I. Preface Wei Yan, a famous Shu, was one of the most controversial figures in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Some people say that he was the most important general in the last years of Shu Han, and the difference between him and other generals lies in his lofty. In the Northern Expeditions, Zhuge Liang, who was cautious all his life, said, "I want to invite 10 thousand soldiers to Tongguan with me, just like the story of Han Xin." . /kloc-in the autumn of 0/2 (AD 234), Zhuge Liang was falsely accused of rebelling against Shu after his death in Wuzhangyuan, and was pursued by Yang Yi's Ma Dai. Later generations were deeply saddened by him. For example, Mr. Mao Heting said in the Diary of Reading the Three Kingdoms in Jiuzhai: "Wei Yan's opposition is also unjust. He is too conceited, sighing and hating his talents, which are inexhaustible. So Zhuge said after his death,' Although the Prime Minister is dead, I have seen him. Officials (those with a long history below) can be buried. I should lead all the troops to fight thieves, why not kill the world alone! Who is Wei Yan should be bound by Yang Yi's department and make the final decision! ".Gai wants to send Qi Tian to protect the Prime Minister's funeral and leave Weinan to fight Sima. His talent was not as good as Zhuge's, and he revived the heart of the Han Dynasty, just like Zhuge. But Yang Yisu and Yan are not equal. If he doesn't want to go down, he leads the camp to pay back the money, and then he gets angry. He will go back to the south first and burn the plank road so that Yi can't come back. This is to show the anger of the dynasty and forget the great events in your country. At the end of Yanchuan Biography, Chen Shou said,' The original meaning of extension was not to send Wei from the north to the south, but to kill the instrument and so on. On weekdays, generals are different, and when it comes to time, they must be replaced by light ones. This means that if it is inconvenient, it will be betrayed. "It's worth it. There are few talents in Shu, and their fame is extended. The Great Wall is self-destructive, and meat is better than food! " It is also said that "Wei Yan's brain turned against his bones, and he will turn against him after a long time", and he betrayed his master for glory many times. This was designed by Prime Minister Zhuge to get rid of it after his death. This statement is common in the widely circulated Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is, after all, a novelist's statement. Most people think that it is only seven points of historical facts and three points of fiction, which cannot be trusted. Besides, Wei Yan in the history book "The History of the Three Kingdoms" can't see the intention of rebelling against Shu Han, just like "The History of the Three Kingdoms"? Shu Shu? "Biography of Wei Yan" said: "The original extension did not want to surrender Wei to the north and return it to the south, but to kill Yi. On weekdays, generals are different, and when it comes to time, they must be replaced by light ones. This means that it is not convenient to betray. "Know the world, you can get it. Wei Yan is wrong, but there is no contradiction. After thousands of years, his words were generous and futile. And the examination of historical records shows that he is loyal and awe-inspiring, has the courage to jump over others, and has no trace of rebellion against Shu. However, "no one is perfect without gold", Wei Yan's unruly character and arrogant and rude temper led him to be falsely accused of rebellion at a critical moment and eventually killed. Shu Yang said in Zan: "Although he is a common man, he is in danger of death. He collapsed to defend his country, talked nonsense and got carried away, and regretted it at the end of his illness. "So we say that Wei Yan's temper is extreme, but he is absolutely loyal to the Shu Han regime politically, and there is no trace of rebellion against Shu Han. The only problem is his "disharmony" in character, which led to his physical death and extinction. Let's discuss Wei Yan's so-called "anti-Shu". 2. Entering Han shows that Wei Yan is a loyal Shu general, one of the most admired and valued generals of Liu Bei, and one of the first heroes who entered Yizhou with Liu Beixi and made great efforts to establish Bashu. Reflection? Shu Shu? " "Biography of Wei Yan" said: "Wei Yan is long, and Yiyang people are also. I went to Shu with my predecessor, fought many wars, and was transferred to the yamen general. "It can be seen that in the war of Liu Bei's Western Expedition to Yizhou, Wei Yan repeatedly made meritorious deeds, starting from the grassroots level of the army and climbing step by step, and finally gained the trust of the former master, entrusting him with the important task of guarding Hanzhong. Reflection? Shu Shu? " "Biography of Wei Yan" said: "My predecessor was Wang Hanzhong and moved to Chengdu. When he is most important, he will take Hanchuan town. Many people think that he must be flying with his heart in Zhang Fei. The late Lord and Bo Yan were generals in charge of Zhenyuan, Hanzhong, and led the Hanzhong Prefecture, which surprised the whole army. "At that