1. How to accumulate literary knowledge

1 Self-motivation

You can write regularly. Is this also the purpose of learning literary knowledge? Pay attention to the use of literary knowledge (what you know). In the early stage, you will feel that what you use is very inappropriate or even awkward! But persevere, and slowly as you use it, you will find that you are using it very appropriately, and it is simply miraculous and ingenious! This will inspire you to understand more literary common sense, and then apply it one by one to your writing, and then apply it to your life, inspiring yourself more--things you didn't expect!

2 Revise your own works

Always read your past works!

Appreciate and chew the fruits of your own labor (it can give you a great sense of accomplishment), and make modifications based on the current level to see if you can further beautify them and make them more cultural! Sometimes even a word, an idiom, or a classic will add a lot of color to your work!

In addition to "the spring breeze turns green on the south bank of the river", Wang Anshi, the author of the word "green", came up with his brilliant pen after many revisions! Remember, these are not mere words, they are literature and art!

Note: If you really feel that you have nothing to write in the early stage, you can force yourself to imitate other people’s writing methods. Let’s imitate first. Are you looking for creation! There is another trick, which is not really a trick. It is to recite a lot of other people's good works (what you think). In the early stage, you may feel that it is very boring and impatient, but as you get used to it and your knowledge accumulates, you will Reciting is a pleasure! You may ask me and say that I am talking nonsense, but it is true that studying literature is very tiring! Let me tell you a trick, develop the habit of memorizing, you can learn to sing (you must recite the lyrics, in fact, the lyrics are also fine sentences), and then you can develop your own interest in opera, and then study classical literature!

In fact, I have a lot to tell you. Of course, the more important thing is that you must learn to discover beauty. If you cannot discover its beauty, how can you remember it and use it? I would like to suggest you take a look at this. The recently popular ones include "Liu Xinwu's Interpretation of the Dream of Red Mansions", "Yi Zhongtian's Appreciation of the Three Kingdoms", and "Yu Dan's New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius"; through these, you can cultivate yourself to discover the beauty of literature!

In short, you have to pay more attention to yourself, be a thoughtful person, and practice more! Practice is the "gunpowder" for improvement, but regular reading is also fundamental. The enthusiasm for reading depends on yourself to discover the highlights of your own works, and then try to make them shine brighter!

2. Accumulation of literary common sense

Literary Sage-Confucius Confucius (551 BC ~ 479 BC) was named Qiu and his courtesy name was Zhongni.

A great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. A native of Lu.

He is the founder of the Confucian school and put forward the idea of ??"benevolence". He is a famous thinker and educator in ancient China. Through his lifelong advocacy and the development of Confucianism in successive dynasties, Confucius made Chinese Confucianism the mainstream of Chinese culture and has served as the guiding ideology of the Chinese people for more than 2,000 years.

The core of Confucius’ ideological system is the rule of virtue. He persistently advocated a moralized society and a moralized life. The highest standard of a moralized society is "propriety", and the highest value of a moralized life is "benevolence".

Poet Sage - Du Fu Du Fu, also known as Zimei, was born in Gong County, Henan Province (now Gong County, Henan Province). He is the grandson of the famous poet Du Shenyan. Because he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang'an City, he called himself Shaoling Yelao, and was known as Du Shaoling in the world.

Reading and traveling before the age of thirty-five. When he arrived in Chang'an during the Tianbao period, he had no way to enter the officialdom. After ten years of hardship, he got a small position as a right guard and led the governor of the government to join the army.

Zimei lived during the historical period of the Tang Dynasty, which was transitioning from prosperity to decline. His poems mostly dealt with social unrest, political darkness, and people's suffering, and are known as the "history of poetry." He was concerned about the country and the people, had a noble personality and superb poetic skills, and was regarded as the "Sage of Poetry".

