Subjective educational thought emphasizes the systematic teaching of book knowledge and ignores the development of students' thinking ability. The formalization of teaching stage is increasingly affecting the improvement of teaching quality and has become a typical model of "traditional education". 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, many educators in Europe and America criticized the traditional educational theories and methods, which led to the "new education" movement in Europe and the "progressive education" movement in the United States.
People usually refer to the ideas such as new education, experimental education, free education, labor education, progressive education and pragmatic education that emerged in this stage as the theory of modern education. Among them, the pragmatic education thought represented by Dewey is the most systematic and complete educational theory system in the western educational thought system.
You can refer to this book:
History of foreign education course
Author: Wu Shiying
Publishing House: People's Education Publishing House
Release date: 1 August 1999 Version:1
I sb number: 7 107 12957 Page number: 804.
The end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century is the formative stage of educational modernization. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/9th century, the second technological revolution appeared, and western countries accelerated the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution led to changes in social structure and lifestyle. Although different countries have different political background, ideology and cultural characteristics, they all face the same development theme: modernization and modernization; Education also has the same obstacles: formalistic traditional education is rigid, closed, narrow, passive, aristocratic, non-utilitarian and divorced from real life. If the traditional agricultural society is to be transformed into an industrial society, it must change the traditional education. 19 At the end of the 20th century, a large-scale educational innovation movement appeared in European and American countries, which attacked the system, content, methods and educational theory of traditional education from many aspects and devoted itself to establishing a new type of education that meets the social requirements. Industrialization and urbanization have also created conditions for the expansion of educational democratization, and educational modernization has officially begun. Its main features are:
(1) universal education, universal primary education;
(2) The focus of education has further shifted to caring for and respecting children and promoting their free development;
(3) In terms of curriculum, core courses have appeared; In teaching practice, it emphasizes the cultivation of children's active exploration and self-study ability;
(4) The relationship between teachers and students is more democratic and equal.
1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, both Europe and America launched the "New Education Movement" or "New School Movement", and the discovery of life education and children's personality triggered a new educational revolution. In Germany and Japan, however, the new educational theory has only degenerated into civic education, and children have become "national children" on an unprecedented scale. In the United States, educator Dewey advocated a child-centered pedagogy theory, which laid the foundation of American education in the 20th century and had a far-reaching impact in the United States and even the world (Wang Kunqing's Anti-war and Reflection on Western Education in the 20th Century, Shanghai Education Press, May 2000,No. 1 version). However, in this "progressive education movement", children are only regarded as the objects of schools, not as members with moral sovereignty in all social and political life; It only emphasizes the educational responsibility of adults and the state to children, but ignores the political responsibility and moral responsibility to children. In fact, the progress of progressivism only strengthens the role of students, and children's subjectivity is still ignored. In this educational theory, children are still low-level animals without feelings, so in its view, there is no need to seriously consider children's views, let alone care about all their feelings. In other words, on the one hand, child-centrism caters to children, on the other hand, it is just disguised adult-centrism. Not only caters to children, but also realizes the self-care of adults.
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