Moreover, irrational crime is said to be a manifestation of genetic factors. This aspect seems to have been seen in American TV series, such as abnormal murder, rape and other crimes and suicides have certain genes. Can this understanding be regarded as the result of gene mutation?
There are two main reasons for the frequent school shootings in the United States. In the United States, school violence, including bullying, beating and sexual assault, has become commonplace. It seems acceptable for students to communicate through violence, and the shooting incident is only its extreme form. Secondly, the proliferation of guns in the United States makes it easier for criminals to obtain violent tools, which is also one of the factors that cause frequent school shootings.
The popularity of guns in the United States can be seen from the following example: when the gun control law was passed, one of the offensive weapons prohibited by law was the Soviet semi-automatic rifle AK47, which was the only model. At that time, there were already 1 10,000 guns in the United States. Moreover, in the last 20 years, a vicious shooting incident occurred in the American campus, which was seen in the major media in the world and triggered a big discussion on gun control. After reading many similar reports, people in China will surely wonder why the United States allows citizens to own guns.
After the shooting, there were heavy casualties.
The answer lies in Article 2 of the American Bill of Rights: "... the people's right to own and carry weapons is inviolable." This is a preventive measure set by the founders of the United States against the possible alienation of the government, which has indeed prevented what happens from time to time in other countries to a certain extent: unarmed people are helpless in the face of the suppression of government forces, and Americans' confidence in protecting their private property and land as individuals has greatly increased.
Here, I want to insert a short story: a Jewish American from Russia was surprised when he learned that Israel was setting up detailed files of all Jews who were persecuted to death: how could these victims be powerless to resist? Later, he discovered that before World War II, the German people also had weapons legally, but after Hitler came to power, he first registered guns and then tried to gradually confiscate them, leaving Jews to be slaughtered. He therefore firmly believes that the loss of self-defense weapons is one of the tragic reasons of the Jewish nation. He has several kinds of guns at home, large and small. He said, "I hope I will never use these guns. But you have to know that guns are not tools, guns are rights. " Please note that the wording about guns in the Second Amendment of the US Constitution is very particular. It is not that the Constitution gives the people the right to own weapons, but that the people's right to own and carry weapons is inviolable. These two expressions are different. In other words, the founders of the United States believe that this right is not a gift from anyone to the people, but an innate human right.
The United States is a country that attaches great importance to the protection of personal privacy, private property and private territory. Article 3 of the Bill of Rights, the Third Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, stipulates that "no soldier shall live in a private house in peacetime without the permission of his master; In time of war, unless you act in accordance with the law, you may not take possession of it yourself ",while the Fourth Amendment" everyone has the right to protect the safety of personal, residential, documents and property from unreasonable search and seizure; This right shall not be infringed; An arrest warrant shall not be issued unless there is a reasonable reason, accompanied by an oath and an oath, specifying the place to be searched, the person to be arrested and the articles to be seized. " These two articles are related to the above-mentioned individual rights. The problem is that Americans are really "prohibiting" the implementation of such clauses as the Constitution, and their protection of private property is absolute. Maybe in other countries, if your private house is violated, you can sue in court, but in America, if your private territory is violated, you have the right to shoot.
There was once an American girl who heard that there was a property raid in China during the Cultural Revolution. She hardly believes that anyone would have such courage. Because in the United States, several short constitutional amendments are by no means a dead letter. They are guaranteed by the whole judicial system and supported by countless cases. Simply put, in some cases, the law supports the shooter according to the constitution, but in order to avoid accidental injury, it must be warned in advance. If the infringement continues after being warned, the owner has the right to shoot without having to bear the consequences afterwards. Therefore, there are few cases of occupying houses in the United States.
Then, why haven't Americans given up this expensive freedom and right with only potential significance after paying a heavy price? This is because they have always believed in the theory of the founders 200 years ago: we must always "prevent the government from getting out of control", and the government is a "monster" created by human beings. Therefore, the government can only reduce the harm of gun crimes by repeatedly calling for "legislation" to control guns, such as limiting the models of certain guns, or letting gun buyers wait for a few days so that gun sellers can check their computers and determine whether the other party has a criminal record. However, because of the existence of the Second Amendment to the Constitution, the government can never ban guns completely.
