B2B = business to business.
Business-to-business e-commerce refers to the exchange of products, services and information between enterprises through the Internet. Generally speaking, the supply and demand sides of e-commerce transactions are merchants (or enterprises and companies), who use Internet technology or various business network platforms to complete the process of business transactions. These processes include: publishing supply and demand information, ordering and confirming orders, payment process, issuing, transmitting and receiving bills, determining distribution scheme and monitoring distribution process. Sometimes I write B as B, but for simplicity, I simply use its homonym B2B(2 is 2). Typical examples of B2B are China suppliers, Alibaba, China Manufacturing Network, Dunhuang Network, HC Network, Win Business Network, Needsee, E-commerce Learning Bar and so on. B2B can be divided into foreign trade B2B and domestic trade B2B according to the service object, comprehensive B2B and vertical B2B according to the nature of the industry, and vertical B2B includes: China Chemical Industry Network and Luwen Construction Service Network.
B2C = Business to Customer
B2C mode is the earliest e-commerce mode in China, which is marked by the official operation of 8848 online mall. The first kind:
Comprehensive Shopping Mall: Tianhe City and Jiazheng Square on Taobao Line.
Mall, called the city, there will be many shops in the natural city. Yes, comprehensive shopping malls are like big shopping malls in real life, such as Tianhe City and Jia Zhengxin Daxin. The first floor of the mall may be a first-class brand, then the second floor is women's wear, the third floor is men's wear, the fourth floor is sports/decoration, the fifth floor is digital, and the sixth floor is special ... put n brand stores in it, and this is the mall. Taobao Mall in the back is naturally this form, which is no different from tradition. It has a huge shopping group, stable website platform, perfect payment system and credit guarantee system (although there are still many shortcomings at present), which promotes sellers to sell things and buyers to buy things. Like traditional shopping malls, Taobao itself does not sell things, but provides a complete sales package.
The advantages of online mall, such as sufficient popularity, rich products, convenient logistics, cost, 24-hour city that never sleeps, no geographical restrictions, and more abundant products, reflect that online comprehensive mall is about to gain a place in the trading market.
This kind of shopping mall is divided into regions, and there are always three or five big shopping malls in every big city. In the field of internet, it is also doomed that three or five comprehensive shopping malls are the only ones, and now it is the embarrassing situation that Taobao is the only one. In fact, there are similarities between Pai/Yi Bei/Yes, but they are so far apart that I don't even want to mention them.
The second type:
Single-minded integration type: Sai V network
Saiv. com is mainly engaged in online sales of sporting goods, shopping guides, news information and event reports. , and will be a large-scale comprehensive sports portal. Beijing Saiwei Net Information Technology Co., Ltd. is an innovative comprehensive enterprise. They innovatively integrate the advanced e-commerce model with the traditional retail industry, serve customers with the help of modern network platforms and call centers, and are mainly engaged in sports brand goods business, so as to be only authentic and pay great attention to customer service. Relying on Saiv, the company takes online marketing and website promotion as the main means, and mainly relies on advanced marketing concepts, efficient and perfect distribution methods and brand-new business models to provide consumers with high-quality and perfect shopping experience.
The third kind:
Department Store: Wal-Mart on Amazon Dangdang Excellence Line
A shop, called a shop, is only one seller; Department store is a rich product line to meet daily consumption needs. This kind of store has its own warehouse, which will reserve a series of products for faster logistics and customer service. This kind of store will even have its own brand. It's like offline Vuormaa, Watsons, Baijia.
This model is most concerned by Amazon. Many friends in the industry laughed and said that if they want to enter the e-commerce industry, they should first learn from Amazon, be an e-commerce industry and get rid of Amazon. What you are talking about is its professionalism and scale, which makes you love and hate. Here, Dangdang Excellence is a company that I personally admire for almost ten years. Although in 2004, Amazon claimed that its acquisition of Dangdang was rejected at $654.38+$50 million, and then it acquired Joyo at half the price. Or this is a strategy at the level of capital operation. It can only be said that the owners who operate these two websites have good capital operation ability.
