Idioms and meanings describing summer

I can't bear to wake you up, so I kneel down and beg the course language channel to talk about this.

Grasp the mood: when people are happy, wonderful changes will happen in their bodies.

What does the idiom mean?

Guidance for writing couplets (the fourth lecture, the structure of phrases and sentence components) Saturday, February 2, 28 at 22:27

The structure of words and phrases

When writing couplets, you must understand and master the structure of words and phrases. To make the antithesis neat, we must correctly use words and phrases to make the same structure opposite. (The words mentioned here are grammatical words, not words of literary poetry. )

According to modern Chinese grammar, there are connections and differences between words. Characters are words and symbols of recording language. Words are the smallest and freely used language units. Chinese characters are meaningful with one word and one sound, and most of them can be used independently. Often, a word is a word. In the past, words were called words, and the so-called "real words and empty word" were actually "real words and function words" in modern Chinese.

The types of words have different names according to different standards:

1. Monosyllabic words, disyllabic words and polyphonic words are divided according to the number of syllables. A monosyllabic word is a word composed of one syllable, which is represented by a Chinese character in written form, such as "Tian", "Yi", "Zou" and "Hong". Disyllabic words are words composed of two syllables, which are written in two Chinese characters, such as "country", "antithesis", "courage" and "we". Polysyllabic words are words composed of three or more syllables, which are written in three or more Chinese characters, such as "radio", "high-rise building" and "English-Chinese dictionary". In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words were commonly used, while in modern Chinese, monosyllabic words were expanded into disyllabic words, such as "beauty → beauty", "people → people" and "teacher → teacher". Ancient Chinese (classical Chinese) is often used in couplets, and there are many monosyllabic words, so special attention should be paid to mastering monosyllabic words.

2. Simple words and compound words are divided according to the meaning components of words. Simple words only contain one meaningful component (morpheme), such as "person", "sea" and "big". Compound words contain two or more meaningful components, such as "people", "greatness" and "popularization". All monosyllabic words are simple words. A simple word is not necessarily a monosyllabic word. For example, "loquat" is a disyllabic word, but it is a simple word, because it is a meaningful component when two words are combined. Transliteration of loanwords, such as "sofa", "France" and "Franklin", although disyllabic or polyphonic, each word only means one sound, not meaning, so it is still a simple word.

phrase is a language unit that two or more words are combined. It is bigger than words and smaller than sentences. Phrases composed of two monosyllabic words and compound words composed of two morphemes are often used in couplet writing, so we should pay attention to mastering their structural methods.

The common structural modes of compound words and phrases are joint, partial formality, subject-predicate type, verb-object type, verb-complement type and object-object type.

(1) The combined form

, also known as the coordinate form, is composed of morphemes or words that are synonymous (including near meanings) or antonyms.

① Synonymous union

Noun+noun such as: people's land portal go to war, courage, willows and warblers, Yanshanling

Verb+verb such as: Yin Oh, writing, building, learning, lodging, landing and attacking

Adjective+adjective such as: rich, poor, rich, kind, beautiful, warm and profound

② Antisense union

Noun+noun such as: heaven, earth, Merits, grievances, ups and downs

verbs+verbs such as: ups and downs, ups and downs, ups and downs, success and failure, sadness, joy, praise and criticism, ups and downs

adjectives+adjectives such as: ups and downs, difficulties, ups and downs, cold and warm, advantages and disadvantages

(2) being formal

modifying the previous morpheme or word. The former is partial justice, and the latter is justice; The former is like branches and leaves, and the latter is like the roots of trees.

① adjectives or nouns, verbs, quantifiers, pronouns+nouns, such as: Dajiang Qingjiang Sanjiang painstakingly disheartened, two-hearted and small garden home pastoral, the gate of this garden is cold, Buddhism and Buddhism, Pengmen, the journey of China's powerful country's future, Pengcheng's return journey

② adjectives or adverbs, Verb+verb, such as: go, walk, gallop, forge ahead, make new progress, imagine, imagine, and think about it. (3) Subject-predicate

The front morpheme or word is like the subject, and the back morpheme or word is like the predicate; The former is the stated object, and the latter is the stated part.

