According to different classification standards, bills of lading can be divided into many types:

(1) According to the name of the consignee of the bill of lading

1. Nominal bill of lading (Straight B/L)

Nominal bill of lading, also known as consignee-headed bill of lading, refers to a bill of lading in which the name of the consignee has been specifically filled in in the consignee column on the bill of lading. The goods recorded in the bill of lading can only be picked up by the specific consignee on the bill of lading, or the carrier can only deliver the goods to the consignee specified on the bill of lading at the unloading port. If the carrier delivers the goods to a person other than those named in the bill of lading, the carrier is responsible even if that person is in possession of the bill of lading. This kind of bill of lading loses the convenience of representing the transferable circulation of goods, but at the same time it can also avoid the risks that may be caused during the transfer process.

Using a registered bill of lading, if the delivery of the goods does not involve obligations under the trade contract, the shipper can mail it to the consignee without going through the bank, or the captain can take it with him on the ship. In this way, the bill of lading can be delivered to the consignee in time without delay. Therefore, a registered bill of lading is generally only suitable for transporting exhibits or valuables. It is especially advantageous for short-distance transportation, but is rarely used in international trade.

2. Order B/L

In the "Consignee" column on the front of the bill of lading, fill in the words "To order" or "Order of..." bill of lading. This kind of bill of lading differs according to the method of indicating the instructing person. The instruction bill of lading is divided into the shipper's instruction bill of lading, the named instruction person's bill of lading and the selected instruction person's bill of lading. If only the word "instruction" is filled in the consignee column, it is called the shipper's instruction bill of lading. Before the shipper has designated a consignee or assignee for this kind of bill of lading, the ownership of the goods still belongs to the seller. Under the documentary letter of credit payment method, the shipper uses the negotiating bank or the consignee as the assignee and transfers the bill of lading. and obtain negotiated payment. If "XX or instruction" is filled in the consignee column, it is called a named order bill of lading. If "XX or instruction" is filled in the consignee column, it is called a selected instruction bill of lading. The "someone" named in the named order bill of lading or the selected orderer's bill of lading can be the name of the bank or the shipper.

The instruction bill of lading is a negotiable bill of lading. The holder of the bill of lading can transfer it to a third party by endorsement without the carrier's approval, so this kind of bill of lading is popular with buyers. The unnamed instruction (shipper's instruction) bill of lading is different from the registered instruction bill of lading. It does not have the restriction that it can only be transferred after being endorsed by the person specified in the bill of lading, so its circulation is greater. Instruction bills of lading are widely used in international shipping operations.

3． Bearer B/L (Bearer B/L, or Open B/L, or Blank B/L)

The consignee column on the bill of lading does not specify any consignee, but indicates "Bill of Lading held by "Bearer" or leave this column blank and do not fill in the name of any person in the bill of lading. This kind of bill of lading does not require any endorsement procedures to transfer or pick up the goods, which is extremely simple. The carrier should deliver the goods to the holder of the bill of lading. Whoever holds the bill of lading can pick up the goods. The carrier delivers the goods only against the bill of lading, not against the person. This type of bill of lading is extremely risky if lost or stolen. If it is transferred to a bona fide third party, it can easily cause disputes. Therefore, this type of bill of lading is rarely used internationally. In addition, according to the regulations of some liner conferences, any use of bearer bills of lading is prohibited. The name and address of the person notifying the port of discharge must be stated on the copy of the bill of lading to the chief mate.

Article 79 of the "Maritime Law" stipulates: "Named bill of lading: not transferable; instruction bill of lading: transferred by registered endorsement or blank endorsement; bearer bill of lading: transferable without endorsement." Named bill of lading: Although it is safe and cannot be transferred, it is inconvenient for trading parties and is not used much. It is generally believed that since a named bill of lading cannot be transferred by endorsement, from the perspective of international trade, a named bill of lading does not have the nature of a document of property rights. The bearer bill of lading can be transferred without endorsement. Anyone holding the bill of lading can ask the carrier to release the goods. It is not safe for all trading parties and has high risks, so it is rarely used. Instruction bills of lading can be transferred through endorsement and meet the needs of normal trade, so they are widely used in practice.