time, Hanzhong was at the forefront of Shu. If Hanzhong was won, it could compete for Guanlong in the north and Bashu in the south. As Yang Hong said to Zhuge Liangyun, "Hanzhong has a good throat and a chance to live. Without Hanzhong, there would be no Shu State, and this family would be in trouble. " ("reflection? Shu Shu? Yang Hongchuan "). Huang Quan, the general of Shu, also said, "If Hanzhong is lost, the three buses will be weak, which will also be the arm of cutting Shu." ("reflection? Shu Shu? Biography of Huang Quan "). Gu Zuyu, a Qing Dynasty man, said, "Hanzhong County looks at Guanzhong in the north, Bashu in the south, Xiang Deng in the east and Qin Long in the west. The situation is the most serious. " (Gu Zuyu: Reading the Summary of Historical Records, Volume 56). If Cao Wei occupied Hanzhong, it would seriously threaten Bashu. At that time, all the generals of Shu Han were there, including Guan Yunchang, Zhang Yide, Ma Mengqi, Huang Hansheng and Zhao Zilong. However, the late Lord entrusted Wei Yan with the important task of protecting Yizhou's security, which showed that he knew people well and had absolute trust in Wei Yan. Therefore, on the occasion of the CD minister, I would like to ask: "What is your wish to take up this important task? Wei Yan was so angry that he said to heaven, "If Cao Cao comes from all corners of the country, please refuse for the king and send hundreds of thousands of people instead. Please swallow it for the king. " "Ancestors say yes, one word is strong. "It can be seen that he is loyal and loyal, and he has the courage to skip people. However, Wei Yan was not blamed. During fifteen years of guarding Hanzhong, Cao Wei crossed Hanzhong from the end. It was not until the late Shu and Han dynasties that Jiang Weicai adjusted his military deployment and adopted the technique of luring the enemy into depth. In the end, Zhong Hui, the general of Wei State, went straight ahead, leading to the direct destruction of Shu Han, which was deeply regretted by later generations. For example, Guo said in Shu Bamboo Slips: "The gate of Shu is in Hanzhong. Jiang retired to Hanshou and withdrew from Hanzhong, but simply pulled it out first in order to take a chance. Different clocks will keep going forward, and no one has ever kept it, but the enemy has always been happy with his success. At the beginning, Wargo didn't need Jiangyou. Shu was exhausted and the wise couldn't see it. Alas, Jiang died in Shu. " From this point of view, in the later period of the demise of Shu, if the Prime Minister Zhuge ordered Wei Yan to "have both offensive and defensive skills" and enter the Central Plains in the north, Wei could not cross the line and the Shu-Han regime would not perish in a short time, but history cannot be assumed. On the other hand, Jiang Boyue, the successor of Zhuge's legacy, is "loyal to current affairs, thoughtful and accurate" and "sensitive to military affairs, with both courage and deep understanding of soldiers. "But in the end, it was embarrassing because of its lack of knowledge. As written by Chen Shou in the Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Jiang Weichuan commented: "Jiang Wei is a man with strong martial arts. He is determined to make a name for himself. However, he played with many tourists and misjudged, which eventually led to his stepping down. Lao Tzu has a saying:' He who governs a big country is still cooking a little fresh.' The situation is just a pity, but it can be repeatedly disturbed? "。 The military talents of Wei Yan and Jiang Wei are clear at a glance, which shows that Zhuge Liang sometimes knows people without wisdom and entrusts them with non-human. Third, he has repeatedly made meritorious deeds, which shows that Wei Yan, who is brave, has repeatedly followed Zhuge Liang's northern expedition to the Central Plains and made meritorious deeds. He was named the former military adviser by the late Lord, and was appointed as the general of the Western Expedition. He took false leave and led the satrap of Hanzhong and the marquis of Nanzheng. Zhuge Liang, second only to the prime minister in recording the history of ministers, taking vacations, leading a captain in the official department, herding Yizhou and marquis in Wuxiang, became one of the most important generals in the late Shu and Han dynasties. In the eighth year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty (AD 230), Wei Yan led the troops, "General Fei Yao, Guo Huai, Yongzhou secretariat, Wei Hou, Zhan Yangxi, Yan Huai, etc." (reflection? Shu Shu? Biography of Wei Yan). This campaign was led by Wei Yan alone, and his opponent Guo Huai was Kansai, the leader of Cao Wei in Gansu. The reflection claims to be "carefully planned, ask Qin Yong". Guo Huai once defeated Ma Su in the street pavilion, revealing high details. "Destroy Liao Hua and capture Lu alive" ("The reflection? Shu Wei? The biography of Guo Huai). Even Zhuge Liang is afraid of him because he has profound knowledge of the art of war and clever calculation. For example, in the second year of Qinglong, Zhuge Liang went out of the inclined valley and settled in Lankeng, waiting for an opportunity to cut the Central