1842, the Qing government was defeated in the first Opium War with Britain, and was forced to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking with the British government aboard the British flagship Cornwallis, which was the first unequal treaty between China and foreign countries in modern history. The contents of the treaty include: ceding Hong Kong Island, paying 2 1 10,000 silver dollars, trading with five ports (Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai), negotiating tariffs and many other unequal clauses, which is the beginning of China's gradual decline into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

2. Sino-British Humen Treaty 1843

Only one year after the signing of the Sino-British treaty of nanking, Britain, as an annex to the treaty of nanking, signed the Five-Port Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty with the Qing government in the name of agreeing on post-trade tariff rates and other related issues. Britain can rent land and build houses at trading ports, and enjoy "consular jurisdiction" and one-sided "most favored nation treatment".

3. Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty 1844

The signing of the Sino-British treaty of nanking made Americans sit still. 1844, the U.S. government sent a special envoy to China to discuss China's granting the United States and Britain the same terms of trade. Under pressure, the imperial envoys of the Qing dynasty and the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi signed the first unequal treaty between the Qing government and the United States: the Sino-US Charter of Trade with Five Ports. The treaty was signed in Wang Xia village near Macau, also known as the Wang Xia Treaty.

According to this treaty, the United States will enjoy the special rights and interests that Britain has obtained except land cession and compensation, and the scope of "agreed tariffs" and consular jurisdiction will be further expanded. In addition, American warships can freely enter China's trading ports to "inspect trade", and Americans "set up hospitals and churches" at trading ports. This is the most important and shameless thing. In the future, the United States should also enjoy some preferential treatment given by China to other countries.

4. Sino-French Huangpu Treaty 1844

Shortly after the Americans signed the Wang Xia Treaty, the French also arrived here. They also sent so-called envoys to force the Qing government to sign the first unequal treaty with China on a French warship on the Huangpu River: the Huangpu Treaty. Through the treaty, the French not only enjoyed all the privileges stipulated by Britain and the United States in the treaty, but also increased the terms for France to build churches and cemeteries at trading ports, and demanded that the Qing Dynasty protect local officials and severely punish those who violated French rights.

5. Sino-Russian infatuation treaty 1858

As early as 185 1, the Qing government signed the first unequal treaty with the Russians, the Ili Talbahatai Sino-Russian Trade Charter, which mainly stipulated that China and Russia could trade in Iraq and Tajikistan, and Russian businessmen could build "trade kiosks" in Iraq and Tajikistan, which were not under the jurisdiction of the China government. Crimes committed by Russian businessmen in China and Tajikistan are investigated by Russian consuls and are not sanctioned by Russian laws.

6. Sino-French, Sino-British, Sino-American and Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty 1858

During the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces invaded Tianjin with the support of the United States and Russia. The Qing government sent Gui Liang, an imperial envoy, and Hua Shanna, an official minister, to sign the Tianjin Treaty with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France.

In the treaty, Britain and France obtained that the foreign minister could stay in Beijing and opened ten trading ports, including Hankou, Jiujiang and Nanjing. Foreign missionaries can preach freely in the mainland, foreigners can travel and do business in the mainland, and foreign merchant ships and warships can sail freely in the Yangtze River port. They compensated Britain and France for their military spending of two million silver each and British businessmen for their losses of two million silver. Americans also got more benefits from the treaty. In the treaty, the Russians obtained the right to trade in land and coastal ports, and also obtained the privileges of berthing warships at trading ports, preaching in the mainland, consular jurisdiction and one-sided "most favored nation treatment".

7. Sino-Russian, Sino-French and Sino-British Beijing Treaty 1860

During 1859, Britain, France and the United States sent envoys to China to exchange contracts. The Qing government intends to exchange contracts in Shanghai, but foreign envoys intend to exchange contracts in Beijing. 1860, the British and French allied forces captured Tianjin and defeated the main force of the Qing army in Tongxian County. Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol and appointed Prince Gong as the plenipotentiary minister of peace. That year was 65438+ October, 165438+ October, huh? Signed the Sino-British Beijing Treaty, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty with the plenipotentiaries of Britain, France and Russia respectively.