Dangdang, how many shops like Zhuo Yue are there on the Internet?
Because each platform has its own environmental differences such as inventory and distribution, it will give each platform different elements, that is to say, it has brand effect. With the brand effect, in fact, there are many online stores in this model, not just three or five, but multiple. Perhaps consumers will choose to try other homes because of a certain experience, small price difference, or poor shopping experience.
Among them, Dangdang Zhuoyue tried the store-in-store model, but failed, but there were signs that it wanted to transform into a mall.
The fourth kind:
Vertical stores: Qianse Store, Gome 360 Mall and Xiaogou.com in Youge.com, JD.COM.
Vertical stores, serving certain specific people or certain specific needs, provide comprehensive products and more professional service expressions related to this field or demand.
For example, McCawlin is positioned as a group of young women aged 18-25 who have no store sales carrier. Although I started with DM, I gradually turned to online stores.
Red Kids started from the maternal and infant market.
For example, JD.COM is an online Gome, which specializes in selling electrical appliances /3C products.
There are many similarities in the products of this mall, either to meet a certain crowd, to meet a certain demand or to meet a certain platform (such as electrical appliances).
How many vertical shops are there on the Internet? It depends on the market segmentation. If the subdivided category is X, it is three to five times that of X, because there are always three or five companies competing there in every field. Although everyone on the internet said that they would not have a second child, this is not the case. Although the second child lives very hard, he is still trying to live. It is precisely because of a good competitive landscape that services can be improved.
Here we find a phenomenon, such as JD.COM and Red Kids in the above example. Judging from their recent actions, they have started to expand their product lines. For example, Red Kids has expanded from the original maternal and child market to a family-based shopping platform; For example, JD.COM attracts a large number of buyers through low-priced electrical appliances /3C products, and then enriches the product line, adding/recommending products with larger profit margins to seek profits. Obviously, they are all transforming into general stores. Another phenomenon, such as McCawlin and Ge You. Com, a vertical store that is aimed at crowd segmentation, is the trend to form its own brand.
The fifth type:
Compound brand store: Giordano Belle
Giordano is a traditional clothing brand, which has N direct stores and franchisees. Jia Zheng Mall opened, Giordano entered, online Taobao Mall opened, and online Giordano also entered. And even if the shopping malls are dumped, Giordano has his own independent image shop, which is a traditional brand. When Giordano found that online consumers were different from offline consumers, he boldly operated at different prices, and his perfect warehouse distribution management better grasped the operation of cash flow and commodity circulation through online sales.
Just like Belle, there are nearly 8,000 stores offline, and it is announced that it has made a market of 654.38+06 billion in 2008. At present, it is a bold attempt to enter the network. Online styles or brands are separated to a certain extent, and mass production is also carried out. Because, how to sell online, those 8,000 stores are a good outlet for clearing inventory. 200,000 pairs, and each store sells more than 20 pairs.
Similar to this kind of store, with the maturity of e-commerce, more and more traditional brands will join the battlefield of e-commerce, aiming to seize new markets, expand new channels and optimize products and channel resources. A wave of marching momentum is just around the corner.
How many online stores are there? There are as many offline as there are online. Including Gome, all belong to compound online stores, but the integration is not strong enough and the model is not mature, so I will not mention it for the time being.
The sixth kind:
Guang franchised store fan ke cheng pin Meng shopping mall
The cases of PPG and Vanke Eslite have spread all over the streets. Although there are many controversies, new things always arise from them. There are two reasons to join Meng Bazaar here. First of all, yes, PPG has been defeated by many media, and there are rumors that Vanke Eslite is about to transform into a comprehensive shopping mall. For Moe Sally, it is first launched from DM+network++CALL Centre, and then from offline image brand stores. It is said that the monthly sales volume has reached 6 million. It is also a representative worthy of attention.
