Before Shang dynasty
Since ancient times, China has said that "calligraphy and painting are of the same origin", because the earliest source of words is pictures, and calligraphy and painting are brothers, born from the same root, and have many internal relations. The origin of Chinese characters is the original painting, and primitive people express themselves in the form of "painting" in their lives. Slowly changed from the original picture to "ideographic symbol"
Jia Hu prints
More than 8,000 years ago, a batch of prints (9,000-7,800 years ago) were unearthed at Jiahu Site in Wuyang, Henan Province, which were called Jia Hu prints. Some scholars think it's just lettering, while others think it's writing. Tsung i Jao, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, made an in-depth study of Jia Hu's inscriptions, and put forward that "Jia Hu's inscriptions provide brand-new information for the key issue of the origin of Chinese characters". Ge, an archaeologist in the history department of Peking University, also thinks that "these symbols should be a kind of writing".
The article The Earliest Use of Characters and Symbols in 7000 BC in China, Henan and Jia Hu, co-authored by Zhang Zhongzhu and Professor Li Xueqin, was published in the British magazine Ancient, which attracted the attention of some domestic and foreign media, and interested foreign scholars also discussed it on the website of Science. An Analysis of Cai and Zhang Juzhong's Brilliant Dawn of Chinese Civilization —— Also on the divinatory symbols [1] discovered by Jia Hu in Wuyang: in the inscription of Jiahu 2 1, the recognized 1 1 belongs to the divinatory symbols reflecting the images of Li Li and Kun in the Yi Studies.
Shuangdun sculpture
More than 7000 years ago, more than 630 carved symbols were found in the Shuangdun site in Bengbu, which were rich and diverse. As far as the cultural remains of the same period at home and abroad are concerned, it is very rare and amazing. The types and richness of symbols are unmatched by other sites in the same period. The function of double pier lettering can be divided into three categories: ideographic, stamping and counting. From October 24th to 25th, 2009 10, more than 30 famous experts and scholars at home and abroad gathered in Bengbu to discuss "the sculpture symbols of Shuangdun site in Bengbu and the origin of early civilization". Many experts attending the meeting agreed that the lettering of Shuangdun reflected the way of life of the early ancestors of Shuangdun, and already possessed the nature of the original characters, which was one of the sources of Chinese characters [3].
Banpo pottery symbol
Six thousand years ago, there were twenty or thirty kinds of carved symbols on the edge of the pottery jar mouth belonging to the Banpo site of Yangshao culture, that is, Banpo pottery symbols, which were considered as "some simple characters produced in the origin stage of characters", and some of them were numbers.
Qingdun engraving
Qingdun site in Jiangsu belongs to Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with digital inscriptions dating back 5,000 years.
Qiao Zhuang Tombstone Sculpture
The inscriptions on the tomb site in Qiao Zhuang, Zhejiang Province, which belongs to Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, were connected into sentences 5,000 years ago.
Bone carving paper
Oracle Bone Inscriptions refers to the symbols carved on animal bones-hieroglyphics or graphic characters, which are found in Shandong (Chifeng, Guanzhong and other places) and are the earliest recognizable characters in China. In 2005, Professor Fengjun Liu, a famous archaeologist and director of the Institute of Fine Arts and Archaeology of Shandong University, discovered and named it "Bone Carving", and determined that the carving tool was agate and other acute-angle gems, which were formed between 2600 BC and 1300 BC and were popular characters in Longshan culture period. Since the end of 20 10, Ding Zaixian, a famous scholar and full-time vice president of Shandong Tourism Industry Association, has successfully deciphered Oracle bone inscriptions systematically, and comprehensively discussed the inheritance relationship between Oracle bone inscriptions and modern Chinese characters from the aspects of the source and structure of characters.
Taosi Zhu Wen
According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age of Taosi site in Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province is about 2500 BC ~ 65438 BC+0900 BC. 1984, archaeologists found a fragment of a flat pot at Taosi site. The stubble around the debris was painted red, and there were two big characters on the debris, one of which was "Wen" and the other was interpreted by experts in many ways. Zhu Naicheng, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and director of the Information Center, said that Zhu Wenshu was earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions 1500 years [4]. Su Zeng, an archaeologist, commented: "Taosi culture not only reached a higher stage of the" national party "era than Hongshan Culture's later society, but also established its central position at that time, which was equivalent to the Yao and Shun era in ancient history, that is, the earliest" China "in the pre-Qin historical records, which laid the foundation for China." Yicheng County, located in the southeast of Xiangfen County, is a descendant of the legendary Tang Tao Tang Yao.