According to the Sino-Russian Treaty, the Qing Dynasty recognized the validity of the 1858 Aihui Treaty. It turned out that the Wusuli River, which was designated as "* * *" by China and Russia, was owned by Russia from the east to the sea, Zhangjiakou, Cullen and Kashgar were opened as commercial ports, and Russia set up consulates in Cullen and Kashgar. The two sides also agreed on the western part of Russia and China.

Russians can be said to be insatiable. Later, in 1864, the Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty was signed, which ceded more than 440,000 square kilometers of territory south of Lake Balkhash in China to Russia. The Sino-British Treaty stipulated that the Qing government recognized the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty and ceded the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.

Tianjin was also opened as a commercial port, and the compensation was raised to 8 million Liang. Western missionaries are allowed to rent land to build churches in China, and foreign businessmen are allowed to recruit Han Chinese to work abroad. According to the Sino-French treaty, the compensation will be increased to 8 million taels, and the confiscated Catholic property will be returned. French missionaries can rent and buy fields and build their own houses in various provinces, and Dalian will be opened as a commercial port.

8. Sino-French New Testament 1885

1883, France expanded its war of aggression against Vietnam, affecting the Qing army stationed in North Vietnam, and the Sino-French war broke out. Later, the Qing army confronted the French. 1885, the Qing army defeated the French army in Nanguan and lang son, and the French army occupied Penghu at that time. The two sides can be said to have won and lost each other, forming a balance of power.

In June of that year, Li Hongzhang and French Minister Badeno formally signed the Sino-French New Testament in Tianjin, ending the war. The main contents of the treaty include the Qing government's recognition of France's right to protect Vietnam, the withdrawal of French troops from Taiwan Province Province and Penghu, and the joint demarcation of the Sino-Vietnamese border between China and France. China-Vietnam land border is open to trade, two trading ports are opened in China, French businessmen are allowed to live and consuls are set up, and the import and export tax rates on the border between China, Yunnan, Guangxi and Vietnam are reduced. After China built the railway, he wanted to do business with French businessmen.

9. treaty of shimonoseki 1895.

1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1895, the Qing government of China was forced to send Li Hongzhang, Li and others to Japan, and signed a new unequal treaty "treaty of shimonoseki" in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture with ITO Bowen and Luo Zongguang, then representatives of the Meiji government in Japan.

According to the treaty, China recognized North Korea's independence, ceded Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, Penghu Islands and Liaodong Peninsula, and opened Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports. Japanese ships can sail into trading ports along inland rivers, allow Japan to invest and set up factories at trading ports in China, and pay 200 million taels of silver to Japan.

10, Xin Chou Treaty 190 1 year.

The signatories of the Xin Chou Treaty really set a record, because the total number of foreign powers that signed contracts with the Qing government was 1 1. After the promulgation of this treaty, the Qing government was completely reduced to a tool for the powers to rule China, and China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1900, with the development of the Boxer Rebellion, Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria decided to organize allied forces to invade China again. In August of that year, Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and a group of trusted ministers. Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang, as plenipotentiaries of the Qing government, once again negotiated with the great powers.

As a result, China signed an unequal treaty with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Japan, the United States, France, Britain, Italy, Russia, Spain, the Netherlands and other countries 1 1, with the largest amount of compensation and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history. The annex to the *** 12, plus 19 mainly includes the following contents: the Qing government compensated 1 1 countries for their silver principal and interest * * * about 982 million taels; Beijing Dongjiaomin Lane is designated as the embassy district, and China people are not allowed to live.

The country can also send troops to station; Dismantle Dagu and all the fortresses that hinder Beijing's access to the sea, and the powers can station troops in important areas 12; Punish officials who participated in the boxer movement; The Qing government promised to ban people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement; The Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to handle foreign affairs. In addition, princes and ministers were sent to Germany and Japan to make amends.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Unequal Treaty