Wei Yan, a famous Shu, is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Some people say that he was the most important general in the last years of Shu Han, and the difference between him and other generals lies in his lofty. In the Northern Expeditions, Zhuge Liang, who was cautious all his life, said, "I want to invite 10 thousand soldiers to Tongguan with me, just like the story of Han Xin." . /kloc-in the autumn of 0/2 (AD 234), Zhuge Liang was falsely accused of rebelling against Shu after his death in Wuzhangyuan, and was pursued by Yang Yi's Ma Dai. Later generations were deeply saddened by him. For example, Mr. Mao Heting said in Reading the Diary of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Guilty Zhai:

"Wei also, discretion words also. He is too conceited, sighing and hating his talents, which are inexhaustible. So Zhuge said after his death,' Although the Prime Minister is dead, I have seen him. Officials (those with a long history below) can be buried. I should lead all the troops to fight thieves, why not kill the world alone! Who is Wei Yan should be bound by Yang Yi's department and make the final decision! ".Gai wants to send Qi Tian to protect the Prime Minister's funeral and leave Weinan to fight Sima. His talent was not as good as Zhuge's, and he revived the heart of the Han Dynasty, just like Zhuge. But Yang Yisu and Yan are not equal. If he doesn't want to go down, he leads the camp to pay back the money, and then he gets angry. He will go back to the south first and burn the plank road so that Yi can't come back. This is to show the anger of the dynasty and forget the great events in your country. At the end of Yanchuan Biography, Chen Shou said,' The original meaning of extension was not to send Wei from the north to the south, but to kill the instrument and so on. On weekdays, generals are different, and when it comes to time, they must be replaced by light ones. This means that if it is inconvenient, it will be betrayed. "It's worth it. There are few talents in Shu, and their fame is extended. The Great Wall is self-destructive, and meat is better than food! "

He also said that "Wei Yan has an anti-bone in his mind, and it will be anti-bone after a long time". He betrayed his master for glory many times, which was not allowed by Zhuge, the prime minister who "died with all his heart", and was removed after the design. This statement is common in the widely circulated Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is, after all, a novelist's statement. Most people think that it is only seven points of historical facts and three points of fiction, which cannot be trusted. Besides, Wei Yan in the history book "The History of the Three Kingdoms" can't see the intention of rebelling against Shu Han, just like "The History of the Three Kingdoms"? 6? 1 Shu Shu? 6? 1 Wei Yan Legend:

"The original intention is not to fall from northern Wei to southern Wei, but to kill the instrument. On weekdays, generals are different, and when it comes to time, they must be replaced by light ones. This means that it is inconvenient to betray. "

Knowing people and discussing the world can get it. Wei Yan is wrong, but there is no contradiction. After thousands of years, his words were generous and futile. And the examination of historical records shows that he is loyal and awe-inspiring, has the courage to jump over others, and has no trace of rebellion against Shu. However, "no one is perfect without gold", Wei Yan's unruly character and arrogant and rude temper led him to be falsely accused of rebellion at a critical moment and eventually killed. As Shu Yang said in Han Ji Chen Fuzan:

"The length of the text is only rough, and it is very uncomfortable to face life. This is a slap in the face, it protects the border. It is disharmony, forgetting to talk about chaos, and only embarrassing. "

Therefore, we say that Wei Yan has an extreme temper, but he is absolutely loyal to the Shu-Han regime politically and has no trace of rebellion against Shu. The only problem is his "disharmony" in character, which led to his physical death and extinction. Let's discuss Wei Yan's so-called "anti-Shu".

Second, the heart is Han, which shows its loyalty.

Wei Yan, a general of Shu, is one of the most admired and valued famous generals of Liu Bei, and also one of the first heroes who followed Liu Beixi into Yizhou and decided on Bashu. Reflection? 6? 1 Shu Shu? 6? 1 Wei Yanchuan said: "Wei Yan is a long character, and Yiyang people are also. I went to Shu with my predecessor, and after repeated battles, I moved to the yamen general. " It can be seen that in the war in which Liu Beixi won Yizhou, Wei Yan repeatedly made meritorious deeds, starting from the grassroots level of the army and climbing up step by step, so that he finally won the trust of the former master and entrusted him with the important task of guarding Hanzhong. Reflection? 6? 1 Shu Shu? 6? 1 Wei Yan Legend:

"The late king of Hanzhong moved the capital to Chengdu, and when it is important, the town will be Hanchuan. Many people think it will be in Zhang Fei, and flying is also self-sufficient. My ancestors and Bo Yan were generals in charge of Hanzhong Zhenyuan, and they led Hanzhong to be the prefect, which surprised the whole army. "