Endorsement is divided into named endorsement (SpeciaL Endorsement) and blank endorsement (Endorsement in Blank). The former means that the endorser (instructor) writes the name of the endorsee on the back of the bill of lading and the endorser signs it. The latter means that the endorser does not indicate the name of the endorsee on the back of the bill of lading. In the event of a named endorsement, the carrier shall deliver the goods to the endorsee. Otherwise, the goods only need to be handed over to the holder of the bill of lading.

(2) Classification according to whether the goods have been shipped

1. Shipped B/L (Shipped B/L, or On Board B/L)

A shipped bill of lading means that after the goods are loaded on board, it is issued to the shipper by the carrier or its authorized agent based on the mate's receipt. bill of lading. If the carrier issues a loaded bill of lading, it confirms that he has loaded the goods on the ship. In addition to stating general matters, this kind of bill of lading must also indicate the name of the ship carrying the goods and the date of shipment, which is the date of shipment of the goods under the bill of lading.

Since the shipped bill of lading guarantees the timely receipt of the goods by the consignee, the seller is generally required to provide the shipped bill of lading in international goods sales contracts. According to the provisions of the Incoterms revised by the International Chamber of Commerce in 1990, for any goods sales contract established under CIF or CFR conditions, the seller should provide a shipped bill of lading. In international trade where documentary letters of credit are the method of payment, the seller is required to provide a shipped bill of lading. The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits revised by the International Chamber of Commerce in 1993 stipulates that if the letter of credit requires a sea bill of lading as a transport document, the bank will accept a bill of lading indicating that the goods have been loaded on board or on a designated vessel.

2. Received for Shipment B/L (Received for Shipment B/L)

The Received for Shipment B/L is also called the bill of lading for shipment, the bill of lading for shipment, or simply the bill of lading for shipment. It is a bill of lading issued by the carrier at the request of the shipper when the carrier receives the goods from the shipper but has not yet loaded them on the ship. When issuing this kind of bill of lading, it means that the carrier confirms that the goods have been handed over to the carrier's custody and stored in a warehouse or site under its control, but have not yet been shipped. Therefore, this kind of bill of lading does not indicate the name of the ship and the time of shipment. Banks are generally unwilling to accept this kind of bill of lading under the payment method of documentary credit. However, when the goods are loaded onto the ship and the carrier adds the name of the shipping vessel and the date of shipment on the bill of lading and signs and seals it, the bill of lading for shipment becomes a shipped bill of lading. Similarly, the shipper can also exchange the pending bill of lading with the carrier for the shipped bill of lading. Article 74 of my country’s Maritime Law clearly stipulates this.

This kind of bill of lading first appeared in the United States in the late 19th century. Its advantage is that: for the shipper, he can transfer the goods as soon as possible from the time the goods are handed over to the carrier for custody to before shipment. The carrier obtains a negotiable bill of lading to facilitate financing and accelerate the transaction process. For carriers, it is helpful to attract business and expand supply of goods. However, this kind of bill of lading also has certain defects. First, because the bill of lading for shipment does not have a shipping date, the cargo owner may suffer losses due to the untimely arrival of the goods; on the other hand, there is no definite name of the loading ship on the bill of lading for shipment. This makes it difficult for the holder of the bill of lading to apply to the court to arrest the ship when the carrier breaches the contract; thirdly, who is responsible for the cargo damage and cargo difference that occurs after the bill of lading is issued and before the goods are loaded on board is also the law applicable to the bill of lading and the terms of the bill of lading itself are usually Issues that cannot be clearly stipulated will make it difficult to resolve liability disputes arising in practice. For the above reasons, in trade practice, buyers are generally unwilling to accept this kind of bill of lading.