Shui Shu in Xia dynasty
The pottery unearthed from Erlitouxia site in Yanshi, Luoyang City, Henan Province, has 24 water calligraphy characters [5].
A more eclectic view is that China characters "formed a relatively complete writing system" in the middle and late Xia Dynasty 4,000 years ago. Of course, this is not a recognized view, because there are few words unearthed in the Xia Dynasty.
Yin and Shang dynasties
About BC14th century, late Yin and Shang dynasties. "Ideographic symbol" evolved into a relatively stereotyped "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". This is considered to be the first form of Chinese characters. The characters carved on the tortoise shell of animal bones and found in Yin ruins are considered as the direct ancestors of "modern Chinese characters", which can prove the continuation of Chinese civilization. For thousands of years, Middle Easterners have been unable to read the hieroglyphics of their ancestors. Only modern people in China can understand some "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" in Shang Dynasty. The words on these tortoise shells were originally used to predict good luck or bad luck. Ancient people thought that if some problems about diseases, dreams, hunting, weather, etc. were carved on tortoise shells, and then tortoise shells and animal bones were burned, then the cracks could be judged by fortune tellers according to the shapes and directions of these cracks. This is the ancestor of the modern Chinese character "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Up to now, there are more than 5,000 species of "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". And there are more than 1000 kinds that can be interpreted.
Western Zhou Dynasty
Due to the extensive use of bronzes, the words engraved on bronze bells and stone drums are "bronze inscriptions". Also known as Zhong Dingwen and Shi Guwen. Legend has it that it was written by Taishi Gong of Zhou Xuanwang. Up to now, the Palace Museum has ten Zhou Dynasty stone drums engraved with ten four-character poems. Because the feudal regime was fragmented, the words were different. Until the Qin dynasty. Qin Shihuang unified China. To unify the text.
Qin dynasty
Qin Shihuang unified writing and measurement. His outstanding achievement was Li Si, the prime minister at that time. Li Si collected and sorted out the characters at that time, and then simplified and beautified them. The unified characters were called Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan. At this time, there are almost no hieroglyphs in the text.
The writing of Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty was too standard and slow, so many simple fonts appeared among the people. This font is characterized by changing the circle of "Xiao Zhuan" into a square. The tune of Xiao Zhuan was straightened and some radical parts were separated, which was called Qin Li.
Han Dynasty
Official script is very popular, basically square, but Han Li has given full play to the role of a brush, with the twists and turns of "silkworm head and goose tail", which is easy to write. This kind of official script was popular in the Western Han Dynasty. Call it "Han Li".
When Han Li was popular in the Han Dynasty, regular script was still in its infancy. It was very popular in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi in Jin Dynasty were the real founders of regular script, and at the same time they absorbed the round strokes of seal script, kept the straightness of official script, removed the "dovetail" and basically fixed the structure of Chinese characters. At that time, it was called "true calligraphy", and later generations renamed it "orthodox calligraphy" because it was used as a model for learning calligraphy.
the Tang Dynasty
"Regular script" is particularly popular. Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and other calligraphers were outstanding at that time, and their calligraphy works are still studied as models.
The origin of "cursive script", such as running script or other characters, is uncertain when it began. "Historical Records" said: "During the Warring States Period, Chu Huaiwang ordered Qu Yuan to make a constitutional order, but the draft was not published. Shangguan Shi saw it and wanted to seize it. The cursive script was built by the ancestor? [ 1]? Yu. " Therefore, cursive script originated from cursive script, indicating that cursive script was formed in the Warring States period. Because the font started from cursive script, in order to play the role of sketching, it is omitted and scribbled, so it can't be written neatly, just as the name suggests. But this cursive script can only be said to be the draft of the ancient seal script (the font used at that time). The real cursive script began in the early Han Dynasty, and its evolution process should be "Cao Zhang", "Modern Grass" and "Crazy Grass". Due to the neatness of regular script, the need of writing quickly, and the writer's creation of expressing his thoughts and feelings at the end of the pen, a smooth, rhythmic and artistic font-"cursive script" has been produced.