At that time, Hanzhong was the forefront of Shu. If Hanzhong was captured, it could not only compete for Guanlong in the north, but also cover Bashu in the south. As Yang Hong said to Zhuge Liangyun, "Hanzhong has a good throat and a chance to live. Without Hanzhong, there would be no Shu State, and this family would be in trouble. " ("Reflection? 6? 1 Shu Shu? 6? 1 Yang Hongchuan "). Huang Quan, the general of Shu, also said, "If Hanzhong is lost, the three buses will be weak, which will also be the arm of cutting Shu." ("Reflection? 6? 1 Shu Shu? 6? 1 Yellow Biography). Gu Zuyu, a Qing Dynasty man, said, "Hanzhong County looks at Guanzhong in the north, Bashu in the south, Xiang Deng in the east and Qin Long in the west. The situation is the most serious. " (Gu Zuyu: Reading the Summary of Historical Records, Volume 56). If Cao Wei occupied Hanzhong, it would seriously threaten Bashu. At that time, all the generals of Shu Han were there, including Guan Yunchang, Zhang Yide, Ma Mengqi, Huang Hansheng and Zhao Zilong. However, the late Lord entrusted Wei Yan with the important task of protecting Yizhou's security, which showed that he knew people well and had absolute trust in Wei Yan. Therefore, on the occasion of the CD minister, I would like to ask: "What is your wish to take up this important task? Wei Yan was so angry that he said to heaven, "If Cao Cao comes from all corners of the country, please refuse for the king and send hundreds of thousands of people instead. Please swallow it for the king. " "Ancestors say yes, one word is strong. "It can be seen that he is loyal and loyal, and he has the courage to skip people. However, Wei Yan was not blamed. During fifteen years of guarding Hanzhong, Cao Wei crossed Hanzhong from the end. It was not until the later period that Jiang Weicai adjusted his military deployment and used the technique of luring the enemy into the depth, which was finally taken directly by the Wei general Zhong Hui, leading to direct extinction, which was deeply regretted by later generations. For example, Guo wrote in Shu Jian:

"The gateway of Shu, Hanzhong. Jiang retired to Hanshou and withdrew from Hanzhong, but simply pulled it out first in order to take a chance. Different clocks will keep going forward, and no one has ever kept it, but the enemy has always been happy with his success. At the beginning, Wargo didn't need Jiangyou, and Shu was exhausted, which the wise could not see. Alas, Jiang died in Shu. "

From this point of view, in the later period of the demise of Shu, if the Prime Minister Zhuge ordered Wei Yan to "have both offensive and defensive skills" and enter the Central Plains in the north, Wei could not cross the line, and the Shu-Han regime would not perish in the short term, but history cannot be assumed. On the other hand, Jiang Boyue, the successor of Zhuge's legacy, is "loyal to current affairs, thoughtful and skilled in military affairs" and "sensitive to military affairs, with both courage and deep understanding of military principles." But in the end, it was embarrassing because of its lack of knowledge. As written by Chen Shou in the Three Kingdoms? 6? 1 Shu Shu? 6? 1 Jiang Weichuan commented: "Jiang Wei is a man with strong martial arts and is determined to make a name for himself. But when he plays with others, his judgment is not good and he will eventually die. Lao Tzu has a saying:' He who governs a big country is still cooking a little fresh.' The situation is just a pity, but it can be repeatedly disturbed? "。 The military talents of Wei Yan and Jiang Wei are clear at a glance, which shows that Zhuge Liang sometimes knows people without wisdom and entrusts them with non-human.

Third, he has repeatedly made meritorious deeds, which shows his courage.

In the military operations in the later period of Shu and Han Dynasties, Wei Yan followed Zhuge Liang's northern expedition to the Central Plains for many times, and repeatedly made meritorious military service. He was appointed as a former military adviser by the late Lord, served as a general of the Western Expedition, and led the satrap of Hanzhong and the marquis of Nanzheng. Zhuge Liang, second only to the prime minister in recording the history of ministers, taking vacations, leading a captain in the official department, herding Yizhou and marquis in Wuxiang, became one of the most important generals in the late Shu and Han dynasties.