With the development of container transportation, carriers receive more and more goods inland. However, freight stations cannot issue shipped bills of lading. There are no special circumstances after the goods are loaded into the container. Generally, the quality of the goods will not affected. After receiving the container cargo, the port issues a "depot receipt" to the shipper. The shipper can use the "depot receipt" to exchange for the "shipment bill of lading" from the ocean carrier. The bill of lading here is essentially "receipt of the goods for shipment." Bill of Lading".

Since in container transportation, the carrier's liability period has been extended to both ends, according to the provisions of the United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, banks can still accept such terms in container transportation. A bill of lading is used to handle the foreign exchange settlement of payment.

Article 74 of my country's "Maritime Law" stipulates: "Before the goods are loaded on board, the carrier has issued a bill of lading or other documents for shipment at the request of the shipper, and the goods have been loaded on board. The shipper can return the bill of lading for shipment or other documents to the carrier in exchange for the bill of lading that has been shipped. The carrier can also add the name of the carrier ship and the date of shipment on the bill of lading for shipment. The bill of lading received for shipment is regarded as the bill of lading for shipment. "

It can be seen that from the perspective of the carrier's responsibility, the "bill of lading for shipment" of the container is the same as the bill of lading for shipment. of. Because the liability period for containerized goods begins when the goods are received at the port, it is different from the time when non-containerized goods are shipped. Documentary credit practice now also allows for the acceptance of "received for shipment" bills of lading for containers. However, the current international trade letters of credit still often stipulate that the ocean bill of lading must be a "shipped bill of lading" to reassure the issuer.

(3) Classified according to whether there is annotation on the bill of lading

1. Clean B/L

At the time of shipment, the appearance of the goods was in good condition. When the carrier issued the bill of lading, it did not make any note on the bill of lading regarding damage to the goods, poor packaging, number of pieces, weight and A bill of lading with volume, or other comments that hinder settlement of foreign exchange is called a clean bill of lading.

The use of clean bills of lading is very important in international trade practice. If the buyer wants to receive the goods in good condition, he must first ask the seller to keep the goods in good appearance during shipment and require the seller to provide a clean bill of lading. According to Article 34 of the International Chamber of Commerce's "Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits": "Clean transport documents refer to shipping documents that do not have additional clauses or annotations that clearly state that the goods and/or packaging are defective; the bank will Transport documents with such additional clauses or annotations shall be rejected unless the letter of credit clearly stipulates acceptance. "It can be seen that in trade where documentary credit is the method of payment, the seller can usually obtain payment only by submitting a clean bill of lading to the bank. A clean bill of lading is a condition that the consignee must meet when transferring the bill of lading, and it is also a necessary condition for fulfilling the delivery obligations stipulated in the goods sales contract.

Article 76 of my country’s Maritime Law stipulates: “If the carrier or the person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf fails to note the apparent condition of the goods on the bill of lading, the apparent condition of the goods shall be deemed to be in good condition.”

It can be seen that once the carrier issues a clean bill of lading and the goods are unloaded at the unloading port, if damage is found, unless it is due to reasons for which the carrier is exempt, the carrier must be responsible for compensation.

2. Unclean B/L or Foul B/L

When loading the goods, if the carrier discovers that the goods are not tightly packed, damaged, leaking, stained, or unclearly marked, etc. , the chief mate will make an annotation on the receipt and transfer this annotation to the bill of lading. This kind of bill of lading is called an unclean bill of lading. Article 75 of my country's Maritime Law stipulates: "The carrier may issue it on its behalf The person who holds the bill of lading knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect that the name, mark, number of packages or pieces, weight or volume of the goods recorded in the bill of lading is inconsistent with the goods actually received. If there is any discrepancy, or if there is no appropriate method to check the records in the bill of lading, you can make an annotation on the bill of lading to explain the discrepancy, the basis for the suspicion, or that it cannot be verified.”

