(Britain, France, Russia, Germany, the United States and Japan are the six capitalist countries that invaded China in modern times. )

Features: During the invasion of China by foreign powers, there were both collusion and competition, and the collusion was temporary, and the competition was absolute, and everything was based on their own interests.

1 The ebb and flow of foreign powers invading China;

(1) Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, collusion was dominant, supplemented by competition.

(2) After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the struggle gradually prevailed (countries clashed in the process of invading China).

(3) From the First World War to the 1940s, the strength of Britain and France declined unprecedentedly, Germany was severely weakened, and the United States and Japan became the main competitors.

(4) From World War II to the early 1950s, the United States became the most important country invading China, and after World War II, the United States became the overlord of the capitalist world. On the issue of invading China, all countries only followed the lead of the United States.

2. The characteristics of countries' aggression against China:

(1) Britain:

A always regards obtaining all kinds of "trade" privileges as the primary goal of invading China; /kloc-In the middle and late 0/9th century and the early 20th century, Britain's trade with China always ranked first, but its status declined after World War I. ..

Second, China ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

② USA:

A 19 has been following Britain since the middle of the century. After the American economy jumped to the top in the world at the end of 19, it began to put forward the "open door" policy from 1899 and began to pursue an independent policy toward China.

B However, after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the United States dominated China, and China opened its door to one of these countries.

③ France:

A's invasion under the cloak of Catholicism became an important feature of France's invasion of China.

But the French also directly invaded China. /kloc-In the middle and late 20th century, the scale of France's invasion of China was second only to that of Britain, but it gradually declined after World War I. ..

④ Russia:

Territorial expansion is the main feature of its invasion of China.

During the October Revolution, Russia withdrew from the invasion of China.

5] Germany:

At the end of A 19, it was more urgent to expand to China and forced to rent Jiaozhou Bay; As commander-in-chief of the G8. However, his participation in the war and his defeat in World War I later made him quit China.

⑥ Japan:

A Japanese came from behind and soon became the main country invading China. During the First World War, it showed a dominant trend.

In 1930s, the aggression against China surpassed other countries and became China's main enemy.

2. China people's exploration and summary.

(1) Landlord class: ① reformists: Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan and others put forward "learning from foreigners to control foreigners"; (2) Westernization school: put forward "learning from foreigners to strengthen ourselves" and launched the Westernization Movement.

(2) Peasant class: ① A new chapter of senior minister was put forward in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement; ② The Boxer Movement put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries"

(3) the national bourgeoisie:

① Early reformists: economically advocating the development of industry and commerce and conducting commercial wars; Culturally, it advocates setting up schools and learning western natural science knowledge; Politically, it advocates constitutional monarchy.

② Reformists and the Reform Movement of 1898. (same as above)

③ The Revolution of 1911 and the struggle to maintain democracy and harmony.

The program of the League: Three People's Principles (nationalism, civil rights and people's livelihood)

Nationalism is the premise, and civil rights (democracy and; Decentralization) as the core, people's livelihood (economy) as a supplement.

④ Radical Democrats and the New Culture Movement (prophase).

3. Overview of China's modernization.

(1) landlord class reformists (Lin Zexu; Wei Yuan): Learn from foreigners to control them, and learn from them.

(2) The "Westernization School" thought of the landlord class: "Middle school is the body and western learning is the use". On the premise of not touching the feudal system, we should learn from the advanced production and science and technology in the west and safeguard feudal rule.

(3) The "average" thought of the peasant class: "There are fields to plow together, rice to eat together, clothes to wear together, and money to earn together, which is uneven everywhere and full of warmth everywhere". Abolish feudal landlord land ownership and establish an absolutely average small-scale peasant society. It is utopia and backward.

(4) bourgeois reformists' thought of "reform and reform": Western bourgeois political theory combined with Confucianism advocated top-down reform, established constitutional monarchy and developed capitalism. Progressive and patriotic.

(5) The bourgeois revolutionary thought of "democracy * * * and harmony": Taking the "natural human rights" and "freedom and equality" in the western bourgeois revolutionary period as the ideological weapons of the revolutionary struggle, it advocates overthrowing the Qing government through the bottom-up armed uprising and establishing the bourgeoisie and the country.

4. Summary of China Bohai Rim Region and Yangtze River Delta Region.

1. China Bohai Rim Region

Bohai Rim region: including Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu region, south-central Liaoning region and Jiaodong Peninsula region. People are used to calling the two municipalities directly under the central government, Beijing and Tianjin, and Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces around the Gulf as the Bohai Rim region.

(1) Ancient history of China:

(1) Pre-Qin: The Western Zhou Dynasty divided the areas ruled by Yan, Qi and Lu. Yan Jian's capital is here, named "Ji". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qilu civilization stood out. During the Warring States Period, Qi Yan developed into the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Linzi of Qi State has become a prosperous commercial center.