Between regular script and cursive script is "running script". Running script is not as standard and serious as regular script, nor as bold and unrestrained as cursive script, but it is elegant and cheerful, and the font is flexible. It is also the most popular and commonly used font.
Song dynasty
One of the four great inventions in China, engraving printing was improved by Bi Sheng to movable type printing, and "Song typeface" should also be made. First produced in the Northern Song Dynasty, it was changed from regular script. There are fat and thin, but regardless of fat and thin, they are horizontal, thin, vertical and square. Looks quaint and dignified.
"Imitation of Song Dynasty" is also a font that imitates Song Dynasty. This font has only appeared for 70 or 80 years, but it has developed very rapidly. It is the standard font that people like to use most, and it has been widely used in printed matter and various occasions.
At the same time, the "black body" was born. This font is striking and generous, the handwriting is the same thickness, the structure is striking and compact, the strokes are strong and powerful, and the strokes are not sharp, which makes people read easily. Because of its striking characteristics, it is often used in titles, introductions, signs and so on. It enriches the expression forms of Chinese characters.
New China period
There are variety shows, whole pieces, floating clouds, variants and so on. This is the concrete manifestation of the cultural prosperity of the motherland and the inevitable result of the development of Chinese characters. Chinese characters, also known as Chinese characters, Chinese characters and Chinese characters, are widely used in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. They belong to morpheme syllables of ideographic characters, which were invented and improved by ancient Han ancestors. The exact history can be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty around 1300 BC. Then the seal script of the Qin Dynasty was named "Chinese Characters" in the Han Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty it became the standard of handwritten fonts used today-regular script. Chinese characters are the main characters that have been used for the longest time so far, and they are also the only characters that have been passed down to this day in various ancient writing systems. Some scholars believe that Chinese characters are one of the key elements to maintain the long-term reunification of China's north and south, and some scholars list Chinese characters as China's fifth greatest invention. In China, Chinese characters are the main official languages of several generations.
Chinese homophones
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Besides shape, Chinese characters have a phonetic problem. In some cases, pronunciation becomes the only means to express the meaning of words. In addition, there are many homonyms in Chinese, which have the same pronunciation, but different shapes and meanings. Chinese homophony is the ingenious use of these Chinese characters with the same pronunciation but different forms and meanings, expressing intriguing meanings.
In the past, ordinary people were oppressed and bullied, but they dared not speak out directly. They often write some ballads related to current politics with homophones of Chinese characters. Such as popular songs in the Song Dynasty:
A broken bucket spills food, and the world is good.
Kill the mutton, cut the vegetables and eat the lotus leaves of the lamb.
Homophonic techniques were used in ballads to curse traitors and thieves Tong Guan, Cai Jing, Gao Qiu, He Zhizhong and others at that time. "Tong" and "Tong" are homophonic, "Cai" and "Cai" are homophonic, "Yang" and "Gao" are homophonic, and "He" and "He" are homophonic, which respectively express the feelings of not wearing heaven.
After repeated use, the homonym of this Chinese character has formed a rhetorical method called homonym. It's been used since midnight. For example: "When you first want to know your heart, two hearts look the same, and you can't understand it." This song describes the twists and turns of love. At first, I hoped that two hearts could be one and love each other wholeheartedly, but later the situation changed, just like the arranged silk entered the broken loom, neither silk nor horse. Its "silk" and "thinking" are consistent, and "silk" and "thinking" are consistent with "horse", that is, they cannot be paired. In love songs, lotus is usually regarded as a husband's ability, lotus is regarded as pity or connection, lotus is regarded as a couple, silk is regarded as thought, pear is regarded as separation, and purity is regarded as emotion.
Homophony is not only embodied in folk songs, but also widely used in people's daily life and folk life.