In practice, when the carrier accepts the goods, if the appearance of the goods cannot be verified. If the condition is not good, it is usually recorded on the first mate's receipt first, and then transferred to the bill of lading when the bill of lading is officially issued. In the practice of international trade, banks refuse exporters to settle foreign exchange with unclean bills of lading. To this end, shippers should repair or replace goods that are damaged or have defective cosmetic conditions. The customary workaround is for the shipper to issue a letter of guarantee, requesting the carrier not to transfer the comments on the mate's receipt regarding the poor appearance of the goods to the bill of lading, but to issue a clean bill of lading based on the letter of guarantee, so that the exporter can successfully complete the process. Settlement of foreign exchange.

However, if the carrier fails to transfer the notation on the first mate's receipt to the bill of lading, the carrier may be liable for compensation to the consignee. If the carrier suffers losses as a result, the shipper shall compensate the carrier. So, whether the shipper can compensate, when seeking compensation from the shipper, it is often difficult to obtain legal protection and bear great risks. The rights and obligations between the carrier and the consignee are stipulated in the terms of the bill of lading, not the guarantee in the letter of guarantee. Therefore, the carrier cannot refuse compensation based on the letter of guarantee, and the letter of guarantee is invalid for the consignee. If the practices of both parties harm the interests of the third-party consignee, it violates the basic principle of good faith in civil activities and may easily constitute a Collusion with shippers to commit fraudulent acts against consignees.

Since the practice of exchanging a letter of guarantee for a bill of lading can sometimes be used as a workaround, it is difficult to completely reject it in practice. The Supreme People's Court of my country pointed out in the "Reply on whether a letter of guarantee has legal effect": “The letter of guarantee issued by the shipper for sea cargo transportation to the carrier in exchange for a clean bill of lading is not binding on the consignee. No matter what the letter of guarantee is agreed upon, it does not affect the consignee’s claim against the carrier or shipper; the consignee and the If a carrier issues a letter of guarantee accepted by another party in good faith, both parties have the obligation to perform. "The carrier should be aware of its position after accepting the letter of guarantee and must not take it lightly. .

(4) Classification according to different modes of transportation

1. Direct B/L (Direct B/L)

Direct bill of lading, also known as direct bill of lading, means that after the goods are loaded from the loading port, they are transported directly to the destination port for unloading and delivery without transshipment. Consignee’s bill of lading. The direct bill of lading shall not have the notation "transshipment" or "transshipment at a certain port". Where the letter of credit stipulates that transshipment is not allowed, this direct bill of lading must be used. If there is a "free transshipment" clause on the back of the bill of lading stating that the carrier has the right to transship, it will not affect the nature of the bill of lading as a direct bill of lading.

Using a direct bill of lading, the goods are shipped directly to the destination port by the same ship, which is much more beneficial to the buyer than transshipping halfway. It can not only save costs, reduce risks, but also save time and arrive the goods as early as possible. Therefore, usually the buyer only agrees to transhipment when there is no direct ship. In trade practice, if the letter of credit stipulates that transshipment is not allowed, the buyer must obtain a direct bill of lading to settle foreign exchange.

2. Transshipment Bill of Lading (Transhipment B/L)

Transhipment Bill of Lading means that the goods are loaded on a ship from the port of departure and do not sail directly to the port of destination. They need to be transferred to other ships at the intermediate port for transfer to the port of destination for unloading. This kind of bill of lading issued by a person is called a transshipment bill of lading. The words "transshipment" or "transship at such-and-such port" are marked on the bill of lading. The transshipment bill of lading is often issued by the carrier of the first voyage. Since the goods are transshipped midway, the transshipment costs and risks are increased, and the arrival time is affected. Therefore, it is generally stipulated in the letter of credit that transshipment is not allowed. However, in ports where there are few or no direct ships, the buyer has no choice but to agree that transshipment is allowed. .