Martial Saint-Guan Yu Guan Yu, courtesy name Yunchang, was a general of the Shu Kingdom at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He valued loyalty and excelled in martial arts. Later generations called him the "Martial Saint." Guan Yu removed Cao Cao during his lifetime and asked Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty to confer him the title of Han. In addition to Shoutinghou, his official official position is as governor of Xiangyang and governor of Jingzhou affairs. The titles conferred by Liu Bei were first Dangkou General and then Former General, ranking first among the "Five Tiger Generals" of the Shu Han Dynasty.

Guan Yu is famous for his loyalty, righteousness, bravery and martial arts. Feudal rulers of all dynasties needed such typical figures as patron saints to maintain their rule, so they extremely exaggerated and exaggerated their character integrity of loyalty, righteousness, courage, and martial arts.

Shisheng-Sima Qian Sima Qian (about 145 BC to 90 BC) died in 90 BC at the age of 56. Zi Zichang was a great historian, writer, and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty. His "Historical Records" was China's first biographical general history. It was called by Lu Xun "the swan song of historians and the rhymeless Li Sao."

Sima Qian is a great historian in Chinese history. "He was castrated for speaking out and admonishing, but he became even more passionate about writing books and created the "Historical Records", a famous historian at all times and at home and abroad. He shed a legacy for the Chinese people and the people of the world. A precious cultural heritage. Wang Xizhi, the sage of calligraphy, was born in Linyi, Langye (now part of Shandong).

Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty was born in the Yongjia year (AD 307) and died in the third year of the Xingning year of Emperor Ai of the Jin Dynasty (AD 367). He was promoted to General of the Right Army, and was an internal history officer in Kuaiji, so he was called "Wang Youjun" in later generations.

He was born into a prominent family in the Jin Dynasty. When Wang Xizhi was twelve years old, his father taught him the theory of calligraphy, and he understood it by "speaking in outline".

When he was a child, he learned calligraphy from Mrs. Wei, a famous female calligrapher at the time. After that, he crossed the Yangtze River and traveled to famous mountains, learned from everyone's strengths, observed and learned "the methods of gathering many people, and prepared a family", and reached the height of "the quality of Guiyue and Yue is the best in ancient and modern times".

Painting Sage-Wu Daozi Wu Daozi (686~760) was a painter of the Tang Dynasty. Also known as Daoxuan, he was honored as Wu Sheng in the history of painting.

A native of Yangzhai (now Yu County, Henan Province). He was a lonely and poor boy, and he started out as a folk painter, and became famous for his paintings at a young age.

There are no similarities between them, and "Hell in Disguise" is especially famous at the time. Wu Daozi's paintings have a unique style.

His landscape paintings have a transformative effect. The figures in his paintings have flowing pleats and strong lines. They are known as water shield strips. They have the effect of flying clothes in the sky and moving in the wind all over the wall. They are known as Wu Dai Dang style. He also added light colors to the burnt ink lines, which is known as Wu suit in the world.

The painting lines are concise, the brushstrokes are talented, and the images are well-matched, so it is known as "sparse style". Medical Saint-Zhang Zhongjing Zhang Zhongjing was a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His surname was Zhang Mingji and his courtesy name was Zhongjing.

A native of Nieyang, Nanyang County (now Rangdong Town, Deng County, Henan Province), he was born in about 150 AD and died in 219 AD. Zhang Zhongjing was talented, diligent and eager to learn. He studied medicine in the same county as Uncle Zhang when he was young, and learned all the medical traditions. "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases" consists of sixteen volumes (after the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases" was divided into two books: "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber").

Later generations of medical scholars called Zhang Zhongjing the "Sage of Medicine." Medicine Sage - Sun Simiao Sun Simiao, who called himself Zhenren Sun, was originally from Jingzhaohua, and was a great medical scientist in the Sui and Tang dynasties.

He has been smart since he was a child, loves reading, and studies hard. At the age of 20, he is proficient in the theories of various schools of thought. He is good at talking about Laozi and Zhuangzi, and is good at interpreting classics. He also understands yin and yang and promotes medicine. The emperors of the Sui and Tang dynasties called him to be an official, but he had no intention of an official career. He engaged in medical writings in his later years. He was an outstanding figure with all-round talents in literature, history and medicine, especially medicine.