China is a big producer with more than N foundries, and its mature industrial chain can meet the production demand. But it is the product profit premium that China people make money, not the brand profit premium (for example, China MP3 earns ten dollars, and American Apple earns more than ten dollars). In the big environment, you don't have to have your own factory to be a brand. On the contrary, China has a unique advantage. Brands can focus more on providing personalized and refined products that meet the needs of the audience, strengthen product design based on brand positioning, cooperate with increasingly mature Internet sales platforms, and improve logistics and even various services. And the whole chain is becoming more and more refined and perfect, so that brands can focus on what they are good at, and outsource other things, use the best raw material suppliers, find the best manufacturers, find efficient and effective promotion channels, and strengthen alliances. Looking back, isn't the world's top brands the same?
Light brand stores are feasible. The key is not to lose yourself, find your core competitiveness, and let others be borne by stronger people. At present, bosses who think they have done everything need to rethink, so don't trip themselves up.
As mentioned earlier, Moe Sally also opened several physical stores, and even expanded the product range from selling underwear to all aspects of women's consumption. This also shows that light online stores are also transforming into complex ones. At the same time, in the future, light brand stores will provoke a melee with traditional brand stores, and anyone may win, while the losers will always be enterprises that refuse to accept the advantages of others.
The seventh kind
Service-oriented online stores are easy to get beauty.
Yimei is an online printing company. For example, Xiao Wang got married, went to Europe for their honeymoon with his wife and took many photos. However, before going home, relatives and friends all got photos of Xiao Wang's washing through Yimei Online. Some photos are embedded in bone China cups, and some are bound into beautiful photo frames according to their own wishes and placed in front of their parents' homes.
I still have to buy it, all over the world. Yes, it can help you buy the products you want all over the world and make a profit by charging appropriate service fees.
There are more and more service-oriented online stores, all to meet people's different personality needs, and even to help you queue up to buy movies to sell, all of which are transactions. I look forward to seeing more service-oriented online stores.
The eighth kind
Abby shopping guide engine. com
Biyou can share Biyou's product experience reviews here, and Biyou is also keen to tell more about Biyou's own product experience.
As the upstream business of B2C, bringing customers to businesses is based on serving consumers, which is king. Airbnb strives to become an effective traffic procurement platform for e-commerce and reduce the marketing cost of high-quality b2c businesses.
C2C = consumer to consumer
C2C, like B2B and B2C, is one of several modes of e-commerce. The difference is that C2C is a user-to-user mode. C2C business platform is to provide an online trading platform for buyers and sellers, so that sellers can actively provide online auction of goods, and buyers can choose their own goods for bidding. Typical C2C include Baidu C2C, Taobao, Paipai, etc.
B2M = business to manager
Compared with B2B, B2C and C2C, B2M is a brand-new e-commerce model. This kind of e-commerce is essentially different from the above three, and its fundamental difference lies in the different nature of the target customer groups. The target customers of the first three are consumers, while the target customers of B2M are the sellers or workers of enterprises or products, not the final consumers.
Enterprises publish their products or services through the network platform, professional managers obtain the information of their products or services through the network, and provide products sales or enterprise services for enterprises. Enterprises achieve the purpose of selling products or obtaining services through the services of managers. Professional managers get commissions by providing services for enterprises.
Compared with traditional e-commerce, B2M has been greatly improved. In addition to the essential differences in user groups, B2M has a greater characteristic advantage: developing e-commerce offline! The characteristics of the above three kinds of traditional e-commerce: the buyers and sellers of goods or services can only be netizens, while the B2M model can completely take the information of goods and services on the network offline. Enterprises release information, managers get business information, and provide goods or services to everyone, whether online or offline. In fact, B2M is essentially a proxy model.
Business to business marketing
Marketing-oriented e-commerce enterprises (e-commerce companies or companies with e-commerce as an important marketing channel). B2M e-commerce company has established a marketing website based on customers' needs, and widely promoted and standardized shopping guide management through online and offline channels, making the website an important marketing channel for enterprises.
