, he traveled in Italy and completed the study of the family tree of Brunswick-Rheinburg. At that time, I met the missionaries sent by the Jesuits in China, and I became more interested in China.
1695, the new system was published in a journal, which made Leibniz's theory of predetermined harmony between entities and between mind and things widely known.
Serve as dean
1700, Leibniz persuaded Frederick III, the elector of Brandenburg, to establish the Berlin Academy of Sciences and served as the first president.
1704 completed the new theory of human rationality. This paper criticizes Locke's theory of human reason chapter by chapter with the genre of dialogue. But because of Locke's sudden death, Leibniz didn't want to be accused of bullying the dead, so this book was never published before Leibniz's death.
17 10, out of gratitude to Sophie Charlotte, the queen of Prussia, who died in 1705, Essis de Theology was published.
17 14 wrote "Monologue Theory" (the title of La Monadologie was added by later generations) and "Principles of Nature and Grace Based on Reason" in Vienna. In the same year, Georg Ludwig, Duke of Hanover, succeeded King George I of England, but refused to bring Leibniz to London, alienating him from Hanover.
die a natural death
17161kloc-0/4 Leibniz died alone in hanover. Except for his own secretary, although George Ludwig happened to be in Hanover, no one else in the court attended his funeral. It was not until a few months before his death that he finished a manuscript about China people's religious thoughts: On the Natural Theology of China people.
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