Sartre was born in a wealthy family in Paris, France on June 2 1905. Father Jean-Baptiste Sartre is a naval engineer. He died in Sartre at the age of 1 in March. At the age of four, Sartre narrowed his right eye due to pannus of cornea. This makes his appearance a bit ugly to some people. Mother Anne-Marie Sartre (maiden name: Shi Huaizhe) came to Alsace with Sartre after her father's death, and lived in the grandpa's house of the applied literature teacher. Although he rejected the lifestyle of the upper class in the future, Sartre benefited from the knowledge atmosphere of his grandfather's family in writing and literature. It is said that the name of the first book he read was The Suffering of an China Man in China.
Sartre first went to Montaigne public school. At the request of my grandfather, the headmaster asked Sartre to go directly to the eighth grade (the lowest grade is the preparatory class of 10 grade), but he was soon asked to start studying from 10 grade because of his poor foundation. Grandfather let him drop out of school in a rage. Ask the teacher to give him lessons at home. This delayed Sartre's contact with his peers for several years. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, Sartre entered the public school of Henry IV and later transferred to La Roscher. Three years later, he attended Henry IV School again with his grandfather. After studying for two years, his family transferred him to Louis the Great School. Because the latter's liberal arts preparatory class may be better. Sartre was soon admitted to Paris Teachers College to study philosophy. During this period, Sartre read the main works of Descartes, Kant, Plato and others. This had a great influence on him later. The annual drama performance of Paris Normal University made Sartre like drama again. And wrote his first one-act play, I will have a wonderful funeral. Sartre met simone de beauvoir, who was studying at the University of Paris at that time, through friends. She was later called Sartre's "lifelong companion". At that time, they were preparing for the middle school teacher qualification examination.
1929, Sartre served in a weather station for 1.5 years. 193 1 In April, Sartre went to La Affre, a port city in northern France, where he taught philosophy in high school and wrote novels and philosophical papers at the same time.
1933, when Sartre was 28 years old, Raymond Aron, who studied existential phenomenology, said to Sartre, "Little brother, if you are a phenomenologist, you can make a fuss about a cocktail and get some philosophy from it." Sartre turned pale with excitement when he heard this, because it was Sartre's dream to "know things according to his own contact and feelings about things and draw philosophy from them". He decided to follow in Aaron's footsteps and go to Berlin to specialize in existentialism and study Husserl's phenomenology, thus opening his philosophical path. 1934, Sartre wrote "On Self-transcendence" (or translated "Self-Overcoming") in Berlin. 1936, he published the theory of images (or translated imagination) (L'Imagination), which was Sartre's paper after studying phenomenology.
1936 Sartre completed the third draft of a literary work about contingency. Sartre named it Melancholy. At first, the manuscript was rejected by the publishing house. After many twists and turns, with the help of friends, the publishing house finally accepted this work again. But the name is suggested to be disgusting. 1April, 938, Nausea was published by Galima Publishing House. Although it was not particularly popular, the critics responded well. Some people compare Sartre and Kafka. Call him Kafka from France. Sartre thinks this is the best book he has written from a literary point of view.
Before the novel Nausea was published, Sartre got several short manuscripts from the publishing house, so The Wall, Elos Chute and Uncomfortable were published one after another. And "Room" and "Intimacy" are also nearing completion. Kalima Publishing House combined several other published novels, such as Childhood of a Factory Owner, Elos Chute and The Wall, and published them as a collection of novels. This collection of novels is very popular. Sartre really began to become famous.