Plains again. Sima Xuan was stationed in Weinan at that time to guard against the Shu army. "Huaizeliang is fighting for the northern plain, so it is better to follow it first. Most negotiators say otherwise." However, Sima Yi took his advice and immediately sent troops to the northern plain. "If the fortress is unfinished and the Shu army is big, it will be reversed." . Before long, "Liang Sheng's troops marched westward, and all the generals said they would attack the periphery of the western front, so they were allowed to watch it in the west. If they want the officers and men to react again, they will attack Yang Sui. Its night fruit attacks Yang Sui, so you can't prepare it. " Wei Yan, even in the face of Wei Guo Huai, can break it, which shows that he has the ability to fight alone as commander in chief, which is really a well-deserved task. Later, in Zhuge Liang's several northern expeditions, Wei Yan also repeatedly destroyed the city and seized the village, and repeatedly made meritorious military service. Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang quoted the Spring and Autumn Period of Han, Jin and Jin Dynasties: "Wang Xuan (referring to Sima Yi) made the case clear, which made Wei Yan, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban refuse and break it, and gained 3,000 troops, 5,000 armour and 3,100 crossbows. Wang Xuan also protected the camp. " With this statement, Wei Yan, a general of Shu, is brave and invincible, and also a warrior of Shu. However, it is a pity that Zhuge Liang refused to be as open-minded as Liu Bei, unlike Wei Yan, a rare military general, and entrusted him with an important task in the late Shu and Han dynasties. The fourth is the plan of meridian, which shows that Wei Yan's plan was put forward to Zhuge Liang during the first northern expedition in the fifth year of Jianxing (AD 227), and was put forward many times later, but Zhuge Liang did not adopt it. Pei Songzhi quoted Wei Lue from the Three Kingdoms: "Xia Houmao is the general of Anxi, and the town of Chang 'an is brighter than Nanzheng and Qunxiong. He said, "I know very little about Xia Houmao, but my husband is also very timid. Today, 5,000 elite soldiers will be delayed and 5,000 grain will be lost. Let's go straight from Baochu, follow the Qinling Mountains to the east, and go north at noon. We can reach Chang 'an on the 10th. When he hears that the election is coming, he will flee by boat. In Chang 'an, only Shi Yu, Jingzhao Taishouer, Hengmen Dige and Sanren Valley feed. Compared with the east, there are still 20 days, and people will come from Xiegu. In this way, the west of Xianyang can be decided in one fell swoop. " Bright for this county, it is better to be safe from the road, and it is advisable to have Longyou Ping, and everything is safe without delay. "But is Wei Yan's military strategy of surprise attack on Chang 'an feasible? Scholars have been arguing about this for a long time, but they can't agree, which leads to a historical case. This will be described below to distinguish its advantages and disadvantages. First of all, Zhuge Liang is a great politician, but not an outstanding strategist. This point has long been conclusive. For example, Chen Shou in the Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? After Zhuge Liang Biography, he commented: "Zhuge Liang is also concerned about the country, comforting the people, showing etiquette, appointing people on their merits, obeying the power system, being sincere and fair; Those who are loyal to the times will be rewarded by the enemy, while those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. However, after years of mobilization, it will not succeed, and the cover will be slightly strained, which is not its strength! "The comments on Zhuge Liang can be said to be true. We know that running a country and fighting a war are completely different. The way to govern the country is to pay attention to the right path of "showing etiquette, making appointments, obeying power, being honest and fair". However, in the military action of "strategizing and winning thousands of miles", the key to winning or losing the war is the commander's changeable strategy and infinite wisdom. Therefore, Sun Ziyun said, "Soldiers are cunning!" "Good at Indiana Jones, infinite as heaven and earth, inexhaustible as rivers. "In ancient times, people who were good at fighting mostly followed the military principle of combining odd and positive, alternating reality and reality. Zhuge Liang's military strategy of attacking Wei is that he only knows the right of "taking the road from safety" and "taking Longyou from safety", but he can't see the strangeness of Ziwuling's attack on Chang 'an. Therefore, blindly adhering to the right path, fighting a war of attrition with the powerful Wei State in Qishan, Hanzhong, eventually led to national subjugation. What a man who doesn't know how to fight! Secondly, under the situation that Wei was strong and Shu was weak at that time, there was no other way for Shu to survive and defeat the powerful Wei. The key to "winning by surprise" is to choose a good attack opportunity and grasp the attack target, so as to achieve the