Appendix:
The constitution of the United States
foreword
We, the people of the United States of America, have formulated and established this Constitution for the United States of America in order to organize a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic peace, build national defense, enhance the welfare of the whole people, and ensure that we and our descendants can enjoy the happiness brought by freedom.
first
Article 1 The legislative power stipulated in this Constitution belongs entirely to the United States Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected by the people of each state every two years, and the electors of each state shall have the qualifications required by the largest electors of the House of Representatives in the legislature of that state. No person under the age of 25, or a citizen of the United States for less than seven years, or a person elected in a state other than a resident of that state may serve as a representative. The number of members of the House of Representatives and the amount of direct taxes shall be distributed in proportion to the population of the states under federal jurisdiction. This population should be counted in addition to the number of all free people, including short-term servants with contracts, but excluding Indians who are not taxed, plus three-fifths of all others. The actual population survey shall be held within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States and every ten years thereafter. The survey method shall be stipulated separately by law. The number of representatives shall not exceed one per 30,000 population, but each state shall have at least one representative; Before conducting the census, each state must choose its own representative according to the following figures: three in New Hampshire, eight in Massachusetts, one in Rhode Island and Providence, five in Connecticut, six in New York, four in New Jersey, eight in Pennsylvania, one in Delaware, six in Maryland, ten in Virginia, five in North Carolina, five in South Carolina and three in Georgia. When there is a vacancy in the House of Representatives of any state, the chief executive of that state shall issue an election order to select outstanding members to fill the vacancy. The House of Representatives shall elect the Speaker and other officials; Only the House of Representatives has the right to propose impeachment.
Section 3. The United States Senate consists of two senators elected by state legislatures. The term of office of senators is six years, and each senator has one vote. When senators meet after the first election, they should be divided into three groups equally as soon as possible. The term of office of the first group of senators will expire at the end of the second year, the second group will expire at the end of the fourth year and the third group will expire at the end of the sixth year, so that one-third of senators will be re-elected every two years; If a senator resigns during the recess of the state legislature or becomes vacant for other reasons, the state chief executive may appoint a temporary senator and wait until the next meeting of the state legislature to fill the vacancy by election. No one under the age of 30, or a citizen of the United States for less than nine years, or a person elected in a state but not a resident of that state may serve as a senator. The Vice President of the United States shall be the Speaker of the Senate, who shall have no voting right unless the votes are equal. The Senate shall elect other officials of the House of Representatives, and elect an interim speaker in the absence of the Vice President or in the performance of the duties of the President of the United States. Only the Senate has the power to hear all impeachment cases. Senators should take an oath when hearing impeachment cases. If the person on trial is the president of the United States, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be the chairman; No one can be convicted without the consent of two-thirds of the senators present. The judgment of impeachment case shall not exceed the dismissal and disqualification from holding any honorary, responsible or remunerative post in the US government; However, the sentenced person must still obey the charges, trials, judgments and punishments made according to other laws.
Article 4. The state legislature of each state shall stipulate the time, place and procedure for the election of senators and representatives in the state; However, Congress can enact or change such regulations at any time by law, except where members are elected. Congress should meet at least once a year on the first Monday of1February, unless they specify another date by law.
Article 5. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall examine their respective elections, election result reports and the qualifications of their members, and more than half of the members of each House of Representatives shall constitute a quorum for deliberation. When a quorum is not reached, the meeting may be postponed day by day, and absent members may be forced to attend in accordance with the procedures and penalties prescribed by each house. The Senate and the House of Representatives may formulate their own rules of procedure, punish members of the House of Representatives who disturb the order, and dismiss them with the consent of two thirds. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each keep a record of the proceedings and publish it regularly, except for the part that they think should be kept confidential; If one-fifth of the members present request it, the approval or disapproval of each question by members of both houses shall be recorded in the minutes of proceedings. When the National Assembly is in session, without the consent of the other house, neither house shall be adjourned for more than three days, nor shall it be moved to other places where the two houses are not in session.
