Ross did exist in history, but the names of different regions are not the same.

The following are some detailed information for your reference.

One:

From the middle of 9th century to the beginning of12nd century, an early feudal country with Kiev as its capital was established on the plains of Eastern Europe, also known as Gullas and Russia. In 862, Norman Ryurik led the Qinbing team to the throne of the prince in Novgorod, and established the first kingdom of Ross. At the same time, two other military leaders, ascot and Dill, were established in Kiev. Slavs are tall and powerful, and are famous for their hard work. At the end of the 9th century, Oleg led Novgorod's army south, conquered Kiev in one fell swoop, and established "Kiev Ross" centered on it. Prince Oleg naturally became the first "Grand Duke of Ross". This public worships martial arts and likes to expand and plunder. With his efforts, Kiev Ross gradually developed into a famous European power.

Why can the Wali people win the throne so easily? It also depends on the chaos at that time. The Eastern Slavic tribes fought endlessly, and finally decided to invite the leader of the valian people (Norman, Scandinavian Germanic tribe) to Novgorod to settle the dispute. Slavs are a large group in Europe. When Charlemagne Empire in Western Europe was divided into three parts, Slavs were only scattered tribes. These tribes are constantly fighting with each other, and even none of them is strong enough to dominate.

At this time, a strange thing happened: these warring Slavic tribes, later Russian tribes, demanded that Ryurik, the leader of the Nordic people (also known as the Normans), rule them. They said to Ryurik, "Dear King, our country is vast and rich, but there is no order. Please manage and rule us! "

Long Rick, the leader of the Kiki people in varia, accepted the invitation gladly, and together with his two brothers Sinius and Trouvat, he led Qin Bingren to Novgorod, claiming to be a maharaja and establishing the Long Rick dynasty. This is the famous story of "Qiqi in varia was invited to be king". This is a seemingly absurd legend. It was first seen in 1 13 in the Chronicle of Previous Years written by a monk named Nestor in Baichere Monastery in Kiev. This book is the oldest chronicle work in Russian history, which basically records the history of Eastern Slavs and ancient Russian countries in chronological order. From the legendary era to11110. Its data sources are mainly based on the Byzantine Empire Chronicles, Slavs' historical writings, some manuscripts about Russian Chronicles, archives of princes and nobles, folklore and so on. It studies Eastern Slavs. /kloc-in the 8th century, German scholars working in the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg, according to this legend and other historical materials recorded in the annals of previous years, came to the conclusion that the Russian state in Kiev originated from the Normans.

After Ryurik's death, Oleg succeeded to the throne. This Oleg is a born Viking, and it will be uncomfortable if he doesn't fight for a day. He led the army south and conquered Kiev, another important city of Slavs. Oleg regards Kiev as the center of the country. From then on, the Slavic country established by the Nordic people was named "Kiev Ross" in the name of Kiev.

Kiev Ross conquered the surrounding tribes, including Polians, Slavs, Latimitans and Kriviks in Ilmen Lake area, and its rulers began to be called Dagong. The foreign Liurik dynasty did not change the original production and life style of the Eastern Slavs, but gradually assimilated itself, merged with the Eastern Slavs in origin, accepted their language, culture and living habits, and became a Slavic local dynasty, and its king lasted for more than 600 years. In the early days of the lyric dynasty, Dagong levied taxes on various tribes and implemented a patrol tribute system. Every early winter, the princes led Qin Bing's team to patrol around, collecting food, fur, honey, beeswax and other items from residents, and then transporting them to Constantinople for sale in the following spring in exchange for textiles, wine, fruits and other items. In order to expand its territory and control the trade routes to the Black Sea, Russia in Kiev has been waging foreign wars since the founding of the People's Republic of China. In 907, Oleg led 2,000 warships to Byzantium, forcing Byzantium to conclude a peace treaty, paying 960,000 Grivner tribute silver and exempting Russian businessmen from trade tax. During the reign of Sviatoslav, Ross's territory expanded continuously, successively conquering the middle and lower reaches of the Volga River and the North Caucasus, opening the way to the east, and then uniting with Byzantium, defeating Bulgaria and expanding its territory to the mouth of the Danube River. In 988, Vladimir married the Byzantine princess Anna, declared Christianity (Orthodox Church) as the state religion, forced Kiev subjects to be baptized, established an archdiocese in Ross, and built a large number of churches and monasteries.