goal of "winning by one move". If we make a concrete analysis, we will find that the conditions and situation for a surprise victory were already available in the first Northern Expedition. First, the timing of the attack. After Liu Bei, the owner of Shu who entrusted orphans to Baidicheng, died, most Wei people thought that Shu was unable to attack Wei, so the border defense was lax and the soldiers were lazy. Therefore, Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang quoted Wei Lue as saying: "At first, Liu Bei was the only country in Shu (referring to Cao Wei). You are dead, and you have been silent for several years, so you are slightly unprepared. But when the news of your death comes out, both the government and the public are afraid, especially Longyou and Qishan, so the three counties should shine at the same time. "So the first Northern Expedition was quite sudden and hidden, which was the best time to attack. Second, grasp the target of attack. At that time, Cao Cao's son-in-law Xia Houmao, who led the army to guard Chang 'an, was the son of Cao Wei's famous Xia Houdun, and Cao Cao married his daughter qinghe princess. " Emperor Wen was less close to Xun and acceded to the throne, thinking that General Anxi was in charge of festivals and Guanzhong. There is no military strategy in nature, but it is easy to heal life. When I was in the west, there were many concubines, so the princess and Xun were at odds. "Thus, Xia Houmao only knows how to store concubines, amass money, and is in charge of Guanzhong with the nepotism of" husband ". He is a typical son of the bride and groom, an official's son. For such an uneducated dude, if the soldiers leave the meridian and surprise Chang 'an, the first world war can be decided, but it is precisely because of Zhuge Liang's caution that he missed the best opportunity to surprise Chang 'an and revive the Han Dynasty. Every time I look at history, I don't feel a sigh. I regret it! Moreover, the military plan of surprise attack on Chang 'an is indeed feasible. Although the meridian road is rugged and difficult to walk, it is indeed possible to walk. Among them, The History of the Three Kingdoms has mentioned many times, such as Biography of Zhang Lu: "There are thousands of people flowing in the meridian valley of Kansai. "Biography of Cao Zhen": "It's true that Chang 'an started in August and entered from the meridian. "Zhong Hui Zhuan": "Wei Xingtai defends the Ziwu Valley in Liu Qin, and the army goes hand in hand" and so on. It can be seen that at that time, the Meridian Valley was a dangerous road that everyone was familiar with, but compared with the flat path stolen by Wei general Wargo, it should not be considered as dangerous. Reflection? Shu Wei? The biography of Deng Ai said, "Ai Zi traveled more than 700 miles in no man's land, digging mountains to clear the way, and building bridges and pavilions. The mountains are high and the valleys are deep, which is extremely difficult and dangerous. There must be danger in transporting grain. ""The soldiers climbed the wooden cliff and filed in. "Although they are all dangerous roads, they vary from person to person and have different achievements. Wei general wargo is proficient in the art of war and knows the art of singularity. When Jiang Ge was at loggerheads, he used the unexpected victory of General Wei Zhong Hui and his clever plan to steal a level playing field to decide Shu in World War I.. Zhuge Liang, on the other hand, insisted on the right path and fought against the powerful Wei state in Qishan, Hanzhong, and eventually died in battle, and the country was ruined. It can be said that the same people have returned to different places. This also proves from the opposite side that Wei Yanqi's plan to attack Chang 'an is the most clear and feasible military plan. It can be seen from the dispute that the contradiction between Wei Yan, the unjust general in Shu, and the prime minister has a long history. Like "Three Kingdoms"? Shu Shu? "Biography of Fei Yi" said: "Wei Yan, a strategist, and Yang Yi, a long history, hated each other. Every time they arrive, they sit together and argue, delay or raise the blade to imitate the instrument, and the instrument cries and cries. " Most of the contradictions between them are caused by different personalities. According to historical records, Wei Yan is "good at raising foot soldiers and going forward bravely", but he is "high-minded" and has a bad relationship with his colleagues. Moreover, it is unruly and has a strong personality, and everyone is afraid to avoid it. But only Yang Yi, who has a long history, refused to sell the account, and the two became feuds. When Zhuge Liang was alive, he was "deeply pregnant with talent, with Wei Yan's courage, and often hated their injustice and could not bear to neglect." So it is often necessary to join the army to adjust the association. Whenever two people scold each other, "I often go into their living room and remonstrate with each other", so as not to harm the public because of personal interests. Therefore, "and heaven remains our neighbourhood, each with its own limitations, uses the instrument" is actually "the power to