Section 6 Senators and congressmen may receive remuneration for their services, and the amount of remuneration shall be prescribed by law and paid by the Treasury Department of the United States. In addition to committing treason, felony and disturbing public order, members of both houses of parliament enjoy the privilege of not being arrested when attending meetings of both houses and on their way back and forth; The speeches and debates of members of the two houses in the House of Representatives are not questioned on other occasions. Senators or representatives shall not hold any new posts in the government of the United States during their elected term of office, nor shall they receive any salary increase due to new posts during their term of office; People who serve in the U.S. government may not serve as members of Congress during their term of office.
Article 7 All bills related to taxation shall be introduced in the House of Representatives; However, the Senate can deal with other bills, make recommendations or agree to amendments. Bills passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate must be submitted to the President of the United States before they become law; If the president approves it, he must sign it. If he doesn't approve it, he should return it together with his objection to the house that originally proposed the case. The House of Representatives shall record the objections in detail in the minutes of the meeting, and then conduct reconsideration. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds of the members of the House of Representatives still agree to pass the bill, the house shall send the bill to another house for reconsideration together with objections. If the other house also passes the bill by a two-thirds majority, the bill will become law. However, in this case, the votes of the two houses should be decided for or against the bill, and the names of the members who support and oppose the bill should be recorded in the respective minutes of the two houses. If the president does not return the bill within ten days (except Sunday) after receiving it, the bill will become law as if it had been signed by the president (the bill cannot be returned unless Congress is adjourned). Any order, resolution or vote (except adjournment) that requires the consent of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall be submitted to the President of the United States; It won't take effect until the president approves it. If the president does not approve it, the Senate and the House of Representatives can pass it again by a two-thirds majority according to various rules and restrictions stipulated in the passing bill.
Article 8. Congress has the right to prescribe and collect taxes, levies, tariffs and other taxes to pay the national debt and provide funds for the national defense and the welfare of the whole people. However, all kinds of taxes, tariffs and other taxes should be uniformly collected in the United States; Borrowing with American credit; Managing trade with foreign countries, states and Indian tribes; Formulate naturalization regulations and bankruptcy laws that are uniformly applicable in the United States; Foundry currency, negotiate its value, determine the value of foreign currency, and formulate standards for weights and measures; Formulate regulations on penalties for counterfeiting American securities and currency; Set up a post office to delay the construction of postal routes; In order to promote the progress of science and practical skills, patent rights are guaranteed for the works and inventions of writers and inventors for a certain period of time; Establish courts at all levels below the Supreme Court; Defining and punishing piracy, serious crimes committed on the high seas and crimes against public international law; Declare war, issue licenses to civilian ships to catch enemy ships and take revenge actions, and formulate rules for capturing battle crystals on land and at sea; Raise and maintain the army, but the validity of each appropriation of this fee shall not exceed two years; Equip and maintain the navy; To formulate various regulations for the management and control of the army and navy; To formulate regulations for convening militia to implement federal laws, suppress rebellion and repel aggression; To stipulate the organization, equipment and training of the militia and the management measures for the militia serving the United States, but each state reserves the right to appoint officers and train the militia according to the regulations prescribed by Congress; For the area (not more than ten square miles) ceded by a state and inherited by Congress as the seat of the government of the United States, it has complete legislative power over all its affairs; With the consent of the state legislature, it also has the right to buy places from the state government and build forts, ammunition depots, arsenals, docks and other necessary buildings; -and enact all necessary and appropriate laws to exercise the above-mentioned powers and the powers conferred on the United States government or its departments or its officials by this Constitution.
Article 9. Before 1808, Congress may not ban any person who is considered by the existing state to be allowed to immigrate or enter the country, but it may tax those who enter the country, provided that each person does not exceed 10. The privilege guaranteed by habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or infringement, when public safety requires it. No bill or retrospective law that deprives public rights may be passed. Population tax or other direct taxes shall not be levied unless the proportion of population survey or statistics stipulated in this Constitution. Goods exported by States are not taxed. There are no provisions on commerce or tax payment that give preferential treatment to a state's ports; Nor shall any ship sailing to or from one state be forced to sail into or out of another state or pay taxes to another state. Except in accordance with the law, no funds may be raised from the state treasury; All reports and accounts of revenue and expenditure of public funds shall be published regularly. The United States shall not issue any title of nobility: no one who holds a paid or responsible position in the government of the United States shall accept any gift, salary, position or title from any king, prince or foreign country without the permission of Congress.