During the period from 10 to 1 1 century, the productivity of Russia in Kiev has made new development: the iron plow has been improved and can be deeply cultivated; The fallow system is prevalent, with two nursery systems and three nursery systems; The variety of crops has increased; Many forests have been developed into pastures. The improvement of production level has accelerated the differentiation of village farmers. A few rich households merged the land of bankrupt farmers, and the farmers who lost their land gradually became dependent farmers.

From the middle of 10 century, princes and nobles began to seize the land of village communities, set up large manors, and used the method of collecting rent instead of asking for public travel. The church also acquired a large area of real estate by donating and annexing farmers' land. Feudal relations of production began to take shape. By 1 1 century, there were about 80 towns in Ross. Handicraft began to develop greatly, and foreign trade was also quite developed. Various handicrafts have emerged in big cities, forming local economic centers. However, the social division of labor is not fixed, and the natural economy is still dominant. During the reign of yaroslav, a wise man, the established feudal relationship was further consolidated through legislation.

The church also preached the idea of "divine right of monarchy" and deified feudal rule. The feudal system of Kiev Ross was established. Kiev-Russia was the largest country in Europe in the Middle Ages. It has established commercial relations with many countries in the East and West, and established extensive political ties with Poland, France, Hungary, Norway and other countries by means of intermarriage. Kiev, as the administrative and religious center of Ross, has magnificent palaces, bishops' palaces and Hagia Sophia Cathedral, which are comparable in scale and magnificence to Constantinople.

Eastern Slavs (mainly Polians) in Kiev have been engaged in agriculture for a long time. With the development of feudal relations, emerging aristocrats became the operators of feudal farms. From the middle of 10 century, the princes and soldiers born in varia also began to manage land and establish feudal granges. During the reign of yaroslav, a wise man, feudal land ownership developed and exploitation became increasingly serious, and domestic class struggle became increasingly fierce. Farmers plough the fields of lords, kill the butlers of princes and nobles, and burn the master's grange. In order to protect the interests of the feudal landlord class, yaroslav compiled the Code of Gullas (also known as the Code of yaroslav) in 1930s, which stipulated that anyone who destroyed farmland boundaries, stole livestock and set fire to the grange would be fined, or his property would be confiscated, or he would be deported or sold as a slave.

The city of Kiev Ross appeared earlier. Kiev, the capital, is not only the political and economic center of Ross, but also the Sophia Cathedral in Byzantium and the world-famous Pixila Monastery, which constitute the cultural center of Ross. Handicraft industry includes iron smelting, metal processing, weapons manufacturing, leather making and pottery making. Dnieper River and Volga River are important trade routes for Russia's domestic and foreign trade. Kiev Ross has frequent trade with Byzantine, Western Europe, Northern Europe and Eastern countries.

With the strengthening of big noble's influence and the development of local natural economy, the unified state power is gradually disintegrating and splitting into many independent local principalities. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Vladimir II Monomak tried to restore the unification of Kiev and Russia, but failed to achieve it.

Due to the influence of Byzantium, where the productivity is relatively developed, the productivity level is relatively high. Therefore, Eastern Slavs crossed the slave society and directly transitioned from primitive society to feudal society. 12 After the 1930s, the unified Russian state ceased to exist, and Russian history entered the feudal separatist period.

Two:

The Origin of Russia-Gurus Country

Pokrovski, a famous Russian historian, once said that we study the past only to understand what is happening now.

Russia is one of the great powers in the world today, spanning Eurasia, accounting for about half of Europe and one third of Asia. 19 14 years ago, the territory of Russia was 22.8 million square kilometers (including colonial area17.4 million square kilometers), the population was about1700,000, and there were more than 150 ethnic groups. How did such a multi-ethnic country come into being?

Russia originated from an ancient Russian country. At the turn of the eighth and ninth centuries, three Slavic quasi-state organizations appeared in the eastern European plain-Kuyaba, Slavia and Altania. Kuyaba, with Kiev as the center and including the whole middle reaches of Dnieper River, is a big tribal alliance with Paulian as the core. Slavia, in Novgorod, is a big tribal alliance dominated by Slavs in gillman, that is, Slovaks. Altania, located in the east, is a big tribal alliance centered on the strange people in Viaggi.

In the ninth century, the Varyag people living in Scandinavia invaded Eastern Europe, conquered the Eastern Slavs and accelerated the establishment of the first country of the Eastern Slavs. In the Chronicle of Ancient Russia in previous years, Varyag was called a Russian, and the country he founded was centered on Kiev, so the national history of ancient Russia was called "Kiev Ross". Its territory starts from Carpathian Mountain in the east, the Don River in the west, the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in the north and the northern shore of the Black Sea in the south. Around the year of 1000, the territory was about100000 square kilometers and the population was about 5 million. The ruler Oleg was addressed as "Dagong". In order to consolidate his rule, he formulated the "Ross Act and Law", which divided residents into free people and slaves, and free people into rich people and poor people. It is expressly stipulated that robbing the rich and helping the poor, hell to pay.

