rejection is not the first time for Sartre, but this time it really disheartened him, and it was almost unbearable. This book has put too much effort into him. As early as during his military service, the paper "On Chance" was the first version of this manuscript. When he was studying in Berlin in 1934, he completed the revision of the second edition, and after he came back, he listened to Beauvoir's advice and revised it page by page. Only then did he complete the revision of the third edition and named it Melancholy. Nearly six years of hard work will go up in smoke, Sartre was so sad that he couldn't help crying-this is a rare thing for him.
however, one day in 1937, Sartre's eyes lit up with a letter: Galimar Publishing House asked him to go there as soon as possible. Slightly uneasy: uneasy. Sartre finally met the Bolang who shot his manuscript. Pollan told Sartre straight away: the manuscript can't be published in the New France Review magazine sponsored by their magazine: "The work you voted for us is too long; It will take six months. If it had been uploaded, the reader would have run away by the time you serialized it for the second time, but, "he paused," it's a good work. " He began to praise Melancholy, and Sartre sat there stiffly, so nervous that cold sweat oozed from his forehead: "He will soon find fault with my work by comparison." He secretly guessed.
"Do you know Kafka?" Sure enough, as he expected, Bolang said a name that Sartre had known before, but at this time his brain was blank, and he shook his head. Bolang's interest was getting higher and higher: "Although there are many differences between you two, when I read your novel, only Kafka suddenly appeared in my mind." Everything is beginning to clear up. It turns out that there are some misunderstandings between Sartre and Pollan. Pollan doesn't look down on this book. He just refuses to publish it in the New France Review. As for whether it can be published in book form, he is uncertain. Now, Gaston Garimar himself has read this book, and he can't put it down: he loves it too much to put it down. , decided to be published in 1938. The publisher is only dissatisfied with the title of the book. Sartre proposed to change the title to The Adventures of Antoine Rocantin, but Gallimar, who has a unique skill in taking the title, did not agree, because it might mislead readers into thinking that this is a popular adventure novel. After much deliberation (zhuó), he suggested changing it to "Disgusting", which Sartre accepted.
In the spring of p>1938, Nausea was published, and the critics accepted it with a welcome and positive attitude.
The success of Nausea is inevitable. It is an early preview of a kind of emotion expressed by many European novels during and after the Second World War, so it is a timely book. For the first time, people who have read this novel feel that literature is not so much a means to reveal the secrets of life, but rather a sounding board to study the heart and eliminate illusions.
At the same time, The New France Magazine also published Sartre's short story The Wall, which caused a greater sensation. The Wall describes the situation of prisoners waiting for execution and execution in the Spanish War, and vividly writes the so-called "fear" psychology. The Wall made Sartre, a new literary figure, attract much attention, and many readers wrote to him in succession.
The spring of p>1938 was a busy and interesting spring. In addition to continuing to teach in Pasteur public middle school and rewriting other short stories to be published, Sartre also began to engage in literary criticism and became a critic.
on may 1th, 194, the german army broke through the maginot line unexpectedly and entered the French mainland. the unexpected French army did not make any resistance, and it was really "kuì". On May 23rd, Sartre's closest friend, Paul Nizan, was killed at the front. On June 21st, Sartre's 35th birthday, he became a prisoner together with thousands of kuì retreating French troops.
Sartre was initially imprisoned in Bakara, and two months later he was moved to Sidtrier concentration camp, and then he began his career as a prisoner of war for nearly nine months. Beauvoir, who lives in the occupied Paris, is deeply worried about Sartre: Can this person who has been pampered and can't stand discipline and coercion stand being a prisoner? But Sartre's enthusiastic letters made her feel a little relieved. The letter said that the situation in the prison camp was far from unbearable, and the supplies were not enough, but the prisoners didn't have to work, so he still kept writing. There are all kinds of people in the concentration camp, and he has made many friends, and he is increasingly finding this new way of life very interesting. Beauvoir with a grain of salt: Is Sartre really so comfortable with all these changes? How could he "have a strong interest" in such an obvious painful life?