For example, in the folk, because it is auspicious to take happiness as the goal pursued by families or individuals, the word "happiness" will definitely be posted on the door every New Year. Sometimes, the word "Fu" will be pasted upside down and the slogan "Fu is here" will be taken. "Tao" and "Tao" are homophonic here. For another example, fish is the most popular theme in folk New Year pictures, usually naked chubby dolls with a big fish in their hands, as well as lotus ponds and lotus flowers. The theme of this painting is "more than every year, more than every year", which means: I hope more than every year, more than every year.
Development of Chinese characters
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Liu Jiaoshou, Chinese Department of Southwest Normal University, is in charge of the national social science fund project "Outline of the Development History of Chinese Characters". The final result is the monograph Outline of the Development of Chinese Characters published by China Encyclopedia Publishing House. This achievement puts forward some new viewpoints worthy of attention from the following aspects.
1. Three stages in the development history of Chinese characters.
The first stage is the drawing stage. All the characters before Shang Dynasty belong to this stage. The second stage is the phonetic stage with phonetic notation as the main body and hieroglyphics as the basis. The characters from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Qin Dynasty all belong to this stage. The third stage is the writing stage of pictophonetic characters with pictophonetic characters as the main body, and there are still some pictophonetic characters and pictophonetic characters, which belong to this stage from Qin and Han dynasties to modern Chinese characters.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of Chinese characters.
Advantages of Chinese characters. The biggest advantage of Chinese characters is super dialect. China is a country with a vast territory and complicated dialects. In ancient times, it was impossible to standardize language. Even now, the promotion of Putonghua cannot be completed in a short time. However, Chinese characters are a popular written language communication tool in China. Different languages, writing with pen instead of mouth, are exactly the same. If the words are pinyin, Cantonese, Minnan, Shanghai dialect and Beijing dialect will appear, which will hinder people's exchange of ideas. Another advantage of Chinese characters is rationality. Character is a symbol system, which can be divided into rational characters and irrational characters. Unreasonable refers to pure phonetic symbols, such as loanwords, syllables and letters. This kind of writing is purely a symbol and has no direct connection with what is to be expressed. The so-called rational words, such as Chinese characters, not only represent the pronunciation of words, but also represent the symbol of things. For example, the word "water" evolved from the shape of hieroglyphic water. It has two functions: pictographic and phonological. Another example is the words "Wang" and "Yang". The word "water" means general name, and the words "Wang" and "Yang" mean pronunciation. They are called pictophonetic characters and are the main body of Chinese characters. This combination of sound and shape is easy to identify and remember.
Disadvantages of Chinese phonetic notation. A small number of ideograms of Chinese characters have long been used as loanwords, which are phonetic characters in Chinese characters. Because its number is not much, and most of them are commonly used words, so I won't say much. Only the phonetic functions of pictophonetic characters are discussed here. Phonetic symbols of pictophonetic characters are mostly pictophonetic characters that can be used alone, which are not as accurate as alphabetic sounds. The phonetic function of Chinese characters has many shortcomings, mainly the following three points: a, the phonetic symbols of pictophonetic characters cannot distinguish the differences of tones, and the same phonetic symbol often represents different tones. For example, the word "Hu" is accented, but "confused" and "paste" are pronounced as accented, while "confused" and "paste" are pronounced as falling tones. B, phonetic symbols of pictophonetic characters often lose or weaken their phonetic functions because of language changes. For example, "Shang" reads the fourth sound of "Shang", but "If" and "Lie" with "Shang" as phonetic symbols read the third sound of "Tang", "Dang" reads the third sound of "Dang" and "Chang" reads the second sound. C, the stress phenomenon of Chinese characters reading more than one word. For example, in the word "Shen", the word "Shen" is pronounced in the word "Shen", and the word "Cen" is pronounced in the word "Uneven". * * There are three accents.
