On the Central Management System in Tang Dynasty

Compared with the central administration in ancient China, the political organization in the Tang Dynasty was more reasonable. It inherits and develops the three provinces and six departments system of the previous generation, which not only restricts each other, but also has a clear division of labor. It is precisely because of its positive and reasonable feudal bureaucratic function that it ensured the clarity of government affairs to a certain extent and ushered in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. It created the most prosperous period of feudal society in China and was at the forefront of the development of all human society at that time.

One or three divisions (a surname, a teacher, a Pacific Insurance) or three fairs (Qiu, Situ,)

These three departments were mature in the Western Zhou Dynasty. They are all elders of the clan and are responsible for guiding, assisting and supervising the king. Protect, protect its body; Fu, Fu Qideyi; Classes for teachers and tour guides. "Being a teacher is the foundation of governance" (Dai). Li San Ben played a comprehensive guiding role when the monarch was young or immature. If non-moral merits are lofty, they are not in place, so it is better to be short. In the Tang Dynasty, it was transformed into an empty position with a high reputation, but it did not actually exercise its power and was not an honorary position among its subordinates.

Second, the merger of three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, Shangshu)

The central administrative organs also include other provinces, temples, prisons and other departments, but these three are the most important. Among them, Zhongshu Province is the organ that is subject to the highest order to formulate and launch various government decrees. The province under the door is the deliberation organ of government decrees and various essays; Shangshu Province is the highest executive body, executing various government decrees.

The division of functions and post setting in the three provinces mainly include:

1, Zhongshu Province: the chief official is Zhongshu Ling, and the deputy chief official is Zhongshu Assistant Minister. Management:

In the middle of the book, there is a long history, a simple doctor, a vacancy, a pick-up, a living person, a Jixian Hall, and a history museum (hospital).

2. Province under the door: the first mate is the assistant under the door, and the second mate is the assistant under the door. Management:

Giving things, riding a regular servant on the left, admonishing doctors on the left, filling vacancies on the left, connecting on the left, living in Lang, Chengmenlang, Fu Baolang, and taking charge of books, etiquette, system evolution, etc. )

3. Shangshu Province: the chief official is Shangshuling, and the adjutant is the left and right servants. Each of the six departments has a senior minister, a right assistant minister and a deputy chief executive. It has six departments and twenty-four departments:

1) Official Department-responsible for the selection, appointment, removal, promotion and assessment of officials. Subordinate officials include the principal, the history of the order, the history of the book order, the history of the library order, the director of the library, and the palm.

2) Household Department-in charge of household registration, economy and finance. Subordinate officials are in charge, making history, writing history, planning history and grasping the facts.

3) Ritual Department-in charge of etiquette, sacrifice, imperial examinations, schools, education, etc. . . . . .

Note: Zuo Si is responsible for the above three departments.

4) Ministry of War-responsible for military attache selection and military and political management. . . . . . .

5) Penalty Department-responsible for judicial administration and trial. . . . . .

6) Ministry of Industry-in charge of all kinds of engineering construction and logistics related work. . .

Note: Zuo Si is responsible for the above three departments.

The third and sixth departments are government agencies, and there is also a commercial organization-Jiu Si, which originated from Jiuqing in Qin and Han Dynasties. The position is below six. The chief officer and the deputy are Qing He respectively. The specific points are as follows:

1) Taichang Temple

2) Guanglu Temple

3) Weiwei Temple

4) Zong Zheng Temple

5) Taibu Temple

6) Dali Temple (the highest judicial organ in the central government)

7) crack hon temple

8) Sinong Temple

9) Taifu Temple

In addition, there are independent institutions directly under it-Five Supervisors: imperial academy, Shaofu Supervisor, Military Equipment Supervisor, General Supervisor and Water Supervisor.

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Fourth, the internal waiter.

There is a palace province, a Ministry of the Interior, a bachelor's college and an internal envoy. Among them, the bachelor's college was founded by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. At first, it was called "Waiting for imperial edict" to recruit talents, and later it was called "Hanlin Festival" by court officials, and later it was renamed "Bachelor" to take charge of internal life. Later, there was another name for the "inner phase", especially the titles of "knowing patents" and "Hanlin bachelor's career". |

Five, different from the job grade system

Including staff who do not hold actual management positions, all have their own grades, and in many cases, the positions are not consistent with the grades. Civil service grades and their names are as follows:

1, Zhengyipin: Taiwei Sikong Situ

2. From the first product: Kaifu Yitong Stone III

3, positive two products: special progress

4. From the second product: Dr. Guanglu.

5, positive three products: Dr. Jin Ziguang Lu

6, from the three products: Yin Doctor Road

7. Zhengsi Shang: Dr. Zhengyi

8. Just looking around: talking about doctors.

9. Part IV: Doctor Tai Zhong

10, from various places: Dr. China.

. . . . . .

30. From Nine Chapters: Jiang

In addition, there are different treatment titles for imperial clan members and meritorious military service.

Six, the system of supervision and remonstrance and its structure.

Yushitai in the Tang Dynasty is a completely independent supervision institution. Yu Shitai is divided into three hospitals:

1) imperial academy is responsible for correcting and impeaching court officials.

2) as a counselor in the temple, in charge of various ceremonies. "People in the class are listed outside the cabinet door, correct their departure and don't speak ill of them."

3) The scope of the inspector's supervision is very extensive. Patrol around. Although Yushi is only a small official with eight products, he holds the immortal with great boldness of vision. "The suggestion can't shake the mountain and shake the county, so I don't work!"

