Dai language belongs to the Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and it is a traditional phonography.
Dai people believe in Hinayana Buddhism.
The Dai people have a long history, and there are records about the ancestors of the Dai people in the history books of China in 1 century BC. In 109 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yizhou County, and the Dai area was under the jurisdiction of Yizhou County. In 69 AD, the Dai area belonged to Yongchang County. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, after the policy of abolishing hereditary chieftain and being ruled by temporary officials (that is, floating officials), Dai areas gradually came under the direct rule of the imperial court. During the Republic of China, counties and bureaus were established in Dai areas.
The bamboo building where Dai people live is a dry-column building. The bamboo building is approximately square, supported by dozens of large bamboos, and the floor is suspended; The roof is covered with thatched rows, and the bamboo wall has a large gap, which is both ventilated and light-permeable. The slope on both sides of the roof is very large, showing an "A" shape. The bamboo building is divided into two floors, where people live upstairs, livestock are raised downstairs and sundries are piled up. It's also a place for rice and weaving.
Dai men usually wear collarless double-breasted shirts and long-sleeved trousers wrapped in white or blue cloth. Dai women's clothing varies from place to place, but it is basically characterized by bunches of hair, skirts and shirts. The skirt is ankle-length, the clothes are tight and short, the hem is only waist-length, but the sleeves are long and narrow.
The Dai people take rice as their staple food, and the most distinctive one is bamboo tube rice. The production method is to put rice in a fresh bamboo tube, add water, and barbecue on the fire, which is fragrant and delicious. Pu 'er tea, a specialty of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, was exported to all parts of China in the Tang Dynasty and Southeast Asia and South Asia in the Qing Dynasty. Now it has entered the markets of Japan, Western Europe and other countries and regions and become a famous tea at home and abroad.
Dai people have their own unique calendar. The difference between Dai calendar and Gregorian calendar is 638 years, that is, Gregorian calendar is 639 years as the first year of Dai calendar. The year of Dai calendar is solar year, but the month is lunar month. Dai calendar is divided into three seasons, from 1 month to April as the cold season, from May to August as the hot season, and from September to1February as the rainy season.
Dai people love poetry very much, especially long narrative poems. Narrative poems such as Zhao Shuli, Nan Manna, He E and luo sang are valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.
There are many kinds of Dai dances, and their movements and contents mainly imitate the activities of local common animals, and on this basis, they are personalized. Peacock dance not only comes from imitating the graceful movements of peacocks, but also from the beautiful and moving legends of Dai people. The famous dancer Dao Meilan is famous at home and abroad for her performance in peacock dance.
Songkran Festival is the most national festival of Dai people. Songkran Festival is the New Year of Dai calendar, which lasts from June 6th to July 6th, equivalent to April in Gregorian calendar. At the Water-Splashing Festival, people will worship Buddha. The girls will wash the dust for the Buddha with fresh water floating with flowers, then splash water on each other and bless each other. At first, water was splashed with hands and bowls, and then songs were splashed with pots and barrels. The more intense the splashing, the drums, gongs, water splashing and cheers became one. During the Songkran Festival, traditional entertainment activities such as dragon boat racing, flying high and flying lanterns and various song and dance parties will be held.
Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture is rich in special products, including 1 10 kinds of fruits alone. There are many kinds of animals and plants here, which are called "plant kingdom" and "animal kingdom". 199 1 year, Xishuangbanna national nature reserve was officially opened to the outside world, and people can visit the treasure house of nature and enjoy the rich subtropical customs.
(The content comes from the book "China Nationality" edited by Agage, Pengfei Wei and Qi Chonghai. )
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Dai is one of the ethnic minorities in China, belonging to the same branch as Thai Lue in A Dai, living in Laos. Its language, culture and customs are close to those in Thailand and Laos. Mainly distributed in parts of Yunnan Province, with a population of 1 15000. They mainly live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture and Gengma, Menglian, Xinping and Yuanjiang counties, and a few live in Jinggu, Jingdong, Jinping and Shuangjiang counties.
At present, the population of Thailand is about 58.85 million, among which the Dai people are the main ones. The Thai people have experienced many ethnic migrations. It is speculated that their ancestors lived in Indonesian and other Nanyang Islands, then crossed the sea to the southern and southwestern coastal areas of China, and then moved to northern Thailand. The earliest Thai dynasty was established in13rd century.
According to the history of Thai immigrants, the Dai people migrated from the south of China to the south along the fertile valley: from red river valley in the south of China to the Yarlung Zangbo River (the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River) in Brama, to the Mekong River basin and so on. /kloc-In the middle of the 3rd century, under the oppression of the Mongols in northern China, they migrated to the south. In the process of migration, the Dai people have been continuously integrated with local ethnic groups, including the Monkhmers and Tibetans and Burmese. According to the data unearthed at present, the Dai people can peacefully integrate with the local ethnic groups and absorb the local culture, probably because a few Dai people have settled in the place where they moved in, so it is easy to get along with the local people in a cooperative rather than coercive way.