Vladimir, the descendant of Oleg, banned the polytheism of the Eastern Slavs and declared Christianity as the state religion in order to consolidate the feudal relationship and the Dagong regime. In 988, he married Princess Anna, the younger sister of the Byzantine emperor, and joined the Greek Orthodox Church. It's just that when we go to church, we don't use Greek, we use our own language. On the one hand, the introduction of Christianity consolidated the power of Dagong, developed writing and education, and strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Kiev Ross and Byzantium; On the other hand, it also improved the international status of Kiev Ross, making it among the ranks of European civilized countries.

Due to the strengthening of feudal land ownership and feudal separatist forces in various places, by the 12 century, the Dagong Kiev regime had existed in name only, forming many independent principalities. /kloc-In the 3rd century, Mongolians invaded Russia and established the Golden Horde khanate to rule Russia on the grassland in the lower reaches of Volga River. Mongolian rule delayed the development of Ross society and widened the gap between Ross and Western Europe. If 1 1 to 12 century's Ross has the color of Byzantine culture, then 13 to 15 century's Ross is deeply branded with Mongolian culture. The Mongolian invasion ended the history of Kiev Ross, which was divided into two parts: Northeast Ross and Southwest Ross. In order to resist the invasion of the Golden Horde, southwestern Russia joined the then powerful Lithuanian Principality, while northeastern Russia formed the center of Russian people's resistance to Mongolian rule-Moscow Principality.

1480, the army of the Moscow Principality defeated the Mongolian army on the Uggla River, ending the Mongolian rule that lasted for nearly two and a half centuries. 1505, Vassili III succeeded to the throne, completing the unification of Russia in the northeast of China, formerly known as "Russia". From 1462 to 1533, Russia's national territory expanded from 420,000 square kilometers to 2.8 million square kilometers, reaching the White Sea in the north, the Oka River in the south, the upper reaches of the Dnieper River in the west, and the branch of the Urals Mountains in the east, making it the largest country in Europe at that time.

Three:

Kiev Ross and the Establishment of Russia's Unified State

Whenever people see that many brilliant achievements in modern history belong to Slavic surnames, many questions will arise. How were Slavs formed? Why is it called Slavic? Why are there so many artists and writers like Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, Chopin and Tolstoy? With these questions, let's go back to Slavic history.

Nowadays, people living in the Vistula Valley all know the story of the ancestors of Slavs: it is said that the ancestors of ancient Slavs were called Pano, and he had three sons: Lech, Czech Republic and Ross. When the children grow up, they bid farewell to their hometown of Pannonia and travel abroad.

Lech settled in the northwest and formed the present Poles.

Czechs got married and had children in the southwest, and his descendants are Czechs today.

Ross went to the north, so there were later Russians.

Although there are different legends about the origin of Slavs among Slavs, all kinds of legends support the view that Slavs have the same ancestors for generations.

However, according to the latest archaeological data, the birthplace of guslav people is in the Dnieper and Vistula river basins, that is, today's Polish, Ukrainian and Belarusian territories. At that time, they were not Slavs, but Venetians, Kraven and Antioch.

From the 1 century to the 2nd century, the Roman historian Pliny mentioned the Venetians in history books, among which Tacitus' Germania is the most famous. The Venetians mentioned by Tacitus lived in the area between the southeast of Carpathian Mountains and the left bank of Transnistria. Skrayman lives in sava river in the west, on the left bank of Transnistria in the east and on the Vistula River in the north. Antes lies between the Dnieper and Dniester river basins.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, Sklar literati developed rapidly and migrated to the Balkans.

The 5th and 6th centuries are the times of Wushu. Due to the frequent occupation caused by ethnic migration, the tribal alliance composed of Venetians, Crollings and ants began to plunder Byzantium. Although their weapons are backward, they only have shields and javelins, but they are brave and tenacious, flexible and witty. When avoiding the enemy, he dived into the water with a reed pole in his mouth to help him breathe, which made the Byzantines have a headache.

(Ge Xinsheng, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of World History, China Academy of Social Sciences) "With more and more knowledge about Venetians, Scralins and ants, the names of Venetians and ants are gradually replaced by Slavs. Then Slavic is the Slavic's self-appellation, which comes from Slavic C λ Obλ, that is, the meaning of words and language, then Slavic is the Slavic who thinks they are the same person. "

After nearly a century of war, Slavs almost occupied the entire Balkan Peninsula originally controlled by Constantinople.

