Financial Process

Every financial personnel should understand this process, and more importantly, related financial software. Currently, enterprises with a slightly larger scale or higher management level adopt information management , you should know how to use the software and how to set it up. As long as the vouchers are made correctly, everything else will be done by the computer: vouchers - summary - detailed ledger - general ledger - various reports, etc. It is very important to understand the financial process first.

1. General steps:

1. Fill in the accounting vouchers based on the original vouchers or the original voucher summary table.

2. Register the cash journal and bank deposit journal according to the receipt and payment accounting voucher.

3. Register detailed ledgers based on accounting vouchers.

4. Summarize the accounting vouchers and prepare the account summary table

5. Register the general ledger according to the account summary table.

6. At the end of the period, prepare the balance sheet and income statement based on the general ledger and detailed ledgers.

If the scale of the enterprise is small and the business volume is not large, it is not necessary to set up a detailed ledger and directly register each business in the general ledger. Actual accounting practice requires accountants to record every transaction in the detailed ledger. The amounts in the general ledger are directly copied from the account summary table. Enterprises can prepare an account summary table every five days, ten days, fifteen days, or once a month based on business volume. If the business is quite large. It can also be compiled one day at a time.

2. Specific content:

1. The first thing to do every month is to register the accounting voucher according to the original voucher (when making accounting vouchers, you must have a financial ( Manager) The person with the right to sign signs before you do it), and then prepare the account summary table at the end of the month or regularly to register the general ledger (the reason for registering at the end of the month is to make a trial balance through the account summary table to ensure that the records are correct), every time something happens A business is registered in a detailed account based on the accounting voucher.

2. At the end of the month, you should also pay attention to the withdrawal of depreciation, amortization of deferred expenses, etc. If the new business start-up expenses are all transferred to expenses in the first month. The depreciation entry is debiting administrative expenses or manufacturing expenses and debiting accumulated depreciation. This depreciation amount is calculated based on the original value, net value and useful life of the fixed assets. At the end of the month, taxes and surcharges must be withdrawn, which are actually local taxes. It means the withdrawal of taxes and surcharges, including urban construction tax, education surcharges, etc., and tax decisions.

3. After preparing the account summary table at the end of the month, prepare two entries. The first entry: transfer the total amount of profit and loss accounts to this year's profit, and debit the main business income (investment income, other business income, etc.) to this year's profit. Second entry: Debit this year's profit to main business costs (main business taxes and surcharges, other business costs, etc.). After the transfer, if the difference is on the debit side, it is a loss and no income tax needs to be paid. If it is on the credit side, it means that income tax must be paid on the profit. The calculation method is income tax = credit difference * income tax rate, and then make an accounting voucher, debit income tax and debit the tax payable - The income tax payable is borrowed from the current year's profit and income tax (although income tax is related to profits, it does not necessarily mean that no income tax will be paid on losses. The main thing is to see whether the adjusted taxable income is a positive number. If it is a positive number, income tax must be calculated, and at the same time, income tax must be calculated. Pay attention to the income tax accounting method. When the tax payable method is used, the amounts of the income tax account and the tax payable account are equal. When the tax impact method is used, the amounts of the income tax account and the tax payable account are not equal when there are time differences).

4. Finally, based on the assets of the general ledger (monetary funds, fixed assets, accounts receivable, notes receivable, short-term investments, etc.) liabilities (notes payable, accounts payable, etc.) owner's equity (actual Prepare the balance sheet based on the balance of the accounts (revenue information, capital reserve, undistributed profits, surplus reserve) (referring to the amount registered on the last day of the general ledger account), and prepare the balance sheet based on the profit and loss accounts of the general ledger or account summary table (such as Prepare an income statement based on the amount incurred (administrative expenses, main business costs, investment income, main business surcharges, etc.) (the amount incurred refers to the amount incurred this month).