Article 10 No country may conclude any treaty, alliance or alliance; No license for seizing and retaliating against enemy ships may be issued to civilian ships; There is no money to cast; No paper money shall be issued; Articles other than gold and silver coins shall not be designated as legal tender for repayment of debts; No bill depriving public rights, retroactive laws or laws damaging contractual obligations shall be passed; Nor shall any titles of nobility be conferred. Without the consent of Congress, no state may impose any tax on imported goods or exported goods unless it is absolutely necessary to implement the inspection law of the state; The net income of taxes levied by any state on goods entering or leaving the country shall be used by the US Treasury; Congress has the right to amend and supervise all such inspection laws. Without the consent of Congress, no state may levy tonnage tax on ships, keep troops and warships in peacetime, conclude any agreements or contracts with other states or countries, and engage in war unless it is actually invaded or in a state of emergency.
second
Section one. Executive power shall be vested in the President of the United States of America. The term of office of the president is four years. The president and vice president with the same term of office are elected according to the following procedures: each state appoints a number of electors according to the procedures prescribed by the state legislature, and the number of electors should be equal to the total number of senators and representatives in the Congress of that state; However, senators, representatives and anyone who holds a responsible and remunerative position in the government of the United States shall not be designated as electors. Each voter should meet in his own state, and each voter should vote for two people, at least one of whom is not a resident of the state. The elector shall list all the candidates, indicating the number of votes obtained by each person; They should also sign the certificate and send the sealed list to the seat of the US government and give it to the Speaker of the Senate. The Speaker of the Senate shall open all documents in front of all members of the House and Senate, and then count the votes. The person who gets the most votes, if he gets more than half of all voters, will be elected president; If more than one person obtains more than half of the votes at the same time, the House of Representatives shall immediately vote to elect one of them as president; If no one gets more than half of the votes, the House of Representatives will elect the president from the top five with the most votes in the same way. However, when the president is elected according to this law, the state is the unit, and the representatives of each state have one vote; If two-thirds of the States in the country have one or more representatives present, it will constitute a quorum for electing the president; To be elected president requires more than half of the votes in all States. In every such election, after the president is elected, the person who gets the most votes from the voters is the vice president. However, if two or more votes are equal, the Senate will vote to elect one of them as the vice president. Congress must decide the time and date for each state to elect electors; The voting date is unified throughout the country. Only people who are American citizens at birth or who are American citizens at the time of the implementation of this Constitution can be elected president; No one under the age of 35 or living in the United States for less than 14 years may be elected president. If the President is removed from office, or is unable to perform his functions and powers due to death, resignation or incapacity, the functions and powers of the President shall be exercised by the Vice President. Congress can stipulate by law who will act as the president when both the president and the vice president are removed from office, or die, resign or lose their abilities, and that person should act accordingly until the ability of the president is restored or a new president is elected. The president can get a salary for his service during a specific period. During his tenure, his salary shall not be increased or decreased, and he shall not receive any other remuneration from the United States government or any state government during this period. Before taking office, he should make the following oath or oath:-"I solemnly swear (or swear) that I will faithfully perform the duties of the President of the United States and try my best to safeguard, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.
Section 2. The president is the commander-in-chief of Lu Haijun in the United States, and he should be called the commander-in-chief who performs tasks for the United States in various state militia organizations; He can ask the officials in charge of each administrative department to submit written opinions on any matter related to his duties, and he has the right to give probation and Amnesty to those who violate American laws, except for bomb robbery. The president has the right to conclude treaties, but he must seek the opinions and consent of the Senate, and two-thirds of the senators present must agree; He has the right to nominate and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court and all other officials of the United States not expressly provided for in this Constitution but to be established in accordance with the law in the future; Congress can make laws and, as appropriate, delegate the appointment power of these junior officials to the President himself, the court or the heads of various administrative departments. When the Senate is not in session, if there is a vacancy, the President has the right to appoint officials to fill the vacancy, and the term of office will end at the end of the next session of the Senate.