① Nouns+verbs such as: Sha Fei water flows, flowers bloom, cicadas fall, dogs bark, tigers roar, dragons and dragons are happy to have guests

② Nouns+adjectives such as: impatient, timid, young, affectionate, and long-lasting words

Some formal compound words or phrases, once reversed, become subject-predicate compound words or phrases. Such as: big tree → big wind → wind is crazy and kind → good-hearted corrupt officials → official greed makes the country strong → national power

(4) verb-object

is also called dominance. There is a dominant and dominated relationship between morphemes or words before and after. The former means action or behavior, and the latter means the object dominated by action or behavior; The former is like a verb predicate, and the latter is like an object.

form verbs+nouns or pronouns, such as: weightlifting and skating, rest assured, signature, confidant and lover, who hates running the country, studying, making up lessons, blooming in the New Year and preventing sand

Some subject-predicate compound words or phrases, once reversed, become verb-object compound words or phrases. Such as: flowers bloom → flowers bloom in Sha Fei → guests fly to the sand → visitors rule the country → rule the country → turn the sky upside down

(5) the verb-complement type

is also called the supplementary type. Before and after morphemes or words have the relationship of complement and being supplemented, explanation and being explained, and the latter often complements the former. In the whole meaning, the former is dominant; The former is like a verb predicate, and the latter is like a complement.

Verb+Adjective or Verb, Adverb, such as: Explain that it is necessary to correct, improve and improve, grasp the puncture in advance, drive away, eat and wear warm clothes, and see that it is beautiful to look far and climb high

Some verb-complement words or phrases can be * * * "de" in the middle to indicate the possibility; * * * "No" means impossible. Such as "full", "looking far away", "not lifting high" and "not seeing clearly".

(6) the preposition

introduces the object it carries to the subject, with the preposition in front and the object behind. The prepositional form can be as short as two words and as long as several words.

format preposition+noun or pronoun, such as: here, with the power of monarch, from the south to the sea

△ △ △ △ △

In the mountains and rivers, friends and relatives (△ as prepositions) for the people and the motherland are

△△△△△

, and the "form" is the "structure", and the joint form is the joint structure, and the formal one is the partial one.

words, Comparison table of phrase structure

Various types of structures

Examples

Combined structure countries have good sediment, sun and moon, east and west

Partial structure, everyone has white sand, flowers and bright moon, East China Sea

Subject-predicate architect, big Sha Fei, flowers and bright moon, tsunami

Verb-object structure, patriotism, flying sand, selling flowers, watching the moon and watching the sea

Verb-complement structure, deep love, flying up, selling out, seeing The object-object structure is that the country is facing the desert and the moon is facing the sea before the flowers. The sentence is the unit of language use. A sentence can express a complete meaning. In speaking and reading aloud, sentences have a certain intonation and there is a big pause between sentences.

in antithesis, we must put phrases to phrases and sentences to sentences. In order to do a good job, in addition to understanding and mastering the structure of words and phrases, we need to know more about sentences.

The main components of a sentence are subject and predicate. A sentence can have four secondary components: attribute, adverbial, object and complement.

1. Subject and predicate

The subject is the statement object of the predicate, indicating who or what the predicate says. Predicates state the subject, indicating "how" or "what" it is. The subject usually comes first and the predicate usually comes last. Nouns and pronouns are often used as subjects. Verbs (including "yes" and "you") and adjectives are often used as predicates. The following spring festival couplets, with nouns as subjects:

magnificent mountains and rivers;

△△

The years are eventful.

△△

In the case of Spring Festival couplets, adjectives are used as predicates:

The country is prosperous;

△△

People's well-being.

△△

2. Object

The object is a joint component of the verb, which is usually behind the verb, and can also be used in front of the verb with the help of prepositions "ba" and "dui" to indicate the object, achievement, tool, place or existing thing of the behavior, and is usually filled with nouns and pronouns. For example, Pan Lisheng wrote the Great Hall of the People couplet, with nouns as objects:

A pillar holds East Asia high;

△△

The stars arch Beichen.

△△

3. Attributive

Attributive is a component that modifies or restricts nouns. The word that is modified or restricted is the head word. Attributive points out the attribute, shape, quantity, person, place, time and scope of the head word. Attributive is filled with adjectives, quantifiers, nouns and pronouns, which are in front of the head word. For example, Zhang Guangjian's title is Gansu Kongtong Mountain couplet, and quantifiers are used as attributes: (black triangle indicates the central word)

Overlooking the river, there are nine meanders of water in a hundred feet tower;

△△▲▲▲△▲

With the city near the city, there are thousands of fireworks around the mountains.

△△▲▲△▲

4. Adverbials

Adverbials are components that modify verbs or adjectives. The modified verb or adjective is the head word. Adverbials are filled with adjectives, adverbs, quantifiers (momentum), nouns indicating place or time, and object-object structures, usually in front of the head word. For example, Taiwan Province Jiantan Ancient Temple Union, adjectives as adverbials:

Historic sites are rebuilt and become sightseeing spots;

△▲

The name of the temple has been broadcast for a long time, and the incense is attached.