3. About the simplification of Chinese characters.
Chinese characters are evolved from picture characters, and if they are painted in kind, there will be more strokes. Judging from the development history of Chinese characters, the evolution of Chinese characters has always been an obvious trend. 1956 announced the simplification scheme of Chinese characters, and 1964 expanded the scope and quantity of simplified characters, which was the first large-scale Chinese character reform in more than two thousand years. After more than forty years of practice, it has played a great role in popularizing education and writing. On the other hand, simplified characters are not completely without discussion. Such as "Deng", "Huan", "Nan", "Shu", "Xi" and "Dui", its component is "You", which replaces different phonetic symbols such as "Deng". Some cursive scripts are written differently from regular script, and some homophones can replace Chinese characters. However, once the norms of writing are determined, they cannot be achieved overnight, nor can they go their own way and let themselves go. Chinese characters are the carrier of China's excellent culture and an important aspect of China culture. Chinese characters should be treated like traditional culture in China. First of all, we should inherit the tradition, not cut it off. Second, we should transform Chinese characters according to their development laws, so that they can become better communication tools. With the improvement of China's international status and economic development, more and more people are learning Chinese characters. Among the teachers who teach Chinese in various countries, some are from Taiwan Province Province and some are from the mainland. When teaching Chinese characters, there will naturally be two sets of teaching methods: traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters. Whether or not these two sets of teaching methods are unified, or how to unify them, requires relevant people, experts and scholars from both sides of the Taiwan Strait and overseas to gather together to discuss and solve them.
4. Chinese characters can't follow the path of pinyin.
1958, the state announced the scheme of Chinese Pinyin. Its function is as a tool to popularize Putonghua and annotate Chinese characters. The application scope of pinyin scheme can be expanded. For example, primary school students can write in pinyin when they encounter Chinese characters that they cannot write. Pinyin can be added to difficult words in books and periodicals. When quoting foreign place names, some people advocate spelling and translation with pinyin scheme. It can be predicted that this scheme will last as long as Chinese characters. However, some people once thought that all written symbols of human language should be pinyin-oriented, and all words that do not meet this standard are regarded as backward. This is a prejudice without scientific basis.
5. About the teaching of Chinese characters
It is correct to teach Chinese characters according to the Chinese character teaching method. However, the old theory of "six books" (referring to things, pictographs, sounds and shapes, cognition, annotation and excuses) must be reformed. Based on the comparative study of philology and combined with Mr. Tang Lan's "Three Books" theory, this achievement puts forward the "New Three Books" theory of ideographic, loanwords and pictophonetic characters. It contains the reasonable part of "Six Books" and excludes "concentration". Pictographic characters include pictographic characters, ideographic characters and knowing characters in six books. The word "borrowing sound" means borrowing. The reason why it was renamed as a loan word or a phonetic word is because some people think that there is another loan word in the loan word, which is out of nothing and confusing. In Mr. Tang Lan's "Three Books", it is inappropriate to exclude loanwords and divide characters made by pictographic method into pictographs and pictographs. The "new three books" not only absorbed the research results of predecessors, but also corrected their shortcomings. Mastering the classification standard of "New Three Books" can play a great role in Chinese character teaching.
Jia Hu prints
More than 8,000 years ago, a batch of prints (9,000-7,800 years ago) were unearthed at Jiahu Site in Wuyang, Henan Province, which were called Jia Hu prints. In Jiahu 2 1 inscription, the character 1 1 has been identified, which belongs to pictographic characters reflecting the images of Li Li and Kun.
Shuangdun sculpture
More than 630 carved symbols were found in the Shuangdun site in Bengbu more than 7,000 years ago. The function of double pier lettering can be divided into three categories: ideographic, stamping and counting. Shuangdun sculpture reflects the life form of the ancestors in the early Shuangdun period, which has the nature of primitive characters and is one of the sources of Chinese characters.
Banpo pottery symbol
Six thousand years ago, there were twenty or thirty kinds of carved symbols on the edge of the pottery jar mouth belonging to the Banpo site of Yangshao culture, that is, Banpo pottery symbols, which were considered as "some simple characters produced in the origin stage of characters", and some of them were numbers.
Qingdun engraving
Qingdun site in Jiangsu belongs to Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with digital inscriptions dating back 5,000 years.
Qiao Zhuang Tombstone Sculpture
The inscriptions on the tomb site in Qiao Zhuang, Zhejiang Province, which belongs to Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, were connected into sentences 5,000 years ago.