② Qin and Han Dynasties: Qin destroyed Yan State and Qi State, built the Great Wall and set up Liaodong County.

③ Southern and Northern Dynasties: During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the agricultural development in Liaodong was gratifying.

(4) Sui and Tang Dynasties: The Grand Canal was opened in the Sui Dynasty, reaching Jiaojun in the north and Yuhang in the south. In the Tang Dynasty, Momo lived on the north bank of the Bohai Sea, and the Bohai Sea was included in the territory of the Tang Dynasty. In the 7th century AD, Da Zuo Rong, the leader of Su Wei Department, established political power. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Da Zuorong as the king of Bohai County and called HuHanZhou as the prefect, which governed HuHanZhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Dengzhou was the starting point of sea routes to Korea and Japan.

⑤ Song and Yuan Dynasties: 10 century, Lu Ye Abao of Qidan unified the ministries of Qidan, accepted the feudal culture of Han Dynasty, and Deguang of Lu Ye won sixteen states of Youyun. The Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty controlled the Bohai Rim region bounded by the Yellow River Estuary, while the Jin Dynasty, which confronted the Southern Song Dynasty, controlled the whole Bohai Rim region. Jin destroyed Liao destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty. After the "Shaoxing Peace Talks", it moved its capital to Yanjing and renamed Zhongdu. Dadu, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing); The provincial system is implemented, and most of its surrounding areas are directly under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province, with Liaoyang Province in the northeast.

⑥ Ming and Qing Dynasties: Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing, and the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty started from Yalu River in the east. Manzhouli moved its capital to Shenyang and then to Beijing. In the early Qing dynasty, Shengjing, Zhili and Shandong provinces were established in the Bohai Rim region, and effective jurisdiction was implemented.

(2) Modern history of China:

① Semi-colonial and semi-closed beginning period: During the Opium War, British troops arrived at Tianjin Baihekou, which was the first time that foreign invaders entered Bohai Bay. The Second Opium War, Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China. Taiping army went north, hit Zhili and approached Beijing.

② Semi-colonial and semi-closed formation period: During the Westernization Movement, Chonghou founded Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau, while Li Hongzhang opened Kaiping Coal Mine and Shi Jing Wentong Museum to build beiyang fleet. 1After the 1960s and 1970s, national capitalist industries such as Tianjin Yilaimou Machinery Factory were gradually established. During the Sino-Japanese War, Nie Shicheng fought bloody battles in Liaodong, and Ding committed suicide in Weihai Campaign. The Japanese army captured Lushun and Dalian and carried out the Lushun massacre; Beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in the Battle of Weihai; Treaty of shimonoseki's occupation of Liaodong Peninsula and triple interference. Russia, Germany and Britain stepped up their competition for Bohai Bay in the frenzy of partition (omitted). Beijing and Tianjin are important activity areas of the Reformists (newspapers, organizations and political activities). The Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong, then developed to Beijing and Tianjin, where it hit Eight-Nation Alliance hard. Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, established yamen and allied command, and colonized Tianjin and Peking. The "Xin Chou Treaty" strengthened the power of imperialism in the Bohai Rim region.

(3) The bourgeois democratic revolution and the rule of the Northern Warlords: After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan took control of the southeast. The national protection movement shattered Yuan Shikai's "imperial dream". During the First World War, the national capitalist industry in the Bohai Rim region was further developed. 1905 to 1909, Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. Peking University is the main activity base of the New Culture Movement. The May 4th patriotic movement rose and Beijing * * * Production Group was established.

(4) Ten-year confrontation between China and Japan: Japan launched the September 18th Incident, established a puppet "Manchukuo" and colonized northeast China. * * * led the establishment of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition and launched the anti-Japanese struggle. 1935, Japan created the North China Incident in an attempt to turn the five provinces in North China into the second pseudo-"Manchukuo". The January 29th Movement set off a new climax of the national anti-Japanese and national salvation movement.

⑤ War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period: 1937, the Japanese army launched the Lugouqiao Incident and began an all-round invasion of China. After Luochuan Conference, the Eighth Route Army went deep into North China, opened up anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines and persisted in the war of resistance. During the stalemate in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese army colonized Northeast China and launched the "Public Security Strengthening Movement" in North China.

⑥ During the War of Liberation, the East China Field Army won a great victory in Meng Lianggu; The People's Liberation Army of North China liberated Shijiazhuang; The People's Liberation Army launched Liaoshen Campaign, Huaihai Campaign and Pingjin Campaign, and won the strategic decisive battle. Convene the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee (Xibaipo Village, Pingshan County, Hebei Province); Negotiate in Beiping.