Section 3. The President shall regularly report the situation of the Union to the National Assembly, and propose to the National Assembly such measures as he deems necessary and appropriate for its consideration; Under special circumstances, he can call a meeting of the two houses or one of them. When the two houses disagree on the adjournment time, he can order the two houses to adjourn until he thinks it is appropriate; He should receive ambassadors and ministers; He should attach importance to the effective implementation of the law and appoint all American officers.
Section 4. The president, vice president and all other civil servants of the United States who have been impeached and convicted of treason, bribery or other felony and misdemeanor shall be removed from office.
essay
Section one. Judicial power in the United States belongs to the Supreme Court and lower courts established by Congress from time to time. Judges of the Supreme Court and the lower courts, if loyal to their duties, should continue to hold their posts and receive wages as compensation for their timely service, which shall not be reduced during their continued service.
Section 2. The scope of application of judicial power should include all cases involving common law and equity under this Constitution, laws of the United States and treaties that the United States has concluded or will conclude; All cases concerning ambassadors, ministers and consuls; All cases related to maritime jurisdiction and maritime jurisdiction; Litigation in which the United States is a party; Litigation between states, litigation between citizens of one state and another, litigation between citizens of one state and another, litigation between citizens of the same state about land ceded by different states, and litigation between one state or its citizens and foreign governments, citizens or their subjects. In all cases involving ambassadors, ministers, consuls and states, the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction of first instance. In all other cases mentioned above, the Supreme Court has the right to appeal the admissibility of laws and facts, unless the Congress provides for exceptions and other handling provisions. Except for bomb robbery, the trial of all crimes should be decided by the jury, and the trial should be held in the state where the crime occurred; However, if the location of the crime is not in any state, the trial shall be held at the location designated by the Congress according to law.
Section 3. Only those who wage war against the United States or throw themselves at the enemies of the United States and give them assistance and convenience constitute treason. No one can be convicted of treason unless two witnesses prove that he is openly treason or he pleads guilty in an open court. Congress has the right to announce the punishment for treason, but if a person is deprived of public rights for treason, his successor's inheritance right will not be affected, and the traitor's property can only be confiscated before his own death.
Article 4
Section one. States should fully trust and respect the public bills, records and judicial procedures of other States. Congress may enact general laws to specify how these bills, records and judicial procedures are to be proved and how effective they are.
Article 2 Citizens of all states enjoy all privileges and immunities of citizens of all states. If a person accused of treason, felony or other crimes in any state escapes legal punishment and is caught in another state, that state should immediately hand over the criminal to the country with jurisdiction over the crime at the request of the administrative authority of the country where the criminal fled. Anyone who should serve or work hard in a country according to its laws shall not be relieved of his service or work hard because of any laws or regulations of another country when he flees to another country, but he shall be handed over at the request of the party entitled to ask for service or work hard.
Section 3. Congress may allow new States to join the union; No new state shall be established within the jurisdiction of any state without the consent of the state legislature and the national assembly of the state concerned; It is also forbidden to merge two States or several States, or part of several States to form a new state. Congress has the right to dispose of American territories and other industries and formulate all necessary laws and regulations concerning these territories and industries; Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as prejudicing the rights of the United States or any state.
Section 4. The United States guarantees that every state in the Federation is a political system and protects them from foreign aggression; And according to the requirements of the state legislature or administrative department (when the state legislature cannot convene), put down internal riots.
Article 5
When a two-thirds majority of the members of the House and Senate consider it necessary, the Congress shall propose an amendment to this Constitution. Alternatively, when two-thirds of the existing state legislatures make a request, Congress should convene a constitutional amendment meeting. If the above two amendments are passed by three-quarters of the state legislatures or three-quarters of the state constitutional amendment conferences, they will become part of this constitution and take full effect. As for which approval method to adopt, it is up to Congress to decide; However, the amendments that may be made before 1808 will not affect the first and fourth items of the ninth paragraph of Article 1 of this Constitution under any circumstances; Without its consent, no state shall be deprived of equal voting rights in the Senate.