Songkran Festival is an annual festival of Dai people, which is called "Duosang Magazine" in Dai language, and it is the most grand traditional festival of Dai people in a year. The time is in June and July of the Dai calendar, about ten days after Tomb-Sweeping Day in the lunar calendar. The specific time is calculated according to the Dai calendar. The festival lasts for 3 to 4 days. The first day is to send the old, which is called "Mairi" in Dai language. Men, women and children take a bath and change clothes. When they come to the slope, they pick branches of mountain flowers to make a "greenhouse", send the greenhouse and offerings from the well to the Buddhist temple, and then build three or five pagodas about one meter high with sand to paint Buddha statues and splash water to wash the dust. Then people sit around the sand tower and pray for good weather, abundant crops and prosperous people in the new year. The next day, the Dai language is called "Nu Ri (Empty Ri)". People put on festive costumes and go to the Buddhist temple to bathe the Buddha first. Then everyone came to the street with buckets or pots, splashing water on each other and wishing good luck, happiness and health in the New Year. Splashing water is a symbol of good luck, which people attach great importance to. It can be divided into two types: the object of splashing water is the elders, and the person splashing water scoops up a spoonful of water, opens the other person's clothes, while splashing water and blessing it, so that it flows down the spine; Wushu has many forms. People chase each other and face each other. People think that the more water is poured, the greater the blessing, so the last day of the festival is the happiest, which is called New Year's Day. The specific time of New Year's Day is between June 6 and July 6 in the Dai calendar, which is roughly equivalent to April 15 or April 16 in the Gregorian calendar. The time between festivals is a gap between New Year and New Year, which is called "wrist brain" in Dai language. During the Songkran Festival, many cultural and sports activities are often held. The main items are: heightening (homemade earth rockets). Take the village as the unit and bamboo poles as the height of the building to build a high-rise frame. At that time, each plane will be lit by two young people, and white smoke will emerge from the plane, and it will go straight into the sky with the sound of swishing. Suddenly, the people on the field warmly toasted the promotion of their village. People think that the higher the promotion of a village, the more glorious and auspicious it will be. The winner of the competition will be rewarded. The second is to throw flower bags. The flower bag is made of cotton cloth for girls and contains cotton paper or cottonseed. The four corners and the center of the bag are decorated with five spikes. This is a symbol of love. Throwing flowers and bags is a game played by young men and women who are married to Zhu. It is usually held in the bag throwing field on the grass in the village. At the beginning, men and women lined up for thirty or forty steps, throwing flowers and bags aimlessly. The young man didn't catch the flower bag, so he inserted a bunch of flowers into the hair salon of the young woman who lost the package; If the young woman doesn't catch the flower bag, the girl will put a bunch of flowers on the boy's chest. After a cheerful game, men and women who like each other pick up flowers cheaply and throw them at each other. When the girl deliberately threw the flower bag far away, and the other party couldn't catch it or pretended not to, the young man willingly gave it to the girl and gave her a gift. If the girl shyly accepts the gift, it means that the marriage is finished. In addition, there are dragon boat races, elephant foot drum dances and peacock dance. The Dai people have a fairy story about the origin of the Water-splashing Festival. Legend has it that a long time ago, the fire demon who ruled the Dai area exercised power indiscriminately, resulting in no wind and no rain among the people, crops could not grow, and people's lives were very painful. The fire devil took seven wives from the folk girl. They witnessed the cruelty of the fire demon, sympathized with the sufferings of the people and were determined to get rid of the curse for the people. Seven girls managed to kill the fire devil because he practiced magic. Later, they pretended to amuse him and found out the secret of eradicating the fire demon with clever tricks. One day, they held a luxurious banquet to help persuade the fire devil to drink. The clever and brave seven girls took advantage of the opportunity of the fire demon being drunk and sleeping, pulled out a hair from his head and strangled it quickly. Sure enough, the fire demon's head immediately fell to the ground and burned wherever it rolled. As the fire continues to expand, it will soon burn to nearby houses. The eldest girl used her quick wits to pick up the demon, and the blazing fire on the ground immediately went out, and the fire demon disappeared. In order to stop the people from being persecuted by the fire demon, the seven girls took turns hugging the demon and washing their filth with water between battles until the fire demon's head turned to dust. Later, in order to commemorate the heroic spirit of Miss Dai Jiaqi, people poured water on each other every year on the day when the fire demon was eliminated. In fact, the Songkran Festival originated in India. Water splashing was once a religious ceremony of Brahmanism, which was later adopted by Buddhism. From the end of 12 century to the beginning of 13 century, this ceremony spread to the Dai areas in Yunnan through Myanmar. Due to the expanding influence of Hinayana Buddhism in Dai areas, the custom of splashing water is widely spread among the people and merged with local myths, forming a grand fixed festival. 196 1 In April, Premier Zhou Enlai accompanied Myanmar leaders in Dai costumes and came to Yunjinghong, Yunnan, to celebrate the Songkran Festival with people of all ethnic groups, which wrote a glorious page in the history of the Songkran Festival. Nowadays, stereotypes in many festivals have been abolished and healthy contents have been added. Usually, the first day is a celebration meeting, and the soldiers and civilians of all ethnic groups celebrate the festival: the next day, a cheerful water splashing ceremony is held; On the third day, I rushed to participate in material exchange activities.