△▲

5. Complement

Complement is a supplementary component of a verb or adjective. The verb or adjective to be supplemented is the head word. Complement indicates the result, quantity, or degree of behavior. Complement consists of verbs, adjectives, adverbs and quantifiers (momentum), which are used after verbs or adjectives; Sometimes it is expressed by "de" (such as "beautiful"). For example, Shaanxi Yaowangshan Yaowangmiao couplet, adjectives as a complement:

Medical hidden mountains and forests are far away;

▲ △

Ren Zhaojin is ancient and beneficial to the people.

the phrase ▲△

has great functions. Subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement can all be filled by relevant phrases.

Three sentence types

1. The types of sentences, including declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences

According to the content, meaning and tone, statements are called declarative sentences, with a period at the end; Those who ask questions are called interrogative questions, with question marks at the end of the sentence; Asking the listener to do or not to do something is called an imperative sentence, with a period or exclamation point at the end of the sentence; What expresses a strong emotion is called an exclamation sentence, and an exclamation point is used at the end of the sentence.

2. Complete sentences and incomplete sentences

According to sentence components, there are complete sentences and incomplete sentences.

A complete sentence is also called a two-part sentence, with complete subject and predicate and complete meaning. For example, three visits to the hall in Longzhong:

two watches pay three visits;

a pair of feet are full of autumn.

└-┬-└-┬-┘

Subject part and predicate part

Incomplete sentences are also called one-part sentences, which can be divided into three types:

(1) A sentence without a subject has only a predicate part; Unable to say the subject, or no need to say the subject. Generally caused by verb-object phrases. Some imperative sentences are sentences without subjects. Such as * Youth Self-encouragement Association:

() With people with courage * * *;

() read from the place without words.

└-└-└-┬-┘

Subject part predicate part

(2) Elliptic sentence In a certain language environment (dialogue, context), some components in the sentence can be omitted. In couplets, the subjects "I" and "we" are often omitted, and sometimes the couplet is linked to the whole province. For example, Peng Yulin's title is Yellow Crane Tower couplet, and there are two provinces "I":

I came from thousands of miles, () I watched plum blossoms on the river until the Red Sheep was robbed;

Who's gone forever? () Listen to Yu Di in the building and call back the Yellow Crane to fly high.

(3) A single sentence consists of a single word or a noun phrase. There are many omitted components that are difficult to determine, and the meaning is more implicit. For example, after the "September 18th Incident", such a very short couplet appeared in Shenyang: < P > Death;

health. (backwards)

The meaning is extremely rich: under the occupation of the Japanese aggressor army, life in where will you go is worse than death; I would rather die standing than live backwards; Better a broken jade than a broken tile ...

Another example is Dong Biwu holding Xie Juezai League:

Long March veteran;

a poet who suffered from the Cultural Revolution.

Xie Juezai, who participated in the Long March, was the representative of the Eighth Route Army in Lanzhou during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period, and later served as the dean of the Supreme People's Court. There was nothing he could do about the lawless "Cultural Revolution", so he could only be a "sick poet".

3. Simple sentences and complex sentences

According to the number of sentences, there are simple sentences and complex sentences.

Simple sentences are also called simple sentences. It is often composed of a subject-predicate phrase, and it can also be composed of a word or other phrases. Simple sentences can be complete sentences or incomplete sentences. A single sentence is not necessarily short, but it can be complicated by the main component and the secondary component, so the text is longer.

A complex sentence is a big sentence composed of small sentences with closely related meanings. Every small sentence in a complex sentence is called a clause. (In couplet books, for the convenience of narration, phrases separated by commas are generally called clauses, which are different from grammatical clauses. There is a joint relationship and a partial relationship between clauses in complex sentences. For example, Li Jia-mo's self-encouragement:

Suffering is a good idea. If you work hard, you will work hard, and the hardships will eventually become a happy place;

Stealing leisure is not a good policy, gossiping, loitering and meddling. Idle people are useless.

The upper couplet and the lower couplet each consist of five clauses to form a complex sentence. The three clauses in Chinese are joint, and the clauses in the last seven words are partial (causal); The last four sentences have a positive relationship with the first sentence (causality, inversion).

To distinguish a simple sentence from a complex sentence, we should focus on the composition and structure of the sentence, and supplement the omitted components (except single sentences and sentences without subjects). For example, Tao Xingzhi's inscription:

Who is the master if the four bodies are not diligent and the grains are not divided?