Sun Simiao was a man who treated illness and worked hard to start a family. He is not only knowledgeable, but also of high moral character.

He also set a noble example in academia and has been inspiring generations of doctors. The Sage of War - Sun Wu There is a famous saying in military history that has been passed down through the ages: If you know your enemy and yourself, you will never be in danger in a hundred battles.

This sentence comes from the mouth of Kong Wu, a great military strategist in ancient China, and is recorded in his book "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu. Sun Wu, also known as Sun Tzu or Sun Wu Zi. He was born in the Qi State in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He was a famous military strategist in ancient China and was respected as the "ancestor of military strategists".

Kong Wu wrote the book "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu. *** Thirteen articles have been handed down to this day.

Grass Saint-Zhang Xu Zhang Xu, also known as Bogao and Jiming, was born in Wujun (Suzhou, Jiangsu). His first official position was Changshu Wei, and his later official position was Changshi in Jinwu, where he was known as "Zhang Changshi".

His mother, Lu, was the niece of Lu Jianzhi, a calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty, and the granddaughter of Yu Shinan. The Lu family passed down their business through books from generation to generation, which is well-known in history.

Zhang Xu is free and uninhibited, open-minded, outstanding, talented and knowledgeable. Being friendly with Li Bai and He Zhizhang, Du Fu listed the three of them among the "Eight Immortals in Drinking".

He is a very unique cursive calligrapher. Because he often gets drunk, he screams and runs away, and then writes into books. He even writes with his hair dipped in ink, so he is also known as "Zhang Dian" . Tea Sage - Lu Yu Lu Yu (733-804), courtesy name Hongjian, was born in Jingling, Fuzhou (now Tianmen City, Hubei Province) in the Tang Dynasty, Han nationality.

One of his names was Jizhen, whose names were Jinglingzi, Sangjuweng, Donggangzi, and "Chashan Yushi". He has been addicted to tea all his life and is proficient in tea ceremony. He is famous for writing the world's first tea monograph - "The Book of Tea". He has made outstanding contributions to the development of Chinese tea industry and the world's tea industry. He is known as the "Tea Fairy" and respected as the "Tea Fairy". "Tea Saint" is worshiped as "Tea God".

Wine Saint-Du Kang Du Kang was born and died in Baishui, and he is the pride of Baishui people. Du Kang.

3. How to accumulate common knowledge of Chinese literature in high school

1. Combine old methods with new ones.

When you learn another work of a certain writer, you must connect it to his works that you have learned before, and try your best to understand his life and the content of his works clearly and clearly. For example, if you want to learn Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catcher", you must first understand Liu Zongyuan's life and works thoroughly, then connect it to the specific references of the other seven people from the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and then connect it to the "Horse Story" you have already learned. , the situation of "Ai Lian Shuo" (author, the purpose of the work), and finally the "shuo" of literary and style knowledge.

Knowing that "Shuo" is a literary style, it is an allegorical essay... In this way, if you learn one and couple it with two or three... the common sense of literature will become more and more familiar with the couplets. 2. Point-to-point method.

Regardless of the textbooks published by the People's Education Press or the provincial editions, the number of selected famous works is relatively large. We can use the works of a certain famous artist as a "point", and then expand from this "point" to the "face" of all the works of this famous artist selected into junior high school textbooks.

For example, ancient Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Liu Zongyuan, Su Shi, etc.; modern ones such as Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Contradiction, etc.; foreign ones such as Gorky, Maupassant, Buffon, etc. Summarize the works of these writers one by one, clarify the style of writing, understand the writing time and background, master the characters in the works, writing techniques, etc.

For example, Lu Xun’s works have been selected into junior high school textbooks, including "Kite", "Ah Changyu", "From Baicao Garden to Sanwei Bookstore", "Mr. Fujino", "Snow", "Hometown", "Kong Yiji", etc. We First of all, we must grasp the "point" of Lu Xun's life, and then know his collection of works, the naming method of each collection of works, which collection this work comes from, what genre it is, who are the main characters in the work, and what techniques are used to depict the characters. , express the theme. In this way, it is more convenient to memorize from point to surface, and the efficiency is much higher than scattered memory.