Bone carving paper
Oracle Bone Inscriptions refers to the symbols carved on animal bones-hieroglyphics or graphic characters, which are the earliest recognizable characters in China. It is called "Bone Inscription", which was formed between 2600 BC and 65438 BC+0300 BC, and it was a popular writing in Longshan culture period. Since the end of 20 10, Ding Zaixian, a famous scholar and full-time vice president of Shandong Tourism Industry Association, has successfully deciphered Oracle bone inscriptions systematically, and comprehensively discussed the inheritance relationship between Oracle bone inscriptions and modern Chinese characters from the aspects of the source and structure of characters.
Taosi Zhu Wen
According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age of Taosi site in Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province is about 2500 BC ~ 65438 BC+0900 BC. 1984, archaeologists found a fragment of a flat pot at Taosi site. The stubble around the debris was painted red, and there were two big characters on the debris, one of which was "Wen" and the other was interpreted by experts in many ways. Zhu was earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions 1500 years.
Shui Shu in Xia dynasty
The pottery unearthed from Erlitouxia site in Yanshi, Luoyang City, Henan Province, has 24 calligraphy characters.
A more eclectic view is that China characters "formed a relatively complete writing system" in the middle and late Xia Dynasty 4,000 years ago. Of course, this is not a recognized view, because there are few words unearthed in the Xia Dynasty.
oracle bone script
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest and most complete ancient script discovered by China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly refers to the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, also known as "Yin Ruins Characters" and "Yin Qi", written on the bones of tortoise shells and beasts in Shang Dynasty. 65438+ was discovered in Yin Ruins in Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan at the end of 2009. It inherited Wen Tao's word-making method and was carved (or written) on tortoise shells and animal bones by the royal family in the late Shang Dynasty (14 ~1century) in China. After the demise of Shang Dynasty and the rise of Zhou Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions continued to be used for some time.
Ancient bronze inscriptions
The bronze inscriptions on Yin and Zhou bronzes are also called Zhong Dingwen. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the bronze age, with the tripod as the representative ritual vessel and the bell as the representative musical instrument. "Zhong Ding" was synonymous with bronze ware. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. China entered the Bronze Age in Xia Dynasty, and the technology of copper smelting and bronze ware manufacturing was very developed. Because copper was also called gold a week ago, the inscriptions on bronzes were called "bronze inscriptions" or "auspicious words"; This bronze ware was called "Zhong Dingwen" in the past because it had the largest number of characters on Zhong Ding. The application time of bronze inscriptions is about 1200 years, from the early Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty's destruction of the Six Kingdoms. According to Rong Geng's Jin Wen Bian, there are 3,722 inscriptions, of which 2,420 can be identified.
big seal character
Dazhuan is a widely used font in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is said that it was created by Boyi in the Xia Dynasty. According to the different writing media, there are differences between bronze inscriptions (or "Zhong Dingwen") and bronze inscriptions.
Small/small seal characters
After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 1 year ago), Xiao Zhuan implemented the policy of "the words are the same, the cars are the same", and unified measurement is responsible. On the basis of the original script of the Qin Dynasty's Da Zhuan, it was simplified, and the variant characters of the other six countries were cancelled, creating a unified writing form of Chinese characters. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty (about 8 AD) and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology.
official script
Lishu, also called Han Li, is a solemn font commonly used in Chinese characters. Its writing effect is slightly wide and flat, the horizontal painting is long and straight, and it is rectangular, paying attention to "silkworm head and goose tail" and "twists and turns". Lishu originated in the Qin Dynasty, formed by Cheng Miao, and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai".
cursive script
A Chinese character with simple structure and continuous strokes. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Crazy Grass.
regular script
Regular script, also called regular script, regular script, regular script or original script, is a common font in China's calligraphy. Its glyph is square, unlike the flat one written in official script. Regular script is still the reference standard of modern calligraphy in China, and another kind of calligraphy, pen-and-ink, has also developed.
Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)
Running script is produced on the basis of regular script, which is a font between regular script and cursive script. It came into being to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the illegible cursive script. "Go" means "go", so it is not as scribbled as cursive script, nor as straight as regular script. Whether it is cursive or cursive in essence. Those with more patterns than grass patterns are called "running patterns", and those with more grass patterns are called "running grass".
Song typeface
Song Ti is a China printing font invented by China in Song Dynasty. The strokes vary in thickness, generally horizontal and vertical, with decorative parts at the end (namely "feet" or "serif"), and strokes such as dots, strokes, strokes and hooks have sharp points, which belong to white body and are often used for text typesetting of books, magazines and newspapers. Because it was introduced to Japan from the Ming Dynasty, it is also called Ming style and Ming style.
