The Mongolian people are a people who love music and are good at singing and dancing. They are known as the "music nation" and the "poetry nation". The Mongolians have lived a nomadic life since ancient times, living in pursuit of water and grass. During the long historical process, the Mongolians have used their wisdom and artistic genius to create rich and valuable musical wealth. Mongolian folk songs have a unique style of national vocal music. Mongolian music has not only the same style of the entire nation, but also the unique styles of each region.
Mongolian dance has a cheerful rhythm and vigorous movements, with shoulder shaking, arm rubbing and horse steps being the most distinctive. The classic traditional Mongolian dances generally include "Saber Dance", "Chopstick Dance", "Andai Dance", "Cup and Bowl Dance", etc. The main traditional musical instruments include morinouqin, "Yatoga" ("Mongolian zither"), Mongolian pipa, Mongolian ukulele and Mongolian war drums. A yurt is a dome-style house with a round spire on the grassland. It is composed of wooden poles, a door, a top ring, a felt lining, a felt cover, leather ropes, bristle ropes and other components.
Mongolian yurts are called "felt tents" or "Qionglu" in Chinese classics such as "Historical Records" and "Hanshu". In Mongolian classics, it is called "Orug Taiger", which means a house without windows. In modern Mongolian, it is called "Benbugugeri" or "Mongolian Leger", which means round or Mongolian. house. The word "Bao" comes from Manchu. In Manchu, this kind of house where Mongolians live is called "Mongol Bo". "Bo" means "home", and "Bo" and "Bao" have similar pronunciations. Therefore, the yurt has been passed down as a transliteration. Main article: Mongolian music
Long-tune folk songs
Mongolian herdsmen created the form of long-tune folk songs during their long-term nomadic labor to express their emotions and express their nomadic life. During the long-term spread, long-tune folk songs have formed a complete system, including grassland pastoral songs, hymns, homesickness songs, wedding songs, love songs and other different song types.
Long-tune folk songs have a wide range of sounds, beautiful and smooth tunes, and the melody lines mostly progress in waves, ups and downs, showing the vast natural environment of the grasslands. The rhythm is long, with many accents and few words. The declarative language rhythm, the lyrical long rhythm, and the decorative "nogula" rhythm are cleverly combined to form the rhythm of long-key folk songs.
Haolaibao
Haolaibao, also known as "Haolaibao". It is a form of folk art in which one or more people sit and sing in the Mongolian language while accompanying themselves with instruments such as the Sihu. It was formed around the twelfth century AD.
The Mongolian name of "Haolaibao" means "sing together" or "sing together". The lyrics are four lines per verse, alliterated. There may be four lines that rhyme, or two lines that rhyme, or there are dozens of lines that rhyme to the end. The programs performed can be long or short, and the artists often improvise lyrics and sing on the spot. The content of the program can be both narrative and lyrical, praising and satirizing. The use of rhetorical techniques including metaphor, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition, etc. is very common. As a result, the performance is humorous, fast-paced, and hearty.
Since the early 20th century, Haolaibao's performance methods have become diversified. The simple form of performing alone is called "Yabugan"; It is divided into "Hu Ren Hao Lai Bao" with Hu Qin accompaniment and "Nai Le Hao Lai Bao" with a variety of musical instruments. The "Yabugan" form also has two forms, depending on the number of performers, a stand-up performance by one person and a counterpart performance by two people. In terms of program content, three types are formed: narrative, ridicule and praise. In addition to programs showing the life of the ethnic group such as "Princess Yandan", "Rich Chagan Lake", "It's Better to Be an Artist", etc., there are also historical stories of the Han people such as "The Story of Wang Zhaojun", "Water Margin" and Contents such as "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" have also been edited and performed by Haolaibao artists.
Uliger
Uliger means "storyteller" in Chinese. Because it uses Mongolian singing, it is also called Mongolian storyteller. It is a kind of Mongolian storyteller. Folk art form. Mongolian folk call Uliger who only tells stories without musical accompaniment "Yabagan Uliger", also known as "Huri Uliger"; Uliger who uses Chaoer accompaniment is called "Yabagan Uliger". It is called "Chaoren Wuliger"; Wuliger who sings with Sihu accompaniment is called "Huren Wuliger".
Chaoren Uliger is widely spread in Mongolian inhabited areas such as Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, and Mongolia; Huren Uliger is widely spread in rural areas such as Mongolia Zhen in Liaoning Province, Golluos in Jilin Province, and Horqin in Inner Mongolia. It is widely spread among the people in pastoral areas.