3. Vertical expansion method. It is to sort out and memorize literary common sense from a vertical perspective.

For example, if we take the history of literature as a line, we start from the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, to the Wei, Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, modern times, modern times, and contemporary times, and sort it out step by step; if we take the history of literary and style development as a line, we can sort it out step by step. Starting from the Book of Songs, we will sort out the pre-Qin scholars and historical prose, Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, and Ming and Qing novels. Then, the important writers, works, styles, and techniques of each period in this "line" are summarized in categories.

The compiled literary common sense is like a string of candied haws with uneven texture and attractive colors, with clear "strips" and clear "blocks". When memorizing, there are vertical lines to follow, and the expanded horizontal content is also clear at a glance.

4. Horizontal comparison method. It is to collect literary knowledge of the same attribute together, find out their similarities and differences, and combine them according to their similarities and differences, so as to achieve "literary" clustering.

For example, this method can be used in the naming of poetry collections of some ancient writers. You can arrange and combine them like this: Collections of works named after official positions include: "Collection of Du Gongbu"... Collections of works named after self-titles include: "The Complete Works of Su Dongpo"... Collections of works named after study names include: "Collection of Qilu Zhai"... Those named after the emperor's reign include: "Jiayou Collection"...

Extended information: Ancient Chinese Literature (1), Pre-Qin Literature 1, Ancient Myths Famous ancient Chinese myths include: Nuwa Mending the Sky, Hou Yi shot the sun, Jingwei reclaimed the sea, (Pangu) created the world, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chi (chī) You, Liu An's "Huainanzi" and so on.

2. Pre-Qin Prose a. The "Four Books" of Confucian classics refer to "The Analects", "Mencius", "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean". "Five Classics" refers to "The Book of Songs", "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes", "Spring and Autumn" and "Six Classics", also known as the Six Arts ("Music") b. Historical prose.

"Zuo Zhuan" (Chronological Style), "Warring States Policy" (National Style), "Guoyu" (National Style) "Three Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period", "Zuo Zhuan", "Gu Liang Zhuan" and "Gong Yang Zhuan" c. The famous prose works of various schools of thought include: ① Laozi, Li Er, courtesy name Dan (dān), the founder of the Taoist school, and the author of the Tao Te Ching. ②Confucius’s name was Qiu and his courtesy name was Zhongni.

He is the founder of the Confucian school. "The Analects" is a book written by Confucius' disciples recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ("Ji's" and "He") ③Mozi's name is Zhai (dí), the founder of the Mohist school.

"Mozi" 53 chapters. ④Mencius’s name was Ke and his courtesy name was Ziyu.

Successor of Confucianism. "Mencius" is a book written by Mencius' students to record Mencius' words and deeds.

("If you gain the Tao, you will get many help, but if you lose the Tao, there will be little help", "Born in sorrow, dying in happiness", "Zhuang violently meets Mencius", "Fish what I want".) ⑤ Zhuangzi, named Zhou Dynasty, a Taoist author of the Warring States Period Zhuangzi".

("The Cook and the Cow") ⑥Xunzi, a Confucianist of the Warring States Period, wrote 32 chapters of "Xunzi". ("Encouraging Learning") ⑦ Han Feizi, Legalist.

Author of "Han Feizi". ("Bian Que Meets Duke Huan of Cai", "Five Beetles" and "Zhizi Suspicious Neighbors".)

⑧"Lu Shi Chun Qiu", also known as "Lü Lan", is the collective creation of Qin Prime Minister Lu Buwei and his disciples . ("Cha Jin") ⑨ Li Si's representative work is the prose "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests".

3. Pre-Qin Poetry a. "The Book of Songs". "The Book of Songs" is my country's first collection of poems, with 305 chapters.