(Regarding main business income and taxes payable, they should be determined based on the amount of tax collected at the national tax office every month. Because the tax control machine will print a form with specific numbers on it)

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5. The rest is binding vouchers, writing report notes, analysis tables, etc.

6. Note:

a. In addition to preparing accounting vouchers and Except for registering detailed accounts, everything is done at the end of the month.

b. When settling cash and bank accounts at the end of the month, the account certificates must be consistent and the account facts must be consistent. At the beginning of each month, adjust the bank account balance reconciliation table based on the bank statement, and pay attention to analyze the outstanding amounts. When filing taxes at the beginning of the month, pay attention to the time and do not file taxes late. In addition, invoices issued in the current month are recorded in the account that month. Analyze the aging and amount of current transactions every month, including: receivables, payables, and other receivables.

3. Statement issues:

Enterprise accounting statements include four statements, in addition to the balance sheet and income statement, there are also profit distribution statements and cash flow statements. The profit distribution statement only needs to be prepared at the end of the year, because only at the end of the year will the company distribute the profits made. The cash flow statement is only prepared according to the requirements of the tax department, and different regions and provinces have different requirements. The tax department will ask you during the annual inspection in April.

(Management, finance, business, manufacturing and other expenses have no balance at the end of the month. If the settlement method adopts the balance sheet method, a balance can be left in the profit and loss account at the end of the month; if there is a balance in the manufacturing expenses, it is an expense to be allocated for products in progress and is regarded as an expense on the balance sheet. Same as inventory. Zhong Shu added) You need to look at what you have in the income statement. As long as it is in your account, you will carry forward the profit. This will not make mistakes. The profit for the current year in the income statement must be consistent with that in the asset statement.

Additional details:

1. Value-added tax and corporate income tax should be reported at the national tax (only companies registered after January 1, 2002 should file at the national tax; personal income tax and other taxes should be reported at the local tax) Report

2. Certification at the end of the month (input tax); tax copy at the beginning of the month (output tax)

3. Based on salary, 100%, welfare fee is 14%, union fund 2 %, and 2.5% for employee education fees. (Tax law stipulates that enterprises, institutions, and social groups that have established trade union organizations shall allocate 2% of the total monthly wages of all employees to the trade union based on the "Union Fund Allocation" issued by the trade union organization. "Special Receipt for Payment" shall be deducted before tax. If a "Special Receipt for Payment of Union Funds" cannot be issued, the employee union funds withdrawn shall not be deducted before corporate income tax.

4. Three insurances and one. Funds: housing provident fund, pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance

5. Transportation fees, loading and unloading fees, reasonable losses and inspection fees for circulation enterprises are all included in operating expenses, and industrial enterprises are included in costs< /p>

6. If the unit does not have a labor union, it cannot accrue labor union funds, and there is no need to adjust the income tax after accrual.

< p>7. Cash is generally withdrawn from the "basic deposit account". It is generally stipulated that cash cannot be withdrawn from the settlement account, except under special circumstances (Zhong Shu added)

8. The scope of travel expenses: transportation. Fees, accommodation fees, food subsidy, postage and telecommunications fees, luggage freight, miscellaneous expenses

9. Keep the cashier’s journal for 25 years

Several useful entries:

< p>1. Long-term cash payment

Debit: Cash

Credit: Pending Property Loss and Spill

Debit: Pending Property Loss and Spill

< p>Loan: Non-operating income (note: the reason cannot be identified)

2. Cash short payment

Debit: Pending property losses and losses

Loan: Cash

Debit: other receivables - cash shortage receivable (personal)

- insurance compensation receivable

Administrative expenses - cash Shortage (Note: The reason cannot be identified)