Imitation font
A printed font, modeled after the font engraved in the Song Dynasty. The strokes are even in thickness, with three bodies: long, square and flat. Also known as imitation song, imitation song characters. This involves another font-Songti. What are the characteristics of song style? Horizontal and vertical, horizontal and thin, vertical and thick, and thick at the end of each pen, these are not the characteristics of writing with a brush.
Why does Song Ti have these characteristics? Because of the need of printing, of course. In the Song Dynasty, when woodblock printing was popular, woodcuts were mostly used for woodblock printing and plate making, that is to say, rectangular boards were used for woodblock printing and plate making. There are lines on the board, and the plate making is generally horizontal, so that the horizontal lines of the carved words are consistent with the wood grain and are relatively strong; But when the vertical line of lettering crosses the wood grain, it is easy to break. Therefore, the vertical lines of fonts are thicker and the horizontal lines are thinner. Even if the horizontal line is strong, the end is easy to wear, so the end is thicker. Horizontal and vertical, of course, is for the convenience of carving and plate-making knife workers. Carving and plate making is a very laborious job. If you want to express the characteristics of handwriting, lettering must be much larger than horizontal and vertical. Do a simple experiment and you will know. Enter or paste a Chinese character in windows Notepad, and set the font to Song Ti No.9 and Kai Ti No.9 respectively to see which one is easier to read. Because of the texture of the board, it is more difficult to carve various curves. Moreover, each board can only print two pages, and a book needs to be carved with many boards. If the words are carved too big, not only the sculptor will work hard, but also the board will be used a lot, so the words carved on the board will not be too big. However, on such a small reverse lettering, it is difficult to show the change, roundness and delicacy of handwriting. As you can imagine, it is of course the best choice. As can be seen from the above, these characteristics of Song Ti are printed, which meets the needs of printing and is very different from the handwriting of a brush. Later, people imitated the structure and brushwork of Song typeface, and changed it into a long, narrow and beautiful printing font with uniform strokes, which is imitation of Song typeface.
blackbody
Bold characters, also known as squares or isolines, have no serif decoration, dignified fonts, horizontal and vertical, and all handwriting is of the same thickness. After modern printing was introduced to the East, Chinese characters in black body were created according to the western sans-serif black body. Because Chinese characters have many strokes and the clarity of bold small characters is poor, they were mainly used for article titles at first. However, with the development of typesetting technology, there are many bold fonts suitable for words. In Chinese, fonts without serif are usually called bold, and the category of this word is similar to Sans-serif. Therefore, Chinese fonts are often "bold" and western fonts are often "sans serif". It can be called a serif font. "Bold" is called Goshikku-tai in Japanese (literally translated as "Gothic").
Comprehensive art institutions
Comprehensive artistic style is a bold variant and an artistic vocabulary. The feature is that the strokes are thick and the space is filled as much as possible. At the same time, for the sake of beauty, the corner treatment is more rounded. Mainstream fonts such as Founder and Microsoft have been developed, which are often used in the titles of advertisements, newspapers and periodicals. Comprehensive artistic style is a commonly used artistic font (bold, song style, variant, regular script, etc. ).
Caiyunti
Cai Yun font is an artistic font. It is characterized by being surrounded by smooth curves, empty strokes and misty clouds. It was originally developed by China Changzhou SinoType and distributed with the simplified Chinese version of Microsoft Office under the name of "Chinese Cai Yun". Then other fonts were developed, which are now commonly used for eye-catching titles.
Wenhua Xin Wei
China's new Wei style is dignified and generous, solemn and beautiful, magnificent, and full of rich artistic flavor. Many media, institutions and websites use the new Chinese Wei Ti as trademarks, logos or photo annotations. The new Wei style of Chinese combines font and aesthetic feeling, showing a high degree of unity of art and culture.
Amber body
The font is round and full, novel and lively, orderly in structure, thick but not heavy, fat but not ugly. Suitable for titles and advertising decoration of books, newspapers, magazines and various printed materials. ? Baidu baike