Morin Khuur
Among the many musical instruments, Morin Khuur is the most highly regarded by the Mongolians. The Morin Khuur is a traditional musical instrument unique to the Mongolians and has a very unique style. The traditional Morin Khuur is about four feet long, with a wooden pole, a horse head carved on the top, and a spade-shaped leather drum at the lower end. The horse tail is tied into two strings, and the horse tail is used to make a bow string. When played, it can emit a melodious and deep sound. tone. The performance of the morinouqur is different from other stringed instruments. Its bow string is not sandwiched between the strings, but played outside the strings.
Sihu
The Mongolian Sihu is one of the musical instruments with the most Mongolian characteristics. It is divided into three categories: treble Sihu, alto Sihu and bass Sihu. The high-pitched Sihu has a bright and crisp tone, and is mostly used for solos, ensembles, and ensembles; the mid-bass Sihu has a rich and mellow tone, and is good at playing lyrical music. It mainly accompanies the Horqin national rap art Wuliger and Haolaibao. They play a very important role in the cultural life of the Mongolian people. The representative repertoire of the Mongolian Sihu includes "Hurry", "Bayin", "Asir" (the above is the big Sihu), "Moderema", "The Crooked Grape Vine", "Lotus Flower" 》 (the above is Xiao Sihu) and so on. The Mongolian Sihu culture has rich accumulation, rich expressiveness, self-contained skills, melodious and simple melodies. It is an outstanding musical creation of the Mongolian people who are engaged in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral production methods. It plays an important role in Mongolian history, culture, and folklore. , Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges and other aspects have high academic research value.
After the Yuan Dynasty, Sihu art was widely spread and was once popular in areas inhabited by Han people such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and North China. It had a profound impact on Han folk rap. Tongliao City, located in the hinterland of Horqin Grassland, is currently the area where Sihu art is most prosperous. The earliest ancient Mongolian painting art was the rock paintings of nomads, mostly by folk painters. It reflects the image of people's production and labor at that time. ?A number of well-known painters appeared among the Mongolians in the Yuan Dynasty. For example, the court painter Li Huosun once painted portraits of ancestors such as Genghis Khan and Ogedei. Yu Chuhan is good at ink and bamboo painting, and "Wind, Smoke and Green Picture" is a masterpiece among the paintings. Prince Xiaogong, the third son of Emperor Taiding, was good at calligraphy and painting, and had created works such as "Deer Painting" and "Butterfly Painting". Timur also first had "Landscape Mural"; Boyan Shouren, a Jinshi during the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Yuan Dynasty, was good at poetry and painting, and painted "Bamboo and Stone Pictures" and so on. Hao Zhongnu wrote "Wuyi Tu" and so on. Zhang Yanfu, a Mongolian painter in the late Yuan Dynasty, wrote "Autumn Thoughts in the South of the Yangtze River", "Cloud Forest Picture", "Cloud Mountain Picture", "Sparse Bamboo Birds Picture", etc.
The painter in the Ming Dynasty was Chen Xi. Wangqinbal, a painter of the Qing Dynasty, famous for his paintings such as "Green Mountain" and "White Clouds". Bu Yan Tu, a famous landscape painter, painted "Xiaoxiang Tu" and wrote "Answers to the Mental Methods of Painting", which gave incisive discussions on some important issues related to painting.
Mongolian painting art is also reflected in murals. Tombs of the Yuan Dynasty are covered with painted murals. The wall is painted with a male and female owner sitting opposite each other, with a male and a female servant behind them. The figure's figure and clothing are obviously Mongolian characteristics; the two sides of the tomb wall are painted with pictures of the tomb owner's life, and the natural scenery of northern Saibei is shown in the background. There are also many murals in Buddhist temples in Mongolia. There are large murals in places such as Meidai Zhao, Dazhao, Wudang Zhao, and Wusutuzhao.
The modern Mongolian painter Songnian (1837-1906) studied under the famous painter Rushan in the eighth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1869). He was taught by the famous teacher and became quite accomplished. In the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign (1897), he wrote the book "On Painting in the Summer Palace". ? Mongolian literature has a long history, including myths and legends, heroic epics, songs and praises, etc., which truly and vividly reflect the clan society and the fishing, hunting and animal husbandry production of the tribesmen in the early days of slavery, the fierce and frequent battles between primitive tribes, and ancient labor The ideals and desires of those who desire to conquer the forces of nature and the evil forces of society. Ancient heroic epics such as "Warrior Gunagan" and "Janggar" reflect the appearance of a historical era with great artistic summary, and have a profound impact on the development of Mongolian literature in future generations.