According to the Hague Rules, if the ship cannot reach the port of destination of the goods directly and must transit, the shipper must obtain consent in advance. Ships carry transshipment cargo mainly to expand business and obtain freight. The transshipped goods are generally scattered groceries. If they are bulk goods, the shipper can rent a ship and sail directly to the destination port, so there will be no transshipment problem. The responsibility of the ship for transshipment of goods can be divided into the following three situations:

(1) The carriers of the first voyage and the second voyage are respectively responsible for the responsibility of the goods and are not involved in each other;

(2) The carrier of the first voyage bears the cost after the cargo is transshipped, but is not responsible;

(3) The carrier of the first voyage is responsible for the cargo to the end.

The above three different responsibilities must be determined according to different transshipment processes and measures.

3． Through B/L

Through B/L means that the transportation of goods needs to be completed through two or more stages of transportation, such as a bill of lading used for combined transportation by sea, land, sea, air or sea. . Ship-to-ship (sea-sea) combined transport is also called transshipment in the shipping industry. It involves sea-going ships delivering goods to a port and then transporting them by barge from the port to the inland river destination port.

The scope of intermodal transport exceeds the boundaries of maritime transportation. The goods are transported by ships through the waters to a port, and then sent to the destination port by other means of transportation. The goods are transported by sea first and then by land or air, or by air or Land transportation and then sea transportation. When a ship carries goods transported by land or air to the port of destination, the cargo owner generally chooses to use a combined transport bill of lading issued by the ship.

4. Multimodal Transport B/L or Intermodal Transport B/L

This type of bill of lading is mainly used for container transportation. It means that a batch of goods needs to go through two or more different modes of transportation, one of which is sea transportation. One carrier is responsible for the entire transportation, responsible for transporting the goods from the receiving place to the destination and delivering them to the consignee, and charging the full freight. Bill of lading issued. The items in the bill of lading not only include the port of departure and port of destination, but also list the one-way and two-way transportation routes, as well as the place of receipt and place of delivery.

(1) Multimodal transport is composed of two or more different modes of transportation. A multimodal transport bill of lading is a bill of lading issued by two or more means of transportation participating in the transportation.

(2) One of the modes of transportation that constitutes multimodal transport must be international maritime transport;

(3) If the multimodal transport bill of lading is agreed between the trading parties and stated in the letter of credit It is clearly stipulated in the document that it can be issued by the shipping company undertaking the maritime section transportation, the carrier of other transportation sections, the multimodal transport operator (Combined Trandport Operator) or the non-vessel operating common carrier (Non-vessel Operating Common Carrier);

(4) Section 8 "Special Provisions on Multimodal Transport Contracts" in Chapter 4 "Contracts for the Carriage of Goods by Sea" in my country's "Maritime Law" and the "United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods" restrict multimodal transport .

(5) Divide the content of the bill of lading into simplified and traditional versions

1. Full-form bill of lading (Long Form B/L)

A full-form bill of lading refers to the bill of lading. In addition to the matters recorded in the bill of lading format printed on the front, the back lists the information about the relationship between the carrier, the shipper and the consignee. Bill of lading with detailed terms such as rights and obligations. Because of the many terms, it is also called the traditional bill of lading. Most of these full-style bills of lading are widely used in actual shipping operations.

2. Simple bill of lading (Short Form B/L, or Simple B/L)

Short form bill of lading, also known as short form bill of lading or short form bill of lading, is relative to the full bill of lading and refers to the back of the bill of lading. There is no bill of lading with detailed terms on the rights and obligations between the carrier, the shipper and the consignee. This kind of bill of lading usually has the words "Short Form" printed on the front to show the difference. The following terms are usually listed in the simple bill of lading: "The receipt, storage, transportation and freight of the goods in this bill of lading shall be subject to the written terms and exceptions such as printing, handwriting, sealing and typing on the front and back of the full bill of lading." The full-form bill of lading is deposited with our company and its branches or agencies and can be consulted by the shipper at any time. ”

The short-form bill of lading usually includes the bill of lading under the charter party and non-charter contract items. Place the bill of lading.