1939, Germany invaded Poland, and France and Britain issued a general mobilization order. Sartre, accompanied by Bohr V, assembled at the designated place. Sartre was trained in Nancy first, and then sent to Broumas to become a weather soldier. His job is to inform the battery of the observed wind direction. Other time is spent reading and writing. 1 June 2, 9401,1,Sartre was captured by the Germans when he moved with the troops to Alsace and the border between France and Germany. It was Sartre's 35th birthday. A few hours after Sartre's capture, the Franco-German armistice came into effect. This contingency and absurdity appear repeatedly in Sartre's plays. Sartre began to be held in Bakara between Strasbourg and Nancy. In mid-August, they were transported to a prison camp in Trier, Germany. During his stay in the prison camp, Sartre read martin heidegger's Being and Time, and created and organized the drama Barionona. Finally, he convinced German officers that he was not a soldier and escaped from the prison camp on the grounds that he was unable to fight because of his eye disease. Sartre set up a resistance organization after he returned to Paris. It is called "Socialism and Freedom". At first Sartre wanted to unite with other resistance organizations, but was rejected as a German traitor. Sartre dissolved the organization in 194 1 year. But in these two years, Sartre regained his trust, rejoined the resistance organization, and worked for French Courier and French Literature.
1943, Sartre completed and published his philosophical monograph Being and Nothingness. Still published by Kalima Publishing House. Sartre hopes to write his thoughts on the relationship between man and the world into this philosophical monograph for many years. Writing is done in a difficult environment. Due to the shortage of coal and electricity, Sartre came to a cafe called Flo near his residence and wrote with acetylene lighting. After the book came out, it caused great repercussions in the intellectual circles. Many professional philosophers are paying attention to this book. However, Being and nothingness was difficult to be accepted by the orthodox authority of academic circles from the very beginning. They think this book is too deviant to enter the hall of philosophy. This book attracted a large number of readers after the 1945 war, making existentialism the most influential ideological trend in the 1950s. And this book is also regarded as the cornerstone of the French existentialist movement.
During the war, Sartre also completed the first and second volumes of his multi-volume novel The Road to Freedom. The title of the book was originally called "The Devil", and the preface was: "We are suffering because we are free!" Later, the title was changed to Road to Freedom. And before the end of World War II, it became the first volume of the book "The Age of Reason" (also translated as "The Age of Perception") and the second volume "Delay". The novel reflects the mental state of France on the eve of World War II, but the focus is on how the heroine's mistress controls their freedom: whether she should have an abortion and whether he should marry her. The first two novels were published in September 1945. The third book, Mind, was published in 1949. The third part, the obvious political and philosophical color becomes heavy. Make the sequel of this novel less successful.
Sartre is also interested in creating plays. Before that, he only wrote about Barrionona in a prison camp. 1943, Kalima Publishing House published a play called Les Mouches. This play is to arouse the French people's freedom consciousness, and also to commemorate Sartre's lover Olga. Olga was studying acting, hoping that Sartre could write a play for her. The Fly is based on an old legend, but Sartre modified it. The play was first staged in June after passing the German review. The performance was very popular and Olga became famous. But Germany soon discovered this.
The meaning of the play soon stopped performing. This success inspired Sartre and began to conceive new plays. 1944, Sartre's new play "House-Close has no way out" (also translated as "Chamber of Secrets") was released. There are only three actors in this play, and they have been on the stage all the time. The general plot is: three people, a man and two women, were later arranged in a room. Everyone needs another, and each prevents the other two from being interdependent. In the end, no one can realize his wish. The performance was a great success. The line in the play "Everyone else is hell!" Become Sartre's most widely known sentence. Sartre was even invited to give a speech about the intermission. Later, Sartre wrote some plays. Including 1946 No Burial (Mort san sépulture's first postwar play), 1946 Respected Prostitute (or translated as Respected Prostitute) and1948 Lesmains Sales. 195 1 The Devil and God (Le Diable et le Bon Dieu Sartre likes this play very much) 1953 Keane (adapted from Dumas' Keane) 1955 Inner Klassov1.
As for biographical novels, Sartre completed Baudelaire in 1944 (published in 1947) and Criticizing the Dialogue of Delaraison in 1949 (published in 1952), which was originally a book by Jean Girene. Become the longest preface in the history of books.