In the eighth year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty (AD 230), Wei Yan led the troops, "General Fei Yao, Guo Huai, Yongzhou secretariat, Wei Hou, Zhan Yangxi, Yan Huai, etc." (reflection? 6? 1 Shu Shu? 6? 1 Wei yanchuan). This campaign was led by Wei Yan alone, and his opponent Guo Huai was Kansai, the leader of Cao Wei in Gansu. The reflection claims to be "carefully planned, ask Qin Yong". Guo Huai once defeated Ma Su in the street pavilion, revealing high details. "Destroy Liao Hua and capture Lu alive" ("The reflection? 6? 1 Shu Wei? 6? 1 biography of Guo Huai). Even Zhuge Liang is afraid of him because he has profound knowledge of the art of war and clever calculation. For example, in the second year of Qinglong, Zhuge Liang went out of the inclined valley and settled in Lankeng, waiting for an opportunity to cut the Central Plains again. Sima Xuan was stationed in Weinan at that time to guard against the Shu army. "Huai Ce Liang is fighting for the northern plain, so it is advisable to follow it first. Most negotiators say otherwise. "However, Sima Yi took his advice and immediately sent his troops to the northern plain." When the fortress was not completed, the Shu troops would rebel. ".Not long after," Liang Sheng's troops marched westward, and all the generals said they would attack the periphery of the western front, so they were allowed to watch it in the west. If they want the officers and men to react again, they will attack Yang Sui. The fruit of the night attacked Yang Sui, so it was impossible to prepare. "Wei Yan, even in the face of Wei Guo Huai, can also be broken, showing that he has the ability to fight alone as commander in chief, which is really a well-deserved task. Later, in Zhuge Liang's several northern expeditions, Wei Yan also repeatedly destroyed the city and seized the village, and repeatedly made meritorious military service. Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang quoted the Spring and Autumn Period of Han, Jin and Jin Dynasties: "Wang Xuan (referring to Sima Yi) made the case clear, which made Wei Yan, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban refuse and break it, and gained 3,000 troops, 5,000 armour and 3,100 crossbows. Wang Xuan also protected the camp. "

With this statement, Wei Yan, a general of Shu, is brave and invincible, and also a warrior of Shu. However, it is a pity that Zhuge Liang refused to be as open-minded as Liu Bei, unlike Wei Yan, a rare military general, and entrusted him with an important task in the late Shu and Han dynasties.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi kept it a secret and asked Fei Yi to test Wei Yan's intentions and plans. Wei Yan said to Fei Yi, "Although the Prime Minister is dead, I think I am here, and the imperial family can be buried. I should lead all the troops to fight thieves. Why should I use one person to kill evil things in the world? " And who is Wei Yan? When Yang Yi slaps his hand, he will break it! "With (2). Wei Yan's words, if in terms of rank, are not chaotic, if in terms of public and private, are not improper. "Han thief for shu, and unbiased. The History of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 35) Zhuge Liangchuan quoted the Han books Jin Chunqiu and Yuan Zi. Cutting Wei is a major event in the world. When Zhuge Liang died, he withdrew 100,000 troops approaching Weishui and Chang 'an, and abandoned the great cause of the Northern Expedition. Isn't this a waste of public affairs? Moreover, after Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wei also made nine northern expeditions, and Wei Yan's military talents far exceeded Jiang Wei's. Why can't he follow the ambition of the marquis of Wu and shoulder the heavy responsibility of conquering Wei? In addition, Wei Yan's official position is above Yang Yi, and he doesn't need to obey Yang Yi's command. Because of this, Wei Cai "made an appointment with Fei Yi * * *, and signed it in calligraphy, telling the generals". That is to say, he and Fei Yi re-discussed the steps of funeral treatment: who will escort Zhuge Liang's coffin back to Shu and who will lead the troops to continue the Northern Expedition. Both of them signed their names and prepared to deliver it to the troops. However, Fei Yi is duplicitous and seeks a way out. He lied to Wei Yan and said, "If you are a gentleman, you should know Yang Changshi. If you are a scholar with a long history, you will be more military. " With this as an excuse, "Fei Yi got out and galloped away", and then perfidiously helped Yang Yi retreat to Shu. It was not until Wei Yan "sent someone to wait for the instrument" that he realized that he had been cheated. The army had "understood the case and the battalions led the troops to retreat again and again." Wei Yan was furious, of course. Yang Yi marched slowly and took the lead. "Lead the path south first and burn to death." Wei Yan's intention is clear. Because Yang Yi has mastered the commander-in-chief power of the whole army, she can't compete with it, so she can only go back to Chengdu and tell her master what happened. Yang Yi didn't want to lag behind, so they both went to the table with Liu Chan, calling each other "rebels" and "in one day, the chicken feather was handed over". Liu Chan, who has no opinion, can't tell right from wrong. He asked about this matter: "Serve Dong Yun and stay with Governor Jiang Wan." . Both Jiang Wan and Dong Yun are Zhuge Liang's confidants. In addition, Wei Yan has always had a bad relationship with his colleagues. "The generals are different at ordinary times" and "they all avoided it at that time". Therefore, Jiang Wan and Dong Yun are "suspicious". So Liu Chan ordered "Jiang Wan led Su Weiying northward" and prepared to crusade against Wei Yan. But before Jiang Wan's soldiers arrived, Wei Yan was killed by Yang Yi, because he "refused to go to Nanguchi and sent his troops to attack the instrument, etc.". , and the instrument makes him equal to the royal extension. " (Press: He Ping is Wang Ping, whose surname is He, then Wang). )