(1) Bill of lading under the charter party. When transporting bulk goods by means of voyage charter, both parties to the ship and cargo must first enter into a voyage charter contract in order to clarify the rights and obligations of both parties. After the goods are loaded on board, the charterer requires the ship or its agent to issue a bill of lading as a receipt. When receiving the receipt for the goods concerned, this bill of lading is the "bill of lading under the charter party." Because this kind of bill of lading is marked with "All terms and conditions as per charter party dated..." (All terms and conditions as per charter party dated...); or it is marked with "Issued in accordance with the charter party..." " words, therefore, it is subject to the charter party. Because banks are unwilling to bear additional risks that may occur, when exporters submit such bills of lading to banks for negotiation, banks are generally unwilling to accept them.

The negotiating bank will agree only if the issuing bank is authorized to accept the bill of lading under the charter party, but often requires the exporter to provide a copy of the charter party at the same time. The International Chamber of Commerce's Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits stipulates that banks will reject bills of lading under a charter party unless otherwise provided in the letter of credit.

The carrier's responsibilities stipulated in the bill of lading issued under the charter party should generally be consistent with the shipowner's responsibilities stipulated in the charter party. If the liability stipulated in the bill of lading is greater than that stipulated in the charterparty, the charterparty shall prevail between the charterer and the shipowner.

(2) Simplified bill of lading not under a charter party. In order to simplify the preparation of bills of lading, some shipping companies actually only issue a simplified bill of lading to the shipper and keep the full bill of lading for the shipper's reference. This kind of simplified bill of lading is usually printed with content such as "All terms and exceptions shall be subject to the terms printed on the company's regular full-style bill of lading." According to international trade practices, banks can accept this simple bill of lading. This simple bill of lading has the same legal effect as the full bill of lading.

(6) According to the time when the bill of lading is issued

1. Anti-dated bill of lading (Anti-dated B/L)

Anti-dated bill of lading means that the carrier or its agent, at the request of the shipper, after the goods are loaded on the ship, will be earlier than the actual loading date of the goods. The bill of lading with the date of issue. When the actual shipment date of the goods is later than the shipment date specified in the letter of credit, if the bill of lading is still issued based on the actual shipment date, the shipper will not be able to settle the exchange. In order to make the date of issuance of the bill of lading consistent with the shipping date specified in the letter of credit and facilitate exchange settlement, the carrier, at the request of the shipper, still fills in the issuance date with the shipping date of the letter of credit on the bill of lading to avoid default.

When issuing this kind of bill of lading, especially when the backdating time is too long, it may be inferred that the carrier did not dispatch the ship as quickly as possible, and therefore bears responsibility for the delay in cargo transportation. Especially when the price of goods in the market drops, the consignee can refuse to accept the goods on the pretext of "forged bill of lading" and sue the court for compensation. The carrier has to bear certain risks when issuing this kind of bill of lading. However, for the sake of trade needs, under certain conditions, for example, the goods in the bill of lading have been loaded on the ship, but the date signed is that the ship has arrived at the port and started loading, but the goods in the signed bill of lading have not yet been loaded on the ship, so it has not yet been shipped. on a certain day; or the goods signed are sporadic goods rather than large quantities of bulk goods; or the time between the reverse signing and the actual completion of shipment is not long, etc., after obtaining a letter of guarantee guaranteeing that the shipper will assume all responsibilities , can it be considered for issuance.

2. Advance bill of lading (Advanced B/L)

Advance bill of lading refers to the situation when the goods have not yet been shipped or have not yet been loaded, and the settlement period stipulated in the letter of credit (that is, the validity period of the letter of credit) is about to expire. In order to settle foreign exchange in a timely manner, the shipper requires the carrier or its agent to issue a loaded clean bill of lading in advance, that is, the shipper borrows a loaded clean bill of lading from the carrier in order to settle foreign exchange in a timely manner.