After World War II, Sartre edited the review magazine Les Temps modernes. Editorial members include Beauvoir and raymond aron. , Michelle Reileser, maurice merleau-ponty, Albert Olivier, Jean Boland, etc. Then Sartre began to be called an existentialist (Sartre didn't like the name, and later began to accept it). And began to become more and more famous. 1945, 10 In June, Sartre gave a speech on "Existentialism is Humanism" in Modern Club. Sartre expounded some basic views to the public in his speech. Point out that existence precedes essence. "The atheistic existentialism I represent holds that if there is no God in the world, there is at least one existence, one that precedes the essence and one that existed before being defined by any concept. This existence is human, or, as Heidegger said, human reality. Sartre quoted the Russian writer Dostoevsky as saying, "If God doesn't exist, anything can happen." That this is the starting point of existentialism. During this period, Sartre's literary thought changed. He put forward the idea of "intervention" and advocated that writers express their views on contemporary social and political events through their works, so as to defend their freedom in daily life. And put forward the slogan: we must write for our times. In order to clarify his point of view more systematically, Sartre wrote a book "What is Literature", which was serialized for 6 issues in Modern magazine from 65438 to 0947. Sartre tried to demonstrate that prose is superior to poetry and advocated a practical literature that is free for both authors and readers. It is stated that the writer's responsibility lies in shaping the world. 1948 February, Sartre accepted the invitation of the Executive Committee of the Democratic Revolutionary Union. Start "dabbling" in political activities. However, the differences with its leader Hussein soon became more and more serious. In April of the following year, Sartre personally held a meeting of the Revolutionary Democratic Alliance, at which he announced his opposition to Hussein. At this time, Sartre's political position is the third way between the left and the right. So it was attacked from both sides.
In the early 1950s, Sartre gradually inclined to the * * * production party politically. Become a fellow traveler of the party. /kloc-in the summer of 0/952, * * producer jacques duclos was arrested, and the strike failed on June 4th, which greatly stimulated Sartre. He wrote and published Producers and Peace, trying to explain the relationship between producers and workers and analyze the root causes of the failure of strikes. The article is divided into three parts, and finally it becomes an article praising the producer of * * *. Sartre's new political stance was endorsed by most people in the editorial department. But it still led some people to leave modern magazines, including Merlot Ponty.
1952, albert camus's book The Rebel advocated "pure resistance", that is, opposing revolutionary violence, which led to his break with Sartre. On the other hand, a comment about rebels written by a man named Shang Song in Modern magazine angered Camus. Camus blamed Sartre for this article)
1954 In May, Sartre visited the Soviet Union at the invitation of Soviet writers and delivered a speech that he later admitted was "lying". 1955
In September, Sartre and Beauvoir were invited to visit China. China is a strange country for him, but in China, people know almost nothing about Sartre except a few French literature experts. 10.2, 165438+, China People's Daily published Sartre's article "My feelings about new China", and Sartre also published an article "China in my eyes" in The French Observer, talking about his feelings about China.
When the Soviet army invaded Hungary in 1956, Sartre condemned the Soviet army and the French leaders who supported the intervention. And break with * * * producers. But he is still left in political inclination. 1957, in the special issue of Modern magazine about Hungary, Sartre wrote the article "The Ghost of Stalin" to oppose Soviet interference. But he also believes that the Soviet Union is still a flesh-and-blood socialism. 1954 Sartre openly opposed the war between France and Algeria. Support the secret publication "For Truth", and in the Declaration of the Right to Disobey Orders in the Algerian War (the main content is that French soldiers have the right to disobey orders and refuse to participate in the Algerian War. Because the signer * * * has 12 1 person, it is also called "statement of 12 1 person"). At the same time, he made a speech that "the left should unite with the Algerian National Liberation Front". Therefore, it was accused by the authorities of "endangering national security." 1960 In late February, Sartre and Beauvoir visited Cuba at the invitation of the editor-in-chief of Revolution, Cuba's largest newspaper, praising * * * Cuba as "direct democracy" and lamenting "this is the honeymoon of revolution". 1960 in August, Sartre and Paulve were invited to visit Brazil, and they directly attacked Charles de Gaulle and malraux at the University of Rio de Janeiro, which was very popular. But at the same time, Sartre was regarded as a traitor and an enemy of France. Veterans marched on the Champs Elysé es, shouting "Kill Sartre"; Sartre was sued shortly after he returned to France. But because of its influence, it went away. Sartre was constantly threatened with assassination, but he still stood his ground and personally participated in demonstrations and sit-ins.