⑦ Transition period to socialism: The People's Political Consultative Conference of New China was held, and the platform was of a temporary constitutional nature, with Beijing as its capital. In the early days of the founding of New China, the Party and the government executed Liu Qingshan, a corrupt member of Tianjin prefectural party committee, and Liaoning became an important rear base to resist US aggression and aid Korea. The development of heavy industry in the first five-year plan: Shenyang Machine Tool Factory, Aircraft Factory, Angang, etc.

⑧ Exploration period and Cultural Revolution period: During the period of comprehensive socialist construction, Shengli Oilfield and Dagang Oilfield were built in the Bohai Rim region.

Pet-name ruby New period of socialist modernization: Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, Yantai and Dalian are coastal open cities; Bohai Rim is a coastal open economic zone; Daqin Railway was completed and opened to traffic; The south-central part of Liaoning province belongs to the strategy of "revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China" of the CPC Central Committee.

2. China Yangtze River Delta:

The Yangtze River Delta includes Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

(1) Ancient history of China:

(1) Pre-Qin: In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Wu was named in Suzhou, Jiangsu. During the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue ruled the South successively, with its capital in Suzhou, Jiangsu and Shaoxing, Zhejiang. When the Prince of Wu was in Fucha, he dug a canal connecting the Yangtze River and Huaihe River-Hanshui River Basin, which was the earliest canal in China history. He Lv, King of Wu, and Gou Jian, King of Yue, were the overlords in the late Spring and Autumn Period.

② Qin and Han Dynasties: At the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu led an uprising in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. Gebu produced in Huiji area of Han Dynasty was the famous Yuebu at that time. Yuebu was listed as a tribute by Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, so Yuebu was once precious (omitted). The Yue people in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province in the Han Dynasty were called Dongyue.

(3) Southern and Northern Dynasties: In 222, Sun Quan became king in Jianye (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and later emperor. In 3 17, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin regime, with Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) as its capital. During the following 420-589 years (170 years), the southern regime of China experienced four dynasties: Song Dynasty, Qi State, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty, all of which took Jiankang as their capital, which was called "Southern Dynasty" in history. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, especially during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, war broke out in the north, and a large number of working people moved south, bringing a large number of labor and advanced technology to the south. The agricultural development in the south of the Yangtze River extends from Jiangdong to the whole Yangtze River basin, and then to the whole Lingnan and Minjiang River basins. The agricultural economy in Sanwu area is the most developed. The economic development in the south of the Yangtze River made the north-south economy tend to be balanced, which laid the foundation for the later shift of China's economic center of gravity to the south. Wu raised silkworms for eight generations, and the quality of silk reeling was very high. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jianye and Yangzhou in the south were famous papermaking centers.

④ Sui and Tang Dynasties: When Yang Di was in power, the South River of Kaijiang River was connected with the Hanshui River, thus connecting the three major water systems of Jianghuai: Yangtze River, Qiantang River and Huaihe River. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the land resources in the south of the Yangtze River were further developed and polder fields were widely distributed. Releasing Yamakaji, reclaiming farmland from lakes and demanding farmland from mountains have affected the natural ecological balance. Rice is planted in a large area in Jianghuai area. Jiangnan has become an important grain producing area. After the Anshi Rebellion, the southern economy began to surpass the north, and the economic center of gravity began to move south. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) was rich in celadon, especially secret color porcelain. The commercial cities in the Yangtze River valley with Yangzhou and Chengdu as the east and west centers are known as "prospering one and benefiting two". Yangzhou, in particular, has surpassed Chang 'an and Luoyang in economic status, with relatively developed shipbuilding and bronze mirror industries and prosperous night market, and is also an important port for bilateral trade with South Korea and Japan.

⑤ Song and Yuan Dynasties: 1 127. Zhao Gou proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan), and later made Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) his capital. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the national economic focus shifted from north to south, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang became the national economic focus. The rise of cotton textile industry in the Southern Song Dynasty marked that cotton gradually replaced flax and became the main raw material for clothes and quilts. In the Yuan Dynasty, Hangzhou was the largest commercial and handicraft center in the south. Liujia Port (now Taicang, Jiangsu) is the most important port for water transportation in the north, and it is also the starting point for large-scale sea transportation.

⑥ Ming and Qing Dynasties: 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, with a clear title, and the date should be Nanjing. The starting point of Zheng He's voyage to the West was mainly Liujiagang (now Taicang, Jiangsu). In the Ming Dynasty, Qi Jiguang won nine wars and nine victories in Taizhou, Zhejiang, and won a great victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. In the Ming Dynasty, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province used a new type of "yarn spinning machine" with fine division of labor. Jiangnan "weaving is still in Songjiang, and paddle dyeing is still in Wuhu". After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the textile industry in some areas in the south of the Yangtze River developed into handicraft workshops, such as Suzhou. This shows that sparseness has sprouted capitalism. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Nanjing was a national commercial city. The industrial and commercial centers in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces are booming. Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces were established in the Qing Dynasty to administer the Yangtze River Delta. Shanghai belongs to Jiangsu province.