Credit: Property losses and overflows to be processed

3. Withdrawal of welfare fees

Debit: Production costs

Operating expenses

Management expenses

Debit: welfare fees payable

4. Provision of trade union funds

Debit: management expenses ——Trade Union Funds

Debit: Other payables—Trade Union Funds

5. Provision of employee education funds

Debit: Management expenses—Employee Education Fees

Loan: other payables - employee education fees

6. Payment of wages

Debit: wages payable

Loan: cash< /p>

Tax payable - personal income tax payable

Other payables

Other receivables (withholdings)

7. Withdraw urban construction tax

Debit: main business taxes and additional/other business expenses

Credit: tax payable - urban construction tax payable

8. Calculation Raise education surcharge

Debit: main business taxes and surcharges

Credit: other payables - education surcharge

9. Stamp duty

Debit: administrative expenses/prepaid expenses

Credit: bank deposits/cash (five yuan stamp tax per account book)

Cashier work

1. Handle bank deposits and receive cash.

2. Responsible for the management of checks, money orders, invoices and receipts.

3. Prepare bank accounts and cash accounts, and be responsible for keeping the financial seal.

4. Responsible for reimbursing travel expenses.

1. Employees’ business trips are divided into debit and non-debit. If you need to borrow, you must fill in the debit form, then submit it to the general manager for approval and signature, and submit it to the financial review. After confirmation, the cashier will issue the payment.

2. After the employee returns from a business trip, he or she should fill in the payment certificate truthfully, and put a receipt or invoice on the back of the form. It should be signed by the certifier first, and then signed by the general manager, and the payment will be reimbursed and then approved by the accountant. After review, reimbursement will be given by the cashier.

5. Payment of employee wages.

A Cash receipt and payment

1. For cash receipt and payment, the amount must be counted in person and the authenticity of the note must be paid attention to. If counterfeit currency is received, it will be confiscated and the responsible person will be responsible.

2. Once the cash is paid, a "cash payment stamp" should be stamped on the original document. The responsible person shall be responsible for the amount of overpayment or underpayment.

3. Send the cash received every day to the bank and do not "sit back".

4. Carry out daily cash inventory work every day to ensure that the accounts are consistent with the facts. Prepare cash settlement statements to prevent cash profits and losses. Cash and equivalents should be returned to the general manager's office after get off work.

5. Generally, we do not handle large-denomination cash payment services. Payment requires transfer or exchange procedures. Special circumstances require approval.

6. No matter how much the employee borrows when going out, the general manager must sign, approve and use the debit note to borrow. If the loan is not approved and any disputes arise, the person responsible will be responsible.

B Bank account processing

1. When registering bank journals, first distinguish the accounts to avoid being pretentious. Open exchange procedures.

2. Check out the deposit balance of each account every day so that the general manager and financial accountant can understand the company's capital operation and allocate funds. Fill out the closing form before leaving get off work every day.

3. Keep all kinds of blank checks and do not leave them randomly.

4. The company’s accounting seal is usually kept by the cashier.

C Reimbursement review

1. Whether the person handling the payment certificate has signed it and whether the certifier has signed it. If not, it should be supplemented.

2. Whether the original bill attached to the payment certificate has been altered. If so, ask for the reason or it may not be reimbursed.

3. Whether formal invoices are mixed with receipts, if so, they should be posted separately (in principle, except for financial bills printed with the financial supervision seal, other receipts cannot be reimbursed, nor can they be deducted before tax, Zhong Shu Replenish).

4. Whether there are more than 3 items filled in on the payment certificate. If it exceeds, it should be filled in again.

5. Whether the large and small amounts match. If it does not match, it should be corrected and refilled.

6. Whether the reimbursement content is reasonable reimbursement. If not, reimbursement should be refused. If there are special reasons, it should be reviewed and approved.

7. Whether the payment certificate is signed by the general manager. If not, no reimbursement will be made

Practice of calculating work at the end of the month and the beginning of the month

The end of each month and the beginning of the month are the busiest and most important times for accountants, and the results of the month's work must be here Several days for collection, preparation of statements and tax returns. The busier you are, the easier it is for errors to occur. Therefore, accountants should classify their monthly work and prioritize it, and do not work blindly. Taking the general taxpayer of VAT as an example, we list the key points of monthly accounting work that should be paid attention to:

1. Calculation of VAT amount

(1) Actively check the sales business and fill in the expenses as soon as possible item invoice to determine the output tax amount for the month.