It is divided into three categories: Feng, Ya and Song. Feng is a folk song, Ya is a music song, and Song is a sacrificial song. The expression techniques of the Book of Songs are Bi, Xing and Fu.

"Bi" is a metaphor, comparing something to this. "Xing" prefaces something else to evoke the words being chanted, while "Fu" directly states the matter.

b. "Chu Ci". Liu Xiang, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, compiled the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book and named it "Songs of Chu".

Qu Yuan (340 BC - 277 BC), Mingping, was a great patriotic poet in my country. He once served as a Zuotu Sanlu doctor in the Chu State. His representative works are "Li Sao", "Nine Songs" and "Nine Chapters".

(2) Literature of the Two Han Dynasties a. Prose of the Two Han Dynasties ① Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu.

Author of ten volumes of "New Books". "On Guo Qin" and "On Accumulation and Storage" are his masterpieces.

②Sima Qian, also known as Zichang, was a great historian and writer. The author of "Historical Records" pioneered the "biography style", which is divided into Benji, family, biographies, lists and books.

Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "the swan song of historians, the rhymeless Li Sao".

③ Ban Gu's "Book of Han" and Liu Xiang's "Warring States Policy" are both famous in history.

b. Yuefu folk songs and poems. 1. Yuefu folk songs: Yue, folk music; Fu, official government.

Yuefu was originally a collection of poems collected by music institutions in the Han Dynasty. "The Peacock Flies Southeast" 2. Fu is a synthesis of ancient Chinese verse and prose.

Sima Xiangru’s "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu". Jia Yi's "Ode to Qu Yuan" is very famous.

(3) Literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties a. Poetry and prose of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ① "Three Cao" and "Three Cao" refer to the Cao family's father and son Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi. Cao Cao's "Guan Cang Hai", Cao Pi's "Yan".

4. Accumulation of literary common sense

"Historical Records: The Chronicles of the First Emperor" contains Li Si's memorial: "In ancient times, there were emperors of heaven, emperors of earth, and emperors of Thailand, and the emperor of Thailand was the most noble. "The reason why the Thai Emperor is the most expensive is because it refers to the Human Emperor. The three emperors of heaven, earth and man are a general concept. After making it concrete, several opinions emerged.

One opinion calls the "Three Emperors" Fuxi, Nuwa, and Shennong; another opinion calls the "Three Emperors" Fuxi, Shennong, and Suiren; the third opinion calls the "Three Emperors" Fuxi, Shennong, and Zhurong; there is another opinion that the "Three Emperors" are Fuxi, Shennong, and Jianggong.

Among these opinions, Fuxi and Shennong are generally recognized, while the others have different opinions. Nuwa's contribution to repairing the sky and saving mankind is indispensable; Sui Ren drilled wood to make fire and allowed people to enjoy delicious cooked food, which can be said to be a great kindness; Zhu Rong's "Jedi reaches the sky" and can separate the realm of humans and gods, and his contribution is unparalleled. Qianqiu; but in a rage, the emperor broke the pillars of heaven, causing the heaven and earth, the sun and the moon to change suddenly, which is really a great magical power. These four can be regarded as the heroes who created the world. It is difficult to distinguish between them in terms of their kung fu. It is difficult to determine who can occupy the position of one of the Three Emperors.

Speaking of the "Five Emperors", there are also different views. Firstly, the "Five Emperors" are called Emperor Yan, Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Taiyang and Shaoyang; secondly, the "Five Emperors" are called Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao and Shun. Among them, the two emperors Yan and Huang have been recognized by everyone, and the others need to be verified. Zhuanxu was the son of Huangdi's second son Changyi, Diku was the grandson of Huangdi's eldest son Xuanxiao, and Diyao was the grandson of Huangdi's grandson. They are all descended from the Yellow Emperor, and it seems that they should only occupy one of the Five Emperors. Shun succeeded to the throne because of Yao's abdication, and was not related by blood to the Yellow Emperor, so he deserved a place in the throne.

In fact, the "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors" were all leaders of tribes or tribal alliances at the end of primitive society.