save". . In the autumn of 12 (AD 234), after Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan, the contradiction between Yan Yi became out of control. The two men fought for the highest military command of the Shu army and the deployment of withdrawal, and the infighting was serious. The whole story goes like this: before Zhuge Liang died, he held a military meeting at the highest level. I don't know whether it was intentional or unintentional arrangement. At that time, Wei Yan, the second military commander after Zhuge Liang, was excluded, which directly led to the civil strife in Yan Yi and laid a deep curse for Wei Yan's disobedience to the withdrawal arrangement arranged by Zhuge Liang before his death. Reflection? Shu Shu? "Biography of Wei Yan" said: "Autumn was sick and sleepy, and after Yang Yi, Sima Feiyi, Jiang Wei and other military guards died, they retired. After the postponement, Jiang Wei will take the second place. If you delay or disobey, the army will be spontaneous. " At that time, Wei Yan was a former strategist, a general in the west, and was in charge of Hanzhong Prefecture and Nanzheng Hou, ranking second only to others. It stands to reason that after Zhuge Liang's death, Wei Yan should be the most qualified to inherit the position of general. Zhuge Liang put aside Wei Yan's secret discussions with Yang Yi, Sima Fei, Jiang Wei and the Imperial Army, which was obviously emotional and intentional. After Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi kept it a secret, but ordered Sima Feiyi to find out what Wei Yan was saying. Wei Yan said to Fei Yi, "Although the Prime Minister is dead, I can bury the funeral with my relatives and officials. I should lead all the troops to attack the thieves. Why should I kill the world with one hand? And who is Wei Yan? When Yang Yi slaps his hand, he makes a clean break! " This statement is reasonable both in public and private, but the reluctance to obey the withdrawal and deployment is beyond words. Sima Fei pretended to be a snake, and after making general arrangements with Wei Yan on the evacuation and stay-behind, he deceived Wei Yan and said, "A gentleman should be a long history of Ming Yang, a scholar can be a long history, and it is rare to be brave, so he must not disobey orders." He took this opportunity to sneak out of Wei Yan's camp and gallop away. Finally, Wei Yan found himself cheated and sent someone to chase him. So Wei Yan was furious and led his troops to retreat to Hanzhong before Yang Yi, and ordered people to burn the plank road from Jiange to Chengdu to stop Yang Yi from withdrawing. Delay instrument has written to the other party, saying that the other party is rebellious, and the latter is undecided. Ask Dong Yun, the servant, and Jiang Wan, the prefect. Allow, salty all protect instrument suspected delay, the latter sent long history Jiang Wan rate camping north to meet Yang Yi. Wei Yan went to Nangukou first and led his troops away from Yang Yi's army. He (Wang) was a pioneer in front of Yang Yi, reprimanding Yang Yi, Wei Yan and his son for fleeing to Hanzhong. Yang Yi sent Ma Dai to kill Wei Yan and led him to the front of the instrument. Yang Yi stepped on Yang Yi's head and scolded, "You slave! Can you do evil again? " And ordered the destruction of Wei Yan's three families, which shows that he hates Wei Yan's guts. Later, Yang Yi didn't end well. After withdrawing troops and returning to Chengdu, I thought I was in danger and had the merit of punishing Wei Yan, so I should take over Zhuge Liang's state affairs. However, Zhuge Liang's "narrowness" in his life has already made a secret signal to Jiang Wan as his successor. Since then, Yang Yi has been "resentful and uneven, and has issued a sigh within five days". At that time, most people stayed away from him because of his unruly words, and only Sima Fei gave more comfort. However, he kept his mouth shut and said to Fei many times, "The Prime Minister is dead. If I, dispatch troops, follow the Wei family, I'd rather be knocked unconscious like this! It is regrettable. " Fei Heng immediately called his predecessor, and in the 13th year of Jianxing, he surrendered himself to the people and moved to Hanjia County. Later, Yang Yi wrote many times to slander state affairs, and her words were fierce, so she went to the county to accept the documents, and eventually she committed suicide in prison. Through understanding the whole process of the dispute, we think that Wei Yan did not betray Shu from beginning to end. Just because of his unruly personality and arrogant and rude temper, he was falsely accused of rebellion at the critical moment and was finally killed. Like a reflection? Shu Shu? "Biography of Wei Yan" said: "The original extension did not want to surrender Wei to the north and return it to the south, but to kill Yi. On weekdays, generals are different, and when it comes to time, they must be replaced by light ones. This means that it is inconvenient to betray. " However, Yang Yi, who was fully trusted by Prime Minister Zhuge and entrusted with an important task after his death, wanted to go against the trend and rise up and surrender to Wei. What a difficult thing it is!