Sales is the focus of a company’s daily work and the core of its operations. Sales invoices are financial accounting and are the legal evidence to determine the occurrence of business. Therefore, when a sales business occurs, the company should issue an invoice to the other party as soon as possible to determine the sales situation of the month.

It takes a period of time for a business from the signing of a contract to the company's shipment, the other party's acceptance confirmation, and the invoice issuance. This period of time depends on the size of the customer, the frequency of business dealings, and the acceptance procedures of each company. There are differences. Sometimes sales companies cannot even determine the invoicing time independently and can only issue invoices based on customer needs, which is inconsistent with the invoicing requirements stipulated in tax laws.

As an enterprise's financial personnel, especially those responsible for tax work, you must be very clear about the daily sales business of the enterprise, be familiar with the invoicing requirements of major customers, and be able to meet customer requirements without Delay the company's normal work processing. In order to coordinate the work of both parties well, accountants should start verifying the invoiced tax amount of the month around the 20th of each month, and complete the business that should be issued invoices as early as possible. Usually, companies will stop filling out invoices 3 days before the end of each month. Therefore, if an enterprise needs the other party to issue an invoice to it, it should contact the other party as soon as possible and do not wait until the end of the month to negotiate with the other party.

(2) Carefully check the input invoices of the month to ensure timely certification of the invoices and determine the amount of input tax for the month.

Generally, the goods arrive at the company earlier than the invoice. The company should confirm the issuance of the invoice while collecting the goods. If the invoice is not received within the specified time, the company should contact the other party and request the invoice.

Only after the input invoice has been certified and reviewed by the tax authorities can the tax be deducted. At present, special invoice certification is generally self-certified through the online remote certification system. Those who have not self-certified at the unit should go to the tax authorities or intermediaries for agency certification. Therefore, corporate accountants should handle certification in a timely manner within the prescribed time to determine the input tax amount for the month.

When a company has a large number of input invoices every month, it usually does not certify all the invoices in one month, but selectively certifies some of the invoices. There are three main factors to consider when invoice certification: First, the amount of tax paid in the current month. Calculate the tax for the current month within the tax burden range specified by the tax authority; second, consider accounting inventory and cost processing. Some goods are purchased and sold in the same month, and these invoices should be certified in that month, otherwise the book inventory will be negative; production companies need raw materials for cost calculation, and if the invoices for materials used for production in the current month are not certified, product costs will be reduced; thirdly , whether the invoice is due. According to the requirements of the tax law, the invoice must be certified within 90 days from the date of issuance (the validity period of different types of invoices is slightly different, for details, please refer to the previous "Regulations on the Time Limit for Input Tax Deduction"). Because most companies, especially commercial retail companies, do not issue invoices for sales, resulting in surplus input invoices that cannot be certified for a long time. Therefore, when certifying invoices, enterprises should carefully check the status of the input invoices of the current month and certify invoices that are about to expire first.

(3) Control the output invoice tax amount, regulate the input invoice tax amount, and do a good job in tax calculation and payment.

VAT The main tax paid by general taxpayers is value-added tax. The usual calculation of value-added tax is to use the output tax of the current month minus the input tax of the current month and the undeducted input tax retained in the previous month. The calculation of value-added tax is relatively simple, but the control is very complicated. The enterprise must take into account the monthly output invoicing situation and the arrival and certification of input invoices, as well as the tax burden requirements of the tax authorities on the enterprise.