Why didn't Wei Yan rush to Chengdu, but confronted Yang Yi, who was weak in strength, at Nangukou? Guess the reason, probably the news that Liu Chan sent Jiang Wan to crusade against Wei Yan. It is reported that he had no chance to enter Chengdu to discern the truth from the late Lord. Of course, in this case, the situation is extremely unfavorable to Wei Yan. When Wang Ping was cold, he shouted, "You are dead, but your body is not cold yet. How dare you be worthy? " Wei Yan and his men were immediately demoralized. "Everyone knows what happened to Song Yan. Don't fight for your life. All the troops are scattered." In fact, the so-called "Qu Zaiyan" is also a representation. How can a soldier know the inside story of the upper struggle? They only know to obey the orders of Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang. Since both the emperor and the prime minister are on Yang Yi's side, it is normal for them to think that Wei Yan is rebellious and unwilling to follow him. In other words, what Wei Yan's men did has nothing to do with the merits of the whole incident.

When the army was dispersed, Wei Yan had to "take several sons and flee to Hanzhong, and I sent Ma Dai to chase them down. This was the first thing." So Yang Yi stepped on Wei Yan's head with her foot and sneered, "Slave, can you do evil again?" After that, Yang Yi "extended the three families". The biography of the reflection of Wei Yan, Volume 40. It's a tragedy that Wei Yan, a great star, died like this.

The infighting between Wei and Yang ended in Wei Yan's complete failure. Wei Yan's failure has both subjective and objective reasons. Objectively speaking, Wei Yan was hit and rejected by Zhuge Liang for many years. Coupled with the jealousy of Yang Yi and Fei Yi, he was in a difficult situation and weak. Subjectively speaking, Wei Yan himself lost his mind and mishandled this unexpected incident. He shouldn't trust Fei Yi, nor should he burn the "Pavilion Road" returned by the main force on his way back, giving people a handle of "rebellion", and he should not fight Yang Yi's 100,000-strong army "according to Nangukou". It's completely throwing eggs at the stone, and it's overreaching. In my opinion, Wei Yan's character is really similar to Han Xin's, that is, he is good at fighting and a military wizard. But politically, it seems naive and lacks wisdom and planning. Seven years after Wei Yan's death, Yang, a Shu native, praised Wei Yan and commented as follows: "Just thick, having fun in hardships, taking pains to protect the country and defend the country. He is not in harmony, forgetting to talk nonsense, and cherishing the beginning at the end of his illness. " Yang affirmed Wei Yan's contribution to "defending the country and defending the country", lamented that he couldn't finish it from beginning to end, and pointed out that the fundamental reason was his "uncoordinated" and unruly personality, which was a fair evaluation.

Finally, it should be pointed out that Wei Yan's so-called "rebellion" theory was completely fabricated by Luo Guanzhong. Chen Shou came to a conclusion: "The original intention is not to fall to Wei in the north and return to the south, but to kill the instrument. The generals are different on weekdays, and the theory of good luck must be replaced by light. This means that it is inconvenient to betray. " The biography of the reflection of Wei Yan, Volume 40. Ironically, Yang Yi, Wei Yan's sworn enemy, seems to have "a bone in the back of his head". Yang Yi's killing of Wei has been pending for a long time, and she thinks that she has "made great contributions" and she is the only one to rule the country on behalf of Liang. Zhuge Liang, I'm afraid it was arranged before his death, "narrow-minded in appearance, which means Jiang Wan, who became the secretary-general and secretariat of Yizhou." The late Lord only gave Yang Yi a false title, saying, "I am China's strategist and have nothing to lead, so I am just calm." So Yang Yi complained: "When the Prime Minister died, I would rather be so evil in my life if dispatch troops followed the Wei family!" It's regrettable. "If it is so" outrageous ",it will be reported by Fei Yi, and the consequences can be imagined. So Yang Yi was deprived of her status as an ordinary citizen. She wrote a libel letter, was imprisoned and punished, and committed suicide.