The methods of judicial expertise are:
1, outpatient identification.
A mental appraisal conducted by the appraisee in the outpatient department of a mental hospital or the judicial psychiatric appraisal room of the public security and judicial departments.
2. The appraiser went out for appraisal.
The appraiser goes to the place where the appraiser is located, such as a prison or detention center, and makes an appraisal after conducting a mental examination on the appraiser.
3. Hospitalization appraisal.
That is, the appraiser lives in a specific psychiatric appraisal institution, and visitors are forbidden to conduct comprehensive examination and continuous observation. Where conditions permit, a CCTV surveillance video system can be installed in the appraiser's room, so as to better observe and record the appraiser's situation and make the appraisal conclusion timely and accurately. Compared with outpatient appraisal or outpatient appraisal, inpatient appraisal has more comprehensive information and more reliable conclusions. However, it needs certain accommodation and observation conditions and is limited by human and financial resources. A criminal suspect in a major case with atypical symptoms of mental illness and suspected disguised mental illness shall be hospitalized for identification.
4. Absence identification.
In the absence of an appraiser, psychiatric appraisal can only be based on written and relevant indirect evidence. Generally used in cases of death, disappearance, going abroad, etc. In judicial practice, the appraisal by default is relatively rare.
What kind of judicial expertise is it?
1, drug analysis
Forensic drug analysis uses the standard methods of analytical chemistry to determine the existence of controlled substances and quantify them. In addition to analyzing some unknown drugs, liquids and plant substances, drug appraisers can also confirm controlled drugs in the form of tablets and capsules. In some areas, underground laboratories can produce illegal drugs or chemical drugs. These underground illegal drugs are also tested qualitatively and quantitatively through drug analysis experiments.
2. forensic chemistry
Forensic chemistry involves the identification and analysis of toxic substances, catalysts, shooting residues, explosives and other chemicals. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to determine the nature and quantity of unknown objects. It is also an important task of forensic chemistry to analyze metabolites, or substances that have changed through chemistry, metabolism and corruption, and infer the original drug.
3. Microanalysis
Microanalysts use microscopes, instrumental analysis and chemical analysis techniques to examine trace substances in hair, fibers, plants and minerals. Although there are many difficulties in identifying trace substances by single and traditional means in this field, accurate identification results of trace elements and components in substances can be made by using modern instruments and equipment and modern technical means.
4. Bullet inspection
The inspection of bullets, casings, shotgun casings and all kinds of guns and ammunition that have been fired from weapons belong to the scope of bullet inspection. Generally speaking. Bullet inspection experts should be able to answer the following three questions: first, what kind of gun fired bullets; The second is whether specific guns or weapons have fired such bullet casings; The third is what kind of ammunition to use. In fact, many weapons inspections are also carried out for tool marks. At present, many inspection instruments can be used to inspect weapons, including equipment and instruments for component inspection, industrial inspection of launch and its residues, and many equipment and instruments are used to inspect the traces of weapons before and after launch.
5, latent fingerprint inspection
Fingerprint experts check fingerprints taken from crime scenes or sent to forensic science laboratories. Fingerprint processing has both chemical and physical methods, which can be used to find and extract potential fingerprints. Fingerprint experts compare and identify fingerprints extracted from objects with those of criminal suspects, providing positive or negative conclusions for the investigation of cases. In some developed countries and regions, this comparison work is now divided into two steps. The first step, carried out by the computer, compares the fingerprints collected on the spot with those in the computer fingerprint database, and then finds out some fingerprints with high similarity. In the second step, fingerprint experts compare and identify the suspects.
6, voiceprint inspection
In cases involving recorded clues, such as false alarms, explosive clues or tapes of other criminal information, it is necessary to find out the connection between the voice on the recording medium and the criminal suspect through speech recognition technology. Because everyone has his own unique voice, we can convert it into a specific voiceprint through instruments and equipment, and then compare the unknown voice in the media with the voiceprint of the suspect, so as to realize the same identification of the suspect or exclude someone from committing a crime.
7, serum test
Serologists use biochemistry, serology, immunology, hematology and molecular biology techniques to identify blood and other body fluids respectively. Usually, serum testing experts have to answer the following questions: What kinds of remains are there? Are they the remains of animals or people? Does the residue have the same blood type, enzyme type or DNA band as the known sample? Can the composition of serum help to determine its source?
8.DNA analysis
DNA analysts use the principles and methods of molecular biology and genetics to analyze blood, semen, bones, tissues, hair roots and hair. DNA analysis can identify specific individuals, that is, it has the same significance and function as fingerprint identification. DNA analysis can be used for many types and cases of samples. DNA detection technology can separate sperm from other genetic materials or other tissues in sexual crimes.
9. Indentation evidence
Criminal technicians who analyze indentation evidence usually analyze and identify various types of two-dimensional and three-dimensional marks. Such as shoe prints, tire prints, footprints, etc. Usually, the impression of the suspect's object is compared with the indentation found at the scene to determine the suspect. Handprints and tool marks can also be included in the scope of indentation inspection.
10, suspicious file check
An expert in the inspection of suspicious documents, specializing in the inspection of handwriting, typing, printing, photographing or other written materials, as well as the inspection of suspicious documents of ink, paper, paste, ink and other materials. Inspection includes identifying the source and author of the document content and determining the authenticity of the signature; Determine the formation time of the document, identify erasing handwriting, altering handwriting, adding handwriting, burning documents, etc.
There are many methods of judicial expertise. As for which one to choose, it mainly depends on the specific situation. Among them, hospitalization appraisal is the most common, because hospitalization appraisal is more conducive to the appraiser to understand the specific situation, and judicial appraisal institutions must follow the process when conducting judicial appraisal. If the appraisal procedure is illegal, the appraisal result will not be used as evidence for the final decision by the court.
As can be seen from the above, the identification and appraisal of mental illness is not a very casual thing. The appraisal of general mental illness needs the appraisal of the psychiatric appraisal center of the provincial people's hospital to have legal effect. If it involves criminal legal issues, it needs to be appraised by relevant institutions designated by judicial organs.