In order to control the payment of value-added tax by enterprises, the tax authorities have formulated corresponding tax burdens according to different types of enterprises, that is, the amount of value-added tax that should be paid throughout the year (for the calculation method, please refer to the previous introduction). Prevent enterprises from underpaying VAT through illegal operations. Enterprises usually control the amount of VAT paid close to the tax burden standard line, and sometimes it is slightly lower than the tax burden standard. Tax burden standards vary from place to place, and there are differences in enforcement efforts. Enterprises should implement them carefully according to local conditions.

The tax burden standards of the tax authorities refer to the tax requirements completed by the enterprise throughout the year. It is normal for the tax amount paid by the enterprise in individual months to be lower or higher than the tax burden standard. However, the person in charge of individual enterprises is often more "serious" when handling it, and controls the monthly VAT payment amount within the tax burden standard through various channels. Such treatment is unnecessary.

2. Provision for local taxes

According to the requirements of tax law, when calculating and paying value-added tax, enterprises should also accrue and pay part of local taxes, mainly including urban maintenance and construction tax and education tax. Most regions have begun to accrue local education surcharges. Enterprises should make a provision at the end of the month, declare and pay at the beginning of the month, and obtain a tax payment certificate to offset the accrued amount.

These accrued taxes are corporate expenses, so companies should also consider these data when estimating profits for the month.

3. Calculation and payment of other taxes

In normal months, enterprises only need to consider the calculation of value-added tax and accrued local taxes, but in certain months such as the end of the quarter and the end of the year, income tax should be calculated and paid ; Pay stamp tax, real estate tax, land use tax, etc. on a quarterly or semi-annual basis according to the requirements of the tax authorities.

(1) Income tax

Income tax is generally paid in advance on a quarterly basis and settled at the end of the year (see the previous content for details). Accountants should fully consider the operating conditions of each month of the quarter when handling accounts at the end of a quarter, estimate the amount of income tax payable in the quarter before accounting, and make timely adjustments to deficiencies.

There are many methods for collecting and calculating income tax. Accountants should handle the ratio of corporate income and expense documents based on the corporate income tax collection method. Income tax should also be accrued in the month at the end of the quarter, and the accrued amount can be offset after the tax payment certificate is obtained for the next month's tax return.

(2) Treatment of taxes paid on a quarterly or semi-annual basis

Some taxes are usually not calculated on a monthly basis. For example, purchase and sale contracts in stamp duty are usually paid on a quarterly basis; property tax, land tax, etc. Use tax is generally paid semi-annually, and the specific payment month is determined by the local tax authority. After entering the enterprise, the accountant should first determine the main types of taxes declared by the enterprise and the specific declaration time, declare on time in the declaration month, and pay taxes in full.

(3) Special taxes are handled separately

Some taxes, such as vehicle purchase tax, vehicle and vessel tax, deed tax, and land value-added tax, are generally not encountered in normal times, so don’t pay special attention to them. As long as the payment and declaration methods are determined and handled carefully when it actually occurs.

IV. Preparation of accounting materials

(1) Detailed verification of cash and bank deposits

Monetary funds are the most problematic assets of an enterprise, so every enterprise The incoming and outgoing records of each payment should be carefully checked every month. At the end of the month, print out the bank statement and carefully check the transactions with the company's bank account, and deal with any discrepancies in a timely manner to ensure that the bank accounts are clear.

In work practice, there are discrepancies in the bank accounts of most companies, which cannot match the actual business. Sometimes due to improper handling, the bank account balance at the end of the month is negative, so the bank reconciliation before the monthly settlement is It is very necessary to deal with problems in time when problems are discovered.

Collect all expense documents and expense items for the month, and make sure there is enough cash on the books to pay, to prevent negative cash balances on the books.

(2) Business transaction verification

Carefully check the input and output invoices recorded this month to determine the settlement method of each invoice. This is the receipt proof required for cash settlement. It is the bank's For settlement, the corresponding bank settlement voucher should be obtained, and for current accounts, please seat according to the number and enter the account carefully.