(2) Modern history of China:

① Semi-colonial and semi-closed period: During the Opium War, Ge, Zheng and Wang Xipeng fought bravely against the British invasion in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, and died for their country. Among the trading ports opened by treaty of nanking, Ningbo and Shanghai are located in the Yangtze River Delta. After the Opium War, the cotton textile industry in Jiangsu, Songjiang and Taicang was the first to bear the brunt, and the southeast region became the main region of China's natural economic disintegration after the Opium War. Shanghai is the place where foreign invaders first established concessions in China. 1853, British, French and American invaders seized the management right of Shanghai Customs by suppressing the Shanghai Knife Uprising. During the Second Opium War, it was extended to various trading ports (omitted). The Tianjin Treaty opened Nanjing and Zhenjiang as trading ports, bringing the number of trading ports in the Yangtze River Delta to four. 1853, Nanjing, the capital of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was renamed Tianjing. 1856, Tianjing was in chaos, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was greatly weakened.

(2) The semi-colonial and semi-closed formation period: The main enterprises established by the Westernization School in Shanghai include Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (military) and Shanghai Maritime Merchants Bureau (civil) established by Li Hongzhang. The rise of capitalist industry in China. 1866, Fang Juzan and Sun Yingde founded a machine factory in Shanghai, which was later merged by Yesong Shipyard operated by British businessmen. When Liang Qichao was the editor-in-chief of Current Affairs in Shanghai, he published papers such as General Discussion on Political Reform. It has been pointed out that political reform is the only way to save the country from extinction.

(3) the period of bourgeois democratic revolution and the rule of northern warlords; Shanghai has become one of the centers to publicize the idea of democratic revolution. 19 12, the Republic of China was proclaimed and its capital was Nanjing. 19 15, Chen Duxiu founded "New Youth" in Shanghai, which marked the rise of the New Culture Movement. 19 19 After June, Shanghai workers went on strike, and the center of the May 4th Movement moved from Beijing to Shanghai. 1920, China's first * * * production team was established in Shanghai, with Chen Duxiu as the secretary. 1921On July 23rd, the First National Congress was held in Shanghai. It marks the birth of China * * * Production Party. 1922 in July, China's "Second Congress" was held in Shanghai, and the Party's democratic revolutionary program was formulated. 1925 In May, Japanese imperialism created the May 30th tragedy in Shanghai, which triggered the climax of the anti-imperialist patriotic movement-the May 30th Movement. * * * led the establishment of the Shanghai Business Federation. 1927, in order to welcome the northern expeditionary army into Shanghai, Shanghai workers held three armed uprisings. The third uprising was the victory of Chen Duxiu and Zhou Enlai. 1927, Chiang Kai-shek created the "four? 12 "counter-revolutionary coup. /kloc-in April of 0/8, the National Government was established in Nanjing.

(4) Ten-year confrontation between China and the United States: 1932 The Japanese army attacked Shanghai and succeeded. On the 28th Incident, patriotic generals Cai Tingkai and Jiang Guangnai commanded the 19th Route Army to rise up and resist. The National Government did not support the Anti-Japanese War, so it negotiated with the Japanese army and signed the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" (omitted). At the end of 1932, China Civil Rights Protection League was established in Shanghai, with Soong Ching Ling as the chairman and Cai Yuanpei as the vice chairman.

⑤ War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period: 1937 The Japanese army attacked Shanghai on a large scale, which was called "Eight" in history. Event 13. The national government issued a declaration of self-defense, saying that it would "resist violence", and then organized the "Battle of Songhu" to resist Japanese aggression. 1937 12 13. The Japanese army captured Nanjing and created the "Nanjing Massacre". 1938 65438 February, Wang Jingwei publicly betrayed the country and defected to the enemy. 1940 in March, the puppet national government was established in Nanjing. Japanese puppet troops set up a "spy headquarters" in Shanghai to kill anti-Japanese patriots.

⑥ During the War of Liberation: On May 20th, 1947, students from Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou gathered in Nanjing to hold a joint demonstration, which was suppressed by the reactionary military police. Known as the "May 20 Massacre" (omitted). On April 2 1, 1949, the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River and liberated Nanjing and Shanghai successively.

⑦ Transition period to socialism: In the early days of the founding of New China, the "Battle of Silver Dollar" and "Battle of Rice and Cotton" centered on Shanghai stabilized prices, and the people's government won the trust of the people of the whole country.

⑧ Exploration period and Cultural Revolution: During the Cultural Revolution, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed and opened to traffic.