1960, Sartre completed the first part of his second important philosophical work, Critique of Dialectical Reason-Practical Holism. The second part was never finished. Sartre thought that the philosophy discussed in this book was abandoned after Marxism came into being. Some people think that this is Sartre's attempt to analyze Marxist dialectics with existentialism and psychoanalysis to illustrate its feasibility. Therefore, Sartre is regarded as a representative of Marxist school. But in his later years, Sartre denied that his book belonged to Marxism, thinking that it was only close to Marxism in some fields. 1963, Modern magazine published Sartre's autobiographical novel Les mots. Many people think that this book marks Sartre's return to literature. Sartre described the time in this book, until his mother 12-year-old childhood before remarriage. Sartre wrote this book because he owed money to the publishing house. 1964, Sartre was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature for Ci, and finally won the prize. But Sartre refused to accept the prize on the grounds that he always refused to give up the official honor. However, in his later years, he refused to accept the prize because it divided writers and literature into grades.
In the 1960s, when the United States invaded Vietnam, Sartre firmly supported the Vietnam War. As executive chairman, he participated in a court that tried American war crimes in Vietnam. The honorary president of the court is Boehlandt Russell.
1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. Sartre made a speech, calling the Soviet Union a war criminal and renouncing relations with the Soviet Union. His original play "Flies and Dirty Hands" implied opposition to the German fascist occupation.
Staged in the Czech Republic, it became a kind of support against Soviet occupation and was warmly cheered by Czechs. 1968 in may, riots broke out in French universities, opposing the Vietnam war and school rules. Sartre, Beauvoir and others issued statements in support of students' actions. Then I went to the university to give a speech. After the May storm, Sartre continued to keep in touch with leftists, participated in newspapers run by proletarian leftists and distributed them in the streets. From 65438 to 0973, Sartre was the editor-in-chief of another leftist newspaper, Libération, which was the largest leftist newspaper in France and the third largest national daily newspaper.
In the early 1970s, Sartre's body began to show some obvious symptoms. At this time, he is writing "The Idiot in the Family-Gustav Flaubert". 1973 Sartre's eyes are almost completely blind. His life is taken care of by Polva and his adopted daughter. 1980 Sartre died in April. After Sartre's death, his "lifelong companion" Beauvoir (an important figure in the French ideological circle, a feminist, and the author of The Second Sex) wrote the Farewell Ceremony and Letters to Beaver and others according to Sartre's last 10 years of life. (Beaver is Sartre's nickname for Beauvoir)
Sartre likes watching movies and listening to jazz in his daily life, and he often writes in cafes on the streets of Paris. He has kept this habit all his life. His usual life is bohemian. Tried hallucinogens and amphetamines. He often lived in a friend's house and had an affair with many women, many of whom received his support in life until Sartre died. But at the same time, Sartre never broke off the relationship with his lover simone de beauvoir, and their famous "two-year contract" was often extended. Beauvoir and Sartre were buried in Mon panas Cemetery. Sartre is a famous core figure among "Left Bank" intellectuals. But later, he had an argument with many of his old friends, such as raymond aron, albert camus, Arthur Keightley and Maurice Meloponti. Active political activities in 1950s earned him the reputation of "world conscience". At the same time, Sartre was not recognized by the academic school in the end. He is the first and only philosopher in France who is so famous that he has never formally taught in an institution of higher learning except in a middle school.
Sartre's works are the representative of "existentialism" philosophy (however, he himself is not very happy to get this "label"). Other existentialist philosophers include soren kierkegaard (also translated Qi Guo Ke, S? Ren Kierkegaard, 18 13-55), friedrich nietzsche (1844- 1900) and martin heidegger (1889- 1976). Although Kierkegaard is a theist and theologian, while Nietzsche and Sartre are atheists, existentialists have basically the same views on personal freedom, the importance of choice, the obligation to exist as a real human being, and the fact that human life has no other meaning except what human beings have endowed.