M2C = manager to consumer
M2C is an extended concept for B2M e-commerce model. In the B2M link, enterprises publish their products or services through the network platform, professional managers obtain the information of their products or services through the network, and provide products sales or enterprise services for enterprises, and enterprises achieve the purpose of selling products or obtaining services through the services of managers. In M2C, the manager will face the consumer, that is, the final consumer.
M2C is an extension of B2M, and it is also an indispensable follow-up development link of B2M, a new e-commerce model. Managers will eventually sell their products to the final consumers, a large part of which will be in the form of e-commerce, similar to C2C, but not exactly the same. C2C is a traditional profit model, and what it earns is basically the price difference of goods. On the other hand, M2C's profit model is richer and more flexible, which can be price difference or commission. Moreover, the logistics management mode of M2C can be more diverse than that of C2C, such as zero inventory; Cash flow is also more advantageous than traditional C2C.
E-commerce on the Internet can be divided into three aspects: information service, transaction and payment. The main contents include: e-commerce advertising; Electronic purchase and exchange of transactions and electronic transaction vouchers; Electronic payment settlement and after-sales online service. The main types of transactions are business-to-person transactions (B-to-C mode) and business-to-business transactions (B-to-B mode). There are four subjects involved in e-commerce: customers (individual consumers or enterprise groups), merchants (including vendors, manufacturers, storage and transportation companies), banks (including issuers and acquirers) and certification centers.
From the perspective of trade activities, e-commerce can be realized in multiple links, or it can be divided into two levels. The lower-level e-commerce is e-commerce, e-trade, e-contract and so on. The most complete and advanced e-commerce should be to use the Internet to carry out all trade activities, that is, to completely realize information flow, business flow, capital flow and partial logistics on the Internet. In other words, you can negotiate with customers online, place orders, pay (receive) money, open electronic invoices and even pay taxes through electronic customs declaration in one go.
To achieve a complete e-commerce will involve many aspects, besides buyers and sellers, banks or financial institutions, government agencies, certification bodies, distribution centers and other institutions need to join. Because the parties involved in e-commerce don't know each other physically, the whole process of e-commerce is not a copy of business activities in the physical world. Online banking, online electronic payment, data encryption, electronic signature and other conditions and technologies play an important and indispensable role in e-commerce.
There are two other categories:
B2A = business versus administration (that is, B2G = business versus government).
E-commerce between commercial institutions and administrative institutions refers to e-commerce activities between enterprises and government agencies. For example, the government will publish the procurement details online, and through online bidding, enterprises will also bid electronically.
At present, this method is still in the preliminary experimental stage, but it may develop rapidly, because the government can establish an image in this way and promote the development of e-commerce through demonstration. In addition, the government can also manage the administrative affairs of enterprises through this kind of e-commerce. For example, the government can issue import and export licenses and carry out statistical work through e-commerce, and enterprises can handle tax payment and tax refund online.
China's Jinguan Project is to establish an e-commerce framework dominated by foreign trade, and promote the development of various e-commerce activities in China through e-commerce from commercial organizations to administrative organizations, such as issuing import and export licenses, handling export tax rebates, and electronic customs declaration.
C2A = consumer to government (that is, C2G = consumer to government).
Consumer-to-administrative e-commerce refers to government-to-individual e-commerce activities. This kind of e-commerce activity has not really taken shape yet. However, in some developed countries, such as Australia, the government tax authorities have designated private tax offices or financial accounting companies to submit individual tax returns electronically. Although this kind of activity has not yet reached the real electronic tax return, it has already had the embryonic form of consumer-to-administrative e-commerce.
With the development of electronic commerce between commercial organizations and consumers, and between commercial organizations and administrative organizations, the government will provide more comprehensive electronic services to individuals in society. Various services provided by government departments to social taxpayers, such as paying social welfare funds, will be conducted online in the future.