By the 7th century, Slavs had been divided into three branches: East, West and South. Satsuma, the first country of Slavs in the West, was located in Bohemia today and lasted for about 35 years. It is said that it was founded by a frank businessman in 623.

Around 830 AD, a new country, Great Moravia, was born in the original Samoan territory. Another early country of Slavs in the West was Poland, which was founded at the end of the tenth century and was called the Grand Polish Principality. Mesko was elected as the first Grand Duke of the Principality of Dabo.

The first country established by Slavs in the south was the Bulgarian Kingdom, with Plisca as its capital and Abarus as its king in 680 AD. This country was founded by Turk Bogert and Slavs from Asia, and Bogert was assimilated by Slavs.

The second country established by Slavs in the south is the Kingdom of Serbia, which was established in 850 with Ferra Stimir as the father of the country.

At the same time, Slavs in the East established an early feudal country in the Eastern Europe Plain, which was called Ross by contemporary people. Ross may originally be the floorboard of guslav tribes living along the Ross River, so it was named after the Ross River. Legend has it that the leader of the Ross is Kiel, and the capital he established on the right bank of the Dnieper River is Kiev. By the beginning of the ninth century, almost half of the Eastern Slavic tribes had United around Kiev. At this time, the conditions for establishing an Eastern Slavic country are ripe.

The participation of the Varyag people in northern Europe accelerated the formation of the country. Eastern Slavs call the Germanic tribes from Scandinavia "Varyag".

In the middle of the ninth century, the Ross tribes fought endlessly, and finally everyone got tired of it and compromised with each other. They sent representatives across the ocean to the Varyag people and asked them to manage and rule. Ryurik, the leader of the Varyag people, accepted the invitation and became the maharaja of Novorod. After the coronation, he sent his cronies to collect the residents' tributes. After Ryurik, the successor Oleg conquered the south of Kiev in 882 and moved the center of unifying the country here. This year is considered as the founding year of Kiev Ross.

While the Varyag people intervened, they also brought their management methods to this land, which is a method that relies entirely on tribute. During this period, Ross's trade and war with Byzantium promoted Ross's own economic development and the infiltration of Byzantine culture into Ross.

At the end of the tenth century, an important event in the relationship between Ross and Byzantium was that Ross accepted Christianity as the state religion.

In 957, Oriega, widow of Igor, the Grand Duke of Kiev, went to Constantinople to visit the Byzantine emperor. Olga's beauty made the Byzantine emperor fall in love at first sight. He asked Olga to marry him, and Olga replied that she was still a heretic and needed baptism to become a Christian. After baptism, she skillfully got rid of her marriage by citing Christian teachings.

Olga was the first Duke of Kiev to accept Christianity, and she also converted her son Sviatoslav to Christianity. Vladimir, the son of Sviatoslav, thought Christianity was the state religion after he became the Grand Duke of Kiev.

Nestor recorded a legend in the annals of previous years: Ferrakimir sent a special mission to visit countries with different religions, and when the mission came back, it reported to him that "Muslims are not happy, but they are still teetotalers. In Roman Catholic ceremonies, there is no such thing as glory. " Ferrakimir told Muslims that drinking is a pleasure for Russians, and they can't live without drinking. He also rejected Judaism because he felt that the God of Judaism was not strong enough to protect his own people from staying in Jerusalem. Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodox Church also have shortcomings, and both need a certain period of fasting. In contrast, a member of the mission said that the Orthodox Church in Byzantium could see the splendor and magnificence rarely seen in the world. So Ferrakimir decided to make Christianity the state religion of Russia and marry Princess Anna of Byzantium.

Christianity believed in Byzantine Empire advocated the unity of politics and religion. The emperor is the highest political head and the highest religious head. Christians are required to fear God and worship Dagong. Believing in Christianity is a turning point in Ross's history, because the same religion closely links Ross and Byzantium. With the arrival of a large number of Byzantine priests and the Christian process of Ross, Byzantine culture poured into Ross.

(Ge Xinsheng, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of World History, China Academy of Social Sciences) "After Ross accepted Christianity, Ross has been included in European civilization. However, in 1054, after the split between the eastern and western churches in the Christian church, European civilization was divided into two parts, one part was the western Roman Catholic civilization with Latin as the main language and the Byzantine Orthodox civilization with Greek as the main language. With the arrival of a large number of Byzantine Orthodox clergy, Byzantine culture poured into Ross. "

Byzantine religious art first spread in Ross, and Byzantine churches were built everywhere. By the eleventh century, many onion domes were shining under the sky of Ross. At that time, a chronicler called Kiev the ornament of the East and the rival of Constantinople.