This kind of bill of lading is often issued when the shipper fails to prepare the goods in time or the shipping schedule is delayed. The ship cannot arrive at the port on time to accept the cargo. It is estimated that the time for completion of loading of the goods may exceed the exchange settlement period stipulated in the letter of credit. When the shipper borrows the bill of lading from the carrier to settle the exchange, of course a letter of guarantee must be issued. The carrier who issues this kind of bill of lading will bear greater risks, which may constitute a conspiracy between the carrier and the consignee to defraud a bona fide third-party consignee. The consequences of issuing this kind of bill of lading:

(1) Issuing a bill of lading because the goods have not yet been shipped, that is, issuing a clean bill of lading without inspection by the chief mate, may increase the carrier's liability.

(2) After the bill of lading is issued, the original shipping ship may be changed due to various reasons, or the goods may be lost, damaged, or returned to customs. This will easily enable the consignee to grasp the advance bill of lading. facts, refuse to accept the goods on the grounds of fraud, and file a claim or even a lawsuit against the carrier.

(3) Legal provisions and cases in many countries indicate that when an advance bill of lading is issued, the carrier will not only be liable for cargo damage, but will also lose the right to enjoy liability limitations and invoke exemption clauses. , even if the cargo is damaged due to the exemption, the carrier must compensate for all losses of the cargo.

Issuing a backdated or advance bill of lading poses a great risk to the carrier, and the carrier must bear the resulting liability. Although the shipper often issues a letter of guarantee to the carrier, such a letter of guarantee cannot bind the carrier. consignee. Comparatively speaking, the issuance of an advance bill of lading carries greater risks to the carrier than the issuance of a backdated bill of lading, because the advance bill of lading is issued by the carrier before the goods have been loaded on board, or when the loading has not been completed. In the case of the Chinese court against the carrier issuing an advance bill of lading, the carrier not only bears all the consequences caused by this, and compensates for the loss of payment and interest, but also compensates for various other losses including the consignee's compensation to the third party. .

3． Expired bill of lading (Stale B/L)

Expired bill of lading has two meanings. One refers to the bill of lading that the exporter delayed for too long after shipment before submitting it to the bank for negotiation. According to Article 42 of the 1993 revised version of International Chamber of Commerce Publication No. 500 "Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits": "In the absence of special provisions in the letter of credit, banks will refuse to accept documents submitted more than 21 days after the date of issuance of the transport document. . In any case, the bill of lading must not be later than the expiry date of the letter of credit. "Second, it means that the bill of lading arrives later than the goods arrive at the port of destination. This kind of bill of lading is also called an expired bill of lading. Therefore, trade contracts with offshore countries generally stipulate the clause "Stale B/L is accepted".

(7) Divided by charging method

1. Freight Prepaid Bill of Lading (Freight Prepaid B/L)

The CIF and CFR price conditions are prepaid freight. When the goods are shipped according to regulations, the freight must be prepaid. A bill of lading issued with freight prepaid is called a freight prepaid bill of lading. This kind of bill of lading has the words "freight prepaid" on the front, and the bill of lading can only be obtained after the freight is paid; after payment, if the goods are lost, the freight will not be refunded.

2. Freight to Collect B/L (Freihgt to Collect B/L)

For goods traded on FOB terms, whether the buyer books space or the buyer entrusts the seller to book space, the freight is Freight Payable at destination. And the words "freight collect" are stated on the bill of lading. This kind of bill of lading is called freight collect bill of lading. After the goods arrive at the destination port, the consignee can only pick up the goods after paying the freight.

3． Minimum B/L (Minimum B/L)

Minimum B/L refers to a bill of lading issued by charging a minimum freight rate for the goods on each bill of lading. If the quantity of goods consigned by the shipper is too small and the freight amount calculated based on the quantity is lower than the minimum fee standard stipulated in the freight rate table, the carrier will charge freight according to the minimum fee standard. The bill of lading issued for this batch of goods is the minimum freight bill of lading. It can also be called a minimum charge bill of lading.