Sartre didn't make up a lie to comfort her, as Beauvoir feared. He didn't even exaggerate at all. Life as a prisoner of war really didn't make Sartre feel miserable. He felt that he was reliving a collective life that he hadn't had for a long time. More importantly, he found himself happy to be a member of the masses for the first time. In the prison camp, every 15 people sleep on the floor together. Because there is nothing else to do, the prisoners lie down almost all day. However, this kind of life is not boring, because "you can talk to people day and night without interruption, and treat them directly and equally." Sartre learned a lot from this life and began to try to make himself like an ordinary person. He found that most of the difficult friends were noble people who refused to compromise, and the brotherhood formed between them was both solid and beautiful. In addition, Sartre greatly appreciated these people's impromptu wit, which remained undiminished even in the fate of Eritrea, and the simple simplicity reflected in the life of the concentration camp made him memorable.
The inmates also like Sartre very much, because he is well-informed and eloquent: he is eloquent and eloquent. His mouth will always spit out sentences that make people laugh. Whenever he is free, he will give you a philosophy lesson, telling about Heidegger, Nietzsche and Stendhal ... Sartre used to dislike lectures, but now he enjoys it, because he likes to talk about whatever he likes, and because knowledge has really become the spark that ignites life at the moment.
Although Sartre never complained about this prison life-"I lived in a tent in prison", he still eagerly looked forward to the day when he escaped from the prison and returned to Paris. Because his ideas about himself, others and society have changed greatly, the design of the future is too rich and urgent. Sartre and his cellmates are waiting for every possible escape opportunity. Soon, the time finally came. Since a considerable number of prisoners of war camps are ordinary people, the German side agreed to release those who are too small or too old and in poor health. It is too easy to forge a certificate that can prove your identity as a common people. The key is how to convince the Germans that you are not qualified. Many pretenders are caught at a glance, because when asked, "What's wrong", they invariably answer, "My heart is beating too fast." This symptom is too easy to fake, so they are put back in prison. It was Sartre's turn. He opened his right eyelid, revealing his eyes that were almost blind. He said sadly, "I can't see anything clearly." The doctors were satisfied with this evidence, so Sartre was released as a common people.
Sartre returned to Paris without any difficulties. But after the fall of Paris, Sartre was amazed. In the concentration camp, Sartre and his friends vowed never to give in and fight the invaders to the end, while Paris, the capital of France, made too many compromises. Parisians are far from being as unyielding as Sartre imagined. Why do people buy things on the black market? How can so many people sign a document stating that they are neither a member of the aid society nor a Jew? Even Beauvoir signed it? Sartre couldn't help frowning: he didn't expect to escape from the concentration camp and regain his personal freedom, but at the same time he lost the tense and United atmosphere and the simple and simple living environment. Paris is different from a concentration camp. You have to live, but living is a conquered people, which means you have compromised. Sartre had to think about it: how to adapt himself to the new environment, and how to realize all the plans he made for the future in prison in this environment?
World War II was the biggest turning point in Sartre's life. Military service and life of prisoners of war made Sartre undergo a great change. To sum up this change in Sartre's own words is: "The war made me understand that I must intervene in my life."
Sartre has changed a lot since he returned to Paris, which is a change from the inside out. Even Beauvoir, who has been in contact with him, feels that he is a little strange. His expression is often grim, sometimes even stiff (jiānɡ). He speaks the language of the concentration camp and always moralizes people. However, what surprised his friends was more than that: Sartre said that he returned to Paris not to enjoy the sweetness of freedom, not to simply live, but to take practical actions. In Germany, the forces are so arrogant: (evil forces, evil spirits) rise; Be presumptuous. Paris, what action can be taken? Beauvoir is both worried and confused. Sartre thinks that people feel powerless because they are isolated from each other and their personal strength is too weak. What he wants to do is to break this closed situation, unite people and organize a strong resistance movement.
before it's too late, Sartre immediately started to get in touch with the political circles. He found the students he had taught before, many of whom were staunch anti-Germans. In addition, Mellon Ponty, a classmate in normal universities, was contacted by him, and everyone decided to set up a resistance organization. Sartre and the team members decided to name this organization "Socialism and Freedom".
The members of the "Socialism and Freedom" group threw themselves into a tense struggle. They often meet in hotels or at the home of a member. Sartre was busy writing (zhuàn) some provocative (shān) articles, and then published them in the underground tabloids founded by the group, while others immediately distributed these briefings and other brochures.