In addition, in addition to the powers and responsibilities of the three fairs, there are also constant attendants, doctors' advice, and people who make up for the lack of information. Wei Zhi, who is famous for "remonstrating Yan Qiang", has always been a remonstrator. And formed a "system of admonishing ministers into the cabinet"

On the official system and its origin in Tang Dynasty

Every dynasty was divided into royalty and government. The royal family is represented by the Emperor, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. Cheng and Xiang are both synonymous, so the Prime Minister is also an adjutant. In the pre-Qin era, he was actually the adjutant of nobles such as kings or princes. The housekeeper inside the house is called Zai, and the director outside the house is called Xiang. After Qin unified the world, all the nobles fell, leaving only one noble, the royal family, so the prime minister of their family became the one who had to manage the country as well as the emperor's family affairs. This is the origin of the prime minister.

The prime minister of the Tang Dynasty adopted the committee system, which was different from the leadership system of the Han Dynasty. * * * There are three yamen: Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu. The functions of these three departments, together with the Yushitai, are equal to the power of the prime minister of the Han Dynasty. It can be seen that the decentralization of prime ministers in Tang Dynasty.

1, in the book province-order. These decrees were called "imperial edicts" in the Tang Dynasty. Although it was published in the name of the emperor, it was not drawn up by the emperor, but by Zhongshu Province. The procedure is as follows: The Sheren of Zhongshu drafted several imperial edicts, which were called "Five Flowers Examining Matters", and then one was selected by Zhongshu Ling (the governor of Zhongshu Province) or Zhongshu Assistant Minister (the adjutant of Zhongshu Province), which was slightly polished and became a formal imperial edict, and then the emperor drew a word to become an emperor's decree, and finally the Xiamen Provincial Decree was issued.

2, door province-review. The imperial edict issued by Zhongshu Province must be reviewed at this point. If the audit fails, it will be endorsed by the official who has the right to refute and returned to the Chinese book province, which means that it is required to redraw the Chinese book province. If it passes the examination, it needs the signature of the assistant (governor) or assistant minister (provincial adjutant), and the imperial edict takes effect, and then it is issued to the ministers of various ministries for implementation. In the Tang Dynasty, it was considered illegal for the emperor to directly give orders not to seal books or doors.

3. Shangshu Province-Implementation. The governor of Shangshu Province was called Shangshuling, and Li Shimin held this position before he became emperor, so no courtiers dared to be Shangshuling again, and they were often empty. The real power of Shangshu Province lies in its adjutant, named Left and Right Servant Shooting. Left servants shoot officials, households and rituals, while right servants shoot soldiers, criminals and workers. See Brother zxc789 "A Brief Examination of Central Management System in Tang Dynasty" for the six functions. Each subordinate has four divisions and twenty-four divisions.

Yamen-Because an imperial edict can only take effect after Zhongshu and Menmen provinces, for convenience, when discussing major events, the governors of Zhongshu and Menmen provinces held a joint meeting, and the meeting place was called "Yamen". If a person is both a servant and a servant, then he is also eligible to enter the government affairs hall (because the chief executive of Shangshu Province is nominal). However, after Kaiyuan, servants could not enter the government affairs hall for deliberation, and Shangshu Province became a pure administrative organ. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, the officials in charge of books and doors were the real prime ministers.

Tell me more about Yushitai. Divided into left and right review. Zuo Yushi supervised the central officials, mainly officials from six ministries of Shangshu Province, while Zhongshu and Xiamen Province were not supervised. You Yushi inspects local officials, and there are ten roads in the country, each with one person, which is called "observer". This "observer" used to be a central inspector, making inspections in various places, and later became a resident central official in the local area, virtually becoming the highest official in the local area. If his task is to patrol the border and stop at an important frontier, the central government gives him full authority to handle local affairs, which becomes a "our time" festival. At that time, it was a seal with full authority, and everything could be arranged with it, so it was called "our festival". Because of its great power, it gradually evolved into a "buffer town".

In the Tang dynasty, there were nine officials, and the first and second officials were elders. They are not actually in charge of political affairs, that is, the title of "three publics". The top leaders of the "three provinces, six halls and one Taiwan" are all three officials.

Except for "three provinces, six departments and one Taiwan", most official positions are idle. Let's talk about the "Nine Temples" first. Jiuqing originated in Qin and Han Dynasties. The position is below six. The chief officer and the deputy are Qing He respectively.

1, Taichang Hall-"Chang", formerly known as "Taste", eats food to worship ancestors and makes them taste new things from time to time, so Taichang Hall is in charge of emperor sacrifices;

2. Guanglu Temple-its origin is Guanglu Xun in Han Dynasty, and Xun is the entrance of the royal family, so Guanglu Temple is responsible for guarding the palace gate;

3, Weiwei Temple-Han was originally a Royal Guards, in the Tang Dynasty, although the emperor relied on the tabernacle;

4. Zongzheng Temple-the clan in charge of the emperor;

5. Taibu Temple-the servant means the driver, so Taibu Temple is in charge of the emperor's horse;

6. Dali Temple-Tingwei, who originated in the Han Dynasty, is the central judicial organ;

7, crack hon temple-crack hon temple, is the meaning of paging, from crack hon temple in the han dynasty, in charge of the emperor's treat people, equivalent to the emperor's private foreign ministry;

8. Sinong Temple-originated from Sinong, an institution in charge of the government economy in the Han Dynasty. The land tax revenue in the world is nominally managed by Sinong Temple and put into the state treasury;

9. Shaofu Temple is also the institution in charge of the economy, but it is taxed by Guanshanze Salt Mine, and this part of the income goes to the emperor's private treasury.