(8) Various other special bills of lading

1. House B/L (House B/L)

House B/L refers to the bill of lading issued by the transportation agent. In shipping practice, in order to save costs and simplify procedures, sometimes the transportation agency collects sporadic goods shipped by different shippers on one set of bills of lading, and the carrier issues a group bill of lading to the transportation agency. Since there is only one set of bills of lading, Each shipper cannot obtain the bill of lading separately, so the transportation agent has to issue the bill of lading of the transportation agent (bank) to each shipper. Due to the development of container transportation, the use of this kind of bill of lading for LCL cargo organized by shipping agents is beneficial to improving efficiency, so the use of this kind of bill of lading is expanding.

Under normal circumstances, the shipping agent's bill of lading does not have the legal status of a bill of lading. It is only a receipt for the shipping agent to receive the consigned goods, rather than a transferable document of property rights, so it cannot be used to submit a bill of lading to the shipping agent. Carrier picks up the goods. According to the 1993 revision of the International Chamber of Commerce's "Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits", unless the bill of lading indicates that the shipping line is a bill of lading issued as the carrier (including non-vessel operating common carrier) or the carrier's agent, or the "international bill of lading" approved by the International Chamber of Commerce. Unless the "Freight Forwarders Association" shipping bill of lading can be accepted by the bank, the bank will reject the bill of lading.

2. Combined bill of lading (Omnibus B/L)

Consolidated bill of lading refers to two or more batches of the same loading port, the same unloading port, and the same consignee shipped by the same ship according to the shipper's request. Same or different goods are combined and issued into one bill of lading. In order to save freight, the shipper or consignee often requires the carrier to combine the goods that should belong to the lowest freight bill of lading with other goods for which separate bills of lading are issued and issue only one bill of lading.

3． Combined B/L

This is the combination of two or more batches of liquid bulk goods of the same variety, quality, loading port and unloading port, but belonging to different consignees. When a bill of lading is issued to the consignee of each batch of goods in the same liquid cargo tank, the bill of lading stamped with the seal of "Consolidation Clause" is called a bill of lading. In the case of issuing a consolidated bill of lading, a main consignee should be determined among several consignees (usually the consignee with the largest batch), and this main consignee should be responsible for sharing the burdens of each consignee. The natural loss of goods and the loss of feet.

4. Separte B/L

This means that the carrier, in accordance with the requirements of the shipper, transfers the same batch of goods with the same mark, type and grade on the same loading note to the shipper. In order to facilitate the consignee at the destination port to pick up the goods, multiple bills of lading are signed separately and belong to several consignees. This type of bill of lading is called a separate bill of lading. Only the same batch of goods with the same mark, cargo type and grade can be issued with separate bills of lading. Otherwise, the carrier will be burdened with tallying and separate marking fees due to tallying at the unloading port. Generally, there are no restrictions on other goods except for bulk oil, which does not exceed a maximum of 5 sets.

5. Switch B/L (Switch B/L)

It means that under the condition of direct transportation, at the request of the shipper, the carrier promises to exchange the bill of lading issued at the port of departure at an agreed halfway port. Issue a set of bills of lading with the halfway port as the port of departure, but still with the original shipper as the shipper, and indicate "recover this bill of lading at the halfway port and issue another bill of lading with this halfway port as the port of departure" or "Switch" B/L" bill of lading.

When the trade contract stipulates that a specific port is the loading port, and the seller, as the shipper, has to load the goods at other ports other than this specific port due to stocking reasons, in order to comply with the trade contract and This alternative method is often used in letters of credit regarding loading port requirements, requiring the carrier to issue such exchange bills of lading.

6. Deck B/L (On Deck B/L)

Deck B/L is also called deck bill of lading. This refers to a bill of lading in which the words "On Deck" are marked on the bill of lading when the goods are shipped on an open deck.

7． Parcel Receipt B/L

8. Container bill of lading (Container B/L)

Container bill of lading is the main shipping document for the transportation of container goods. The operator or his agent responsible for container transportation issues it to the shipper after receiving the container goods. Bill of Lading.