A writer must be a philosopher. Since Sartre realized what philosophy is, philosophy has become the fundamental requirement for writers in his mind. Sartre never stopped his philosophical thinking, not only because he believed that literature must be served by philosophy; But also because it has always had a soft spot for philosophy. Thus, Being and Nothingness, Sartre's first philosophical monograph, was published.
Being and nothingness is a summary of Sartre's philosophical research since 1933. While studying in Berlin, he had a plan to establish his own philosophical system. He has planned to write such a philosophical monograph since his military service in 1939. He spent a lot of spare time smearing his philosophical thinking and reading feelings in several notebooks, thus sketching out the outline of a philosophical work. Whenever Beauvoir visits him in the camp, he always elaborates: discusses. Think about the main points of the results of thinking during that time. Later, all these notebooks were lost. But it doesn't matter for Sartre, everything is printed in his mind. During his captivity, he continued this kind of thinking. From 1941 to 1942, Being and nothingness was in its writing stage. Because of its mature thinking, Sartre wrote it with ease and effortlessness, so he completed this masterpiece in less than two years, and also wrote the second part of the script Fly and the novel Road to Freedom at the same time.
Being and nothingness intensively and systematically expounds Sartre's existential philosophy, which marks the formation of Sartre's own independent philosophy system. From then on, he appeared as a mature philosopher who studied human existence, and began to be concerned, studied and commented by the most important philosophers in the world at that time, from the British positivist Russell to the Hungarian Marxist theorist Luacs. Existentialism has since become a school of philosophy that can be compared with other philosophical theories, and it has exerted more and more influence on the 2th century.
in August p>1944, the battle for the liberation of Paris finally started.
At the invitation of the secret newspaper "Battle", Sartre and Beauvoir were specially responsible for reporting the liberation of Paris. They walked the streets, enthusiastically reporting what they saw and heard to everyone at the first time. In the street, people cut down trees. Digging trenches (háo) and building barricades, all of them have high morale and spirits. The bullet clacked on the wall from time to time. Whenever an article is written, Sartre or Beauvoir rushes back to the headquarters of Battle News and delivers it to the editor-in-chief, where armed members of the resistance movement guard the gate. A series of reports written by them were widely circulated in Paris at that time, which made the French who were still skeptical about victory see new hope, while the brave soldiers who fought for freedom were encouraged by knowing that there were so many like-minded people. Paris will soon ripple the joy of liberation in the hearts of every Frenchman who has suffered from occupation.
1945 ushered in the first spring of peace. After the war, the French economy was in turmoil, and people doubted everything, so they could no longer be regulated by the original value system. However, this situation has opened the door for a variety of ideas. How can we endow the world with a new ideology? Through Barionona in the concentration camp period and Fly in the occupied period, Sartre realized that writing can play a very important role. In such an era of seeking to know ourselves and the world, there should really be a channel (qú) to vent people's impatience, surprise and approval in time; There should also be a garden to influence contemporaries and guide the direction of the times by introducing the content and tendency of the article-to create a magazine! Once this idea has sprouted in Sartre's mind, it can't wait to put it into practice: implement (one's own ideas); Fulfill (one's promise ...
The new magazine is named Modern, which Sartre and Bevova took down with deep affection when they thought of their favorite Modern Times starring Charlie Chaplin.
On October 15th, 1945, Modern magazine appeared in front of Parisians with a brand-new look. The inaugural issue was quickly snapped up, and the passionate inaugural words written by Sartre were widely read. In his inaugural speech, Sartre stated his long-cherished view that literature should be involved in life, and he called on people to resolutely resist the temptation of irresponsibility to the times.
The brilliant achievements of the inaugural issue made Sartre famous for a while, and in the same week, his speech-"Existentialism is a kind of humanitarianism" made him even more famous.
The publication of Modern, the sensational speech about "Existentialism is a kind of humanitarianism" and the periodical publication of Beauvoir's plays "The Mouth of Idle Meal" and "Other People's Blood" have set off a fashion (máo) in the pursuit of existentialism in French social life: describing people's decorative clothes or other things in fashion. The wind.