(3) Inventory cost accounting

Before doing accounting every month, it is best to list in detail the names, unit prices and amounts of the inventory goods at the end of the previous month, combined with the sales invoices and input invoices of the current month. Use the invoicing information to calculate the impact of book inventory cost changes on profits after recording. Do not blindly certify invoices and use inventory, which may lead to negative book inventory or excessive cost changes, which will affect current profits.

Based on the sales situation of the month, collect inventory incoming and outgoing documents in a timely manner, calculate product costs or sales costs, and estimate profits for the month.

5. Preparation of vouchers

The daily business content of the same enterprise is relatively fixed, so the content of voucher preparation does not change much. Accountants only need to prepare vouchers one by one according to the fixed pattern.

Enterprises usually have the following categories of business vouchers:

(1) Tax payment voucher

After the enterprise successfully declares at the beginning of each month, it can go to the bank to print the tax payment voucher, but it cannot print the tax payment voucher at the bank. You should go to the tax authority to print it. After obtaining the voucher, it will be recorded in the account in time, and the tax accrued in the previous month will be offset or directly recorded in the current month's expenses (such as stamp tax and other taxes that do not need to be accrued in advance will be directly recorded in the expense when obtained).

(2) Business invoice processing

Category the invoices issued and obtained in the current month into accounts, and separate them through inventory, cash, bank deposits, current accounts, and taxes payable according to the nature of the invoices and expense accounts for accounting. After all the special invoices are entered into the account, check whether the total amount of the input tax and output tax detailed accounts is consistent with the amount counted by the anti-counterfeiting tax control invoicing system for the month and the certified amount returned by the online certification, and then calculate the amount of tax paid for the month.

(3) Processing of expense invoices

Establish an internal document reimbursement system, stipulate reimbursement time, collect expense documents from company employees in a timely manner, and classify them into accounts. Carefully check whether the expense documents are legal. Expenses without legal vouchers will not be recognized by the tax authorities. In normal times, the amount of expenses recorded should be controlled. For expenses such as entertainment expenses and advertising expenses that have deduction limits, the amount incurred should be checked in a timely manner. For expenses that exceed the deduction standard, the amount recorded should be reduced.

(4) Cost calculation and accounting processing

For manufacturing enterprises, internal document delivery provisions should be made to deliver all production-related internal documents generated by the company in a timely and effective manner. Go to the financial hands to perform cost accounting to ensure the accuracy of cost calculations. Timely prepare manufacturing expense collection and distribution vouchers; production cost collection and distribution vouchers; product storage vouchers and sales cost carry forward vouchers.

(5) Do a good job in expense accrual and amortization

Do a good job in accrual business that occurs regularly every month, such as depreciation of fixed assets, amortization of intangible assets, water and electricity bills Provisions for amortization, salary accrual, and welfare expenses, education funds, labor union funds, etc. based on wages shall be made without omission or over-mentioning; for expenses that need to be amortized such as start-up expenses, material cost differences, etc. For monthly amortization expenses, amortization distribution vouchers should be prepared in a timely manner.

(6) Collect the profit and loss accounts and carry forward the current year's profits

After all the documents are entered into the account, the amount of the profit and loss accounts for the current month should be carefully collected and transferred to " "Profit this year" account to check the profit realization of the current month.

6. Tax declaration

The previous work is basically prepared for tax declaration, because only when an enterprise files a tax declaration can the tax authorities collect taxes from the enterprise. In the traditional sense, accounting statements are only reports that record the operating status of an enterprise, and are not the basis for tax authorities to collect taxes. Enterprises should fill in and file corresponding tax returns according to the different types of taxes declared.

Enterprises should determine the types of taxes they pay based on the nature of their business operations, and declare on time according to the reporting methods required by the local tax authorities.

After the tax declaration is successful, the tax payment voucher should be printed in time. After obtaining the tax payment voucher, one month of accounting work is considered over