From Genghis Khan’s unification of various Mongolian tribes to the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian political and economic development has been unprecedented, and they have strengthened economic and cultural ties with the Han people in the Central Plains, domestic ethnic minorities, and even Eurasian countries. Therefore, they have national characteristics. The distinctive cultural traditions have been greatly developed, forming a heyday in the history of national literature and art. The famous historical and biographical literary work "The Secret History of Mongolia" (old translation of "The Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty"), the outstanding folk narrative poems "The Two Horses of Genghis Khan" and "The Biography of Orphans", the lyrical ballad "Mother and Son Song" (i.e. "The Golden Palace Birch Bark Book"), The emergence of "The Song of Alai Qinbai" and so on marks the rise of writer's literature and the continued prosperity of various folk literatures.
From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the entire Ming Dynasty, the Mongolian feudal lords retreated from the vast areas of Eurasia and the Central Plains to the north and south of the desert. The economic and cultural ties between various ethnic groups were greatly weakened, and Mongolian literature entered a so-called "snow period". Although the entire development process of literature has not been interrupted by this, the development of literature is uneven among various Mongolian tribes and settlements. The long-lasting feudal separatism has aroused widespread dissatisfaction and resistance in all aspects of society. The biographical long heroic epic "The Life of Gesar" is a written work after a long period of oral transmission. This excellent work was born out of the Tibetan epic "The Life of King Gesar", but it has been passed down from generation to generation in Mongolia and has been fully Mongolianized. , becoming an independent work rich in Mongolian national characteristics. The Qing Dynasty unified China, the Mongolian people's chaotic and separatist situation gradually ended, and society became more stable. With the restoration of economic and cultural ties among various ethnic groups, Han classical literature (mainly poetry and Ming and Qing novels) and Tibetan folk literature (such as folk tales, proverbs and proverbs) have increasingly influenced Mongolian literature. Many Chinese and Tibetan literary works, such as "Water Margin", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Shuo Tang" and "The Biography of King Gesar", have been adapted or recreated and widely disseminated in the form of Mongolian storytelling and stories, almost reaching household name.
Mongolian modern literature was born and grew in the flames of national struggle and class struggle. It is directly linked to the survival of the nation and the destiny of the people, and is full of strong spirit of the times. The folk narrative poem "Gada Meilin" that praises the heroes of the uprising, and the anti-Japanese and anti-Manchu folk song "National Soldier Song" popular in the occupied areas of eastern Inner Mongolia.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, poets Na Sayinchaoketu and Ba Brynberg, novelists Malaqinfu, A. Odesl, and An Keqin Fu (Monan), Zhalagahu, playwrights Chaoketunaren, Yun Zhaoguang, etc. have all written many influential works. Following them, a group of new literary figures emerged in the new era, who have made innovations in subject matter, style and literary concepts, and have shown remarkable and gratifying achievements in various fields of literature. In addition, great achievements have been made in the collection, arrangement and research of Mongolian folk literature and classical literature. Many new versions or chapters of the epic poems "Gesr" and "Janggar" have been discovered one after another, and the long poem "Hero Gesr Khan" sung by the famous folk artist Pajie has been recorded and compiled. The classic masterpieces "The Secret History of Mongolia", "The Romance of Qing History", "One Floor", "Weeping Red Pavilion", etc. have been revised and published successively. After these works were translated into Chinese, they had a good influence among all ethnic groups in China. Folk dances in the Mongolian-inhabited areas of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. The dance culture of the Mongolian people is closely related to their hunting and nomadic life. The original dance form of the ancestors of the Mongolian nation is vividly and truly expressed in the Yinshan cliff paintings and Ulanqab cliff paintings carved in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age. In ancient times, the Mongolian people also had many dances that imitated ferocious animals, such as the "Baihaiqing" (white eagle) dance, bear dance, lion dance, deer dance, etc. As independent forms, most of these dances have been lost, but they are still reflected in shamanic dance.
The Mongols are engaged in livestock and hunting production. Because they have lived in the geographical environment and climate conditions of the grassland for a long time, and have worshiped the heaven, earth, mountains and rivers and the eagle totem since ancient times, the herdsmen have created a large number of music and dances in their lives, such as "milking dance", "chopstick dance", "cup and bowl" Dance", the most famous of which is "Andai Dance".