The use of Ross's unified writing is also inseparable from the acceptance of Christianity. After Ross accepted Christianity, documents and religious works translated and compiled by a Greek alphabet were introduced to Ross, and writing materials such as punctuation marks, animal skins, ink, pigments and book binding techniques were also introduced to Ross. All these promoted Ross to accumulate cultural knowledge and develop national language.

After the adoption of the unified script, a large number of historical, religious, political and literary works written and created by Russians themselves also appeared.

The political system of Kiev Ross did not form centralization according to the Byzantine model. The Grand Duke of Kiev distributed the land to feudal princes, and there was no clear system for the succession of the post of Grand Duke. Therefore, by the twelfth century, Kiev Ross had been divided into many independent principalities.

1 1 Since the middle of the century, frequent feudal wars have caused serious damage to economic life, and the Crusades have caused the diversion of the main lines of world trade, making Russia, especially Kiev, lose its previous dominant position. But for Ross, a bigger blow is yet to come. 1206, a Mongolian country was born in the hinterland of Asia, so an event with great influence in human history-Mongolian conquest suddenly appeared on the world stage in the fastest and most intense way.

1223 in may, the Mongolian army and the Russian army fought a decisive battle on the calka river. As a result, the Russians were defeated and the Mongols entered the east bank of the Volga River. 1236, Genghis Khan's grandson Badou led an army to invade the northeast of Ross, then occupied Ferrakimir and marched on Novgorod. 1240 led troops to capture Kiev and prepare for an expedition to western Europe. 1242 Expedition to Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic. After the defeat of the Czech Republic, he led the army back to the lower reaches of the Volga River and established the Islamic country-the Golden Khan, with Sarai as its capital. Since then, Mongolia has ruled Russia for more than 240 years. The feudal regime of each principality was only reserved for the rule of the Golden Flower khanate over Ross, and the vassal state seal was awarded, which was the certificate of governing the principality. Every principality must pay tribute to the golden tent khanate and undertake military service. Jin thought he was proud of his rule in this way, but in fact, the struggle against Mongolian rule has been going on. After the invasion of Mongolia, the Russian economy was destroyed, and 14 and 15 centuries gradually recovered and entered the development stage.

Economic development needs political unity, and the increasingly powerful Moscow Principality has become the center of unity. Agriculture around Moscow is developed, and river transportation in moscow river is convenient. In transit trade, it can not only collect a lot of taxes, but also promote the development of handicrafts and commerce, expand the city and increase the population, and become the capital of Moscow Principality. The Grand Duke of Moscow developed its military, taxation, land and political systems in the way of Mongolia in the process of leading Ross to strive for independence and reunification. From14th century to16th century, serfdom and autocracy gradually formed.

(Ge Xinsheng, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of World History, China Academy of Social Sciences) "14 to 16 century, Russian centralized state gradually formed. Under the leadership of Moscow, Ross's struggle for independence and reunification strengthened his orientalization trend. Struggle for existence needs to concentrate all its efforts to form a social consciousness of absolute obedience to the monarch and loyalty to the Orthodox Church. The Grand Duke of Moscow and the Tsar not only inherited the absolute power of the Golden Curtain Khan, but also regarded all the territories or lands as their own property. At the same time, as a means to control military leadership and establish a political foundation, the military territorial system and the labor system began to rise, gradually forming an authoritarian system and a serf system, which eventually became a decisive factor in the historical development of Russia. "

1328, Ivan, Prince of Moscow? Khaleda received the conferring of Ferrakimir and the Russian Grand Duke from the Golden Account Khan. He bribed the golden account Khan to gain trust, while weakening other principalities through force and taxation. His successors did the same thing, which made the power of the Principality of Moscow grow. During the reign of Russian Ivan III of Russia, Ross finally got rid of the fetters of foreign slavery.

Vassili III completed the unification of Russia in the northeast of China. At this time, Russia's border reaches the White Sea in the north, the Oka River in the south, the upper reaches of the Dnieper River in the west and the branch of the Ural Mountains in the east, covering an area of 2.3 million square kilometers, and a multi-ethnic centralized country has been formed. After the death of Vasily III, Ivan IV succeeded to the throne. Ivan IV was crowned in 1547, calling himself the czar.

There are three data overlapping, but they are not contradictory.

For reference only,

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