Article 6
Before the adoption of this Constitution, the debts owed by the government of the United States and the treaties it signed have the same effect as those owed by the federal government after the adoption of this Constitution. This Constitution and the laws of the United States enacted in accordance with this Constitution; And all treaties that the United States has concluded and will conclude are the supreme laws of the country; Judges in every state are bound by it, and nothing in the constitution or laws of any state may violate this provision. The above-mentioned senators and representatives, members of the state legislature, and all administrative and judicial officials of the US government and state governments shall swear or swear to support this Constitution; However, no position or public office in the United States government can be based on any religious standards.
Article 7
This Constitution shall come into force among the states that have ratified it after it has been approved by the constituent assemblies of nine states.
American constitutional bill of rights
The founders of the American Constitution did not draft a bill of rights in the Constitution. The reason for this omission is not because they don't care about basic human rights, but because they feel that the Constitution does not specifically authorize the management of matters such as freedom of publication or assembly. Of course, there is no need to specifically declare that there is no such power. This position is logically correct, but not psychologically; The American people generally hope that their welfare will be clearly stipulated in the Constitution. Shortly after the first session of Congress, james madison proposed a long bill of rights as a constitutional amendment. Congress passed 12 amendments. However, only ten articles were adopted by the states and became part of the Constitution on 179 1 year1February 15. These amendments are called the Bill of Rights. Most of the content of the bill is to impose restrictions on the government-stipulate what the federal government cannot do. Therefore, in general, the bill is also interpreted as applicable to state governments. Since almost every state has a bill of rights, either as a part of the state constitution or as an amendment to the state constitution, it is correct to say that all Americans enjoy the protection of such a bill of rights in all parts of the country and are not infringed by any local, state or federal government.
First amendment
Congress shall not make laws on the following matters: establishing a religion or prohibiting freedom of religious belief; Deprive people of their freedom of speech or publication; Or deprive people of their right to peaceful assembly, and ask the government to correct it.
Second amendment
A disciplined militia is necessary for the security of a free country; Therefore, the people's right to keep and carry weapons must not be violated.
The third amendment
No soldier can live in a private house in peacetime without the owner's permission; In wartime, you are not allowed to occupy yourself unless you act according to the law.
Fourth amendment
Everyone has the right to ensure the safety of person, residence, documents and property, and is not subject to unreasonable search and arrest; This right shall not be infringed; An arrest warrant shall not be issued unless there is a justifiable reason, accompanied by an oath or oath, and specifying the place to be searched, the person to be arrested or the article to be confiscated.
Fifth amendment
Unless prosecuted by a grand jury, a person should not be sentenced to death or deprived of part of his public rights for a felony; Only in the period of war or social unrest, the case that happened in Lu Haijun or the militia in service is not the case; People are not allowed to be put in a life-threatening or limb-threatening situation twice for the same crime; Not to be forced to testify against oneself in any criminal case, and not to be deprived of life, freedom or property through due legal procedures; People's private property shall not be requisitioned for public use without reasonable compensation.
Article 6 amendment
In all criminal cases, the defendant should have the right to ask for the following: a prompt and open trial by an impartial jury in the state and region where the crime occurred, and the region where it belongs should be determined by law; Asking to know the charging items and reasons; Asking to confront the plaintiff's witness; Requiring that witnesses in favor of the defendant be compelled to testify in court by compulsory means; And asked for the help of a lawyer.
Seventh amendment
In a lawsuit citing customary law, if the value involved by both parties in the dispute exceeds that of 20 yuan, the parties have the right to ask the jury to hear it; Any fact tried by a jury shall not be retried in any court in the United States except in accordance with the provisions of common law.
Article 8 amendment
Don't ask for excessive bail, don't impose excessive fines, and don't impose cruel and unusual penalties.
Article 9 amendment
Some rights listed in the constitution should not be interpreted as denying or belittling other rights owned by the people.
The tenth amendment
All powers that are not authorized by the Constitution and are not prohibited from being exercised